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Crnčević D, Krce L, Cvitković M, Brkljača Z, Sabljić A, Vuko E, Primožič I, Odžak R, Šprung M. New Membrane Active Antibacterial and Antiviral Amphiphiles Derived from Heterocyclic Backbone of Pyridinium-4-Aldoxime. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070775. [PMID: 35890073 PMCID: PMC9315884 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) are irreplaceable membrane-active antimicrobial agents that have been widely used for nearly a century. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is one of the most potent QAS. However, recent data from the literature indicate that CPC activity against resistant bacterial strains is decreasing. The major QAS resistance pathway involves the QacR dimer, which regulates efflux pump expression. A plausible approach to address this issue is to structurally modify the CPC structure by adding other biologically active functional groups. Here, a series of QAS based on pyridine-4-aldoxime were synthesized, characterized, and tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro. Although we obtained several potent antiviral candidates, these candidates had lower antibacterial activity than CPC and were not toxic to human cell lines. We found that the addition of an oxime group to the pyridine backbone resulted in derivatives with large topological polar surfaces and with unfavorable cLog P values. Investigation of the antibacterial mode of action, involving the cell membrane, revealed altered cell morphologies in terms of corrugated and/or disrupted surface, while 87% of the cells studied exhibited a permeabilized membrane after 3 h of treatment at 4 × minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of the interaction of QacR with a representative candidate showed rapid dimer disruption, whereas this was not observed for QacR and QacR bound to the structural analog CPC. This might explain the lower bioactivity of our compounds, as they are likely to cause premature expression of efflux pumps and thus activation of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Crnčević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lucija Krce
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (L.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Mislav Cvitković
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (L.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Zlatko Brkljača
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Sabljić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Elma Vuko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ines Primožič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Renata Odžak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (M.Š.)
| | - Matilda Šprung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (M.Š.)
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Rzycki M, Kraszewski S, Gładysiewicz-Kudrawiec M. Diptool-A Novel Numerical Tool for Membrane Interactions Analysis, Applying to Antimicrobial Detergents and Drug Delivery Aids. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6455. [PMID: 34771982 PMCID: PMC8585202 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The widespread problem of resistance development in bacteria has become a critical issue for modern medicine. To limit that phenomenon, many compounds have been extensively studied. Among them were derivatives of available drugs, but also alternative novel detergents such as Gemini surfactants. Over the last decade, they have been massively synthesized and studied to obtain the most effective antimicrobial agents, as well as the most selective aids for nanoparticles drug delivery. Various protocols and distinct bacterial strains used in Minimal Inhibitory Concentration experimental studies prevented performance benchmarking of different surfactant classes over these last years. Motivated by this limitation, we designed a theoretical methodology implemented in custom fast screening software to assess the surfactant activity on model lipid membranes. Experimentally based QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) prediction delivered a set of parameters underlying the Diptool software engine for high-throughput agent-membrane interactions analysis. We validated our software by comparing score energy profiles with Gibbs free energy from the Adaptive Biasing Force approach on octenidine and chlorhexidine, popular antimicrobials. Results from Diptool can reflect the molecule behavior in the lipid membrane and correctly predict free energy of translocation much faster than classic molecular dynamics. This opens a new venue for searching novel classes of detergents with sharp biologic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Rzycki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kraszewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Gładysiewicz-Kudrawiec
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Vereshchagin AN, Frolov NA, Egorova KS, Seitkalieva MM, Ananikov VP. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) and Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Biocides: From Simple Antiseptics to Tunable Antimicrobials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6793. [PMID: 34202677 PMCID: PMC8268321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) belong to a well-known class of cationic biocides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They are used as essential components in surfactants, personal hygiene products, cosmetics, softeners, dyes, biological dyes, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Simple but varied in their structure, QACs are divided into several subclasses: Mono-, bis-, multi-, and poly-derivatives. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a significant amount of work has been dedicated to the advancement of this class of biocides. Thus, more than 700 articles on QACs were published only in 2020, according to the modern literature. The structural variability and diverse biological activity of ionic liquids (ILs) make them highly prospective for developing new types of biocides. QACs and ILs bear a common key element in the molecular structure-quaternary positively charged nitrogen atoms within a cyclic or acyclic structural framework. The state-of-the-art research level and paramount demand in modern society recall the rapid development of a new generation of tunable antimicrobials. This review focuses on the main QACs exhibiting antimicrobial and antifungal properties, commercial products based on QACs, and the latest discoveries in QACs and ILs connected with biocide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
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Vereshchagin AN, Frolov NA, Konyuhova VY, Hansford KA, Egorov MP. Synthesis and microbiological properties of novel bis-quaternary ammonium compounds based on 4,4′-oxydiphenol spacer. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Vereshchagin AN, Gordeeva AM, Frolov NA, Proshin PI, Hansford KA, Egorov MP. Synthesis and Microbiological Properties of Novel Bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Based on Biphenyl Spacer. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Procpekt 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexandra M. Gordeeva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Procpekt 119991 Moscow Russia
- Higher Chemical College of Russian Academy of Sciences; D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; Miusskaya square 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Nikita A. Frolov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Procpekt 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Pavel I. Proshin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Procpekt 119991 Moscow Russia
- Higher Chemical College of Russian Academy of Sciences; D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; Miusskaya square 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Karl A. Hansford
- Hansford Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; 4072 Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Procpekt 119991 Moscow Russia
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Schallenhammer SA, Duggan SM, Morrison KR, Bentley BS, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Hybrid BisQACs: Potent Biscationic Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Merging the Structures of Two Commercial Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1931-1934. [PMID: 29068517 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) are two of the most common household antiseptics, but show weaker efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria as well as against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, relative to other S. aureus strains. We prepared 28 novel quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) that represent a hybrid of these two structures, using 1- to 2-step synthetic sequences. The biscationic (bisQAC) species prepared show uniformly potent activity against six bacterial strains tested, with nine novel antiseptics displaying single-digit micromolar activity across the board. Effects of unequal chain lengths of two installed side chains had less impact than the overall number of side chain carbon atoms present, which was optimal at 22-25 carbons. This is further indication that simple refinements to multiQAC architectures can show improvement over current household antiseptics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelly R Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Brian S Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Abstract
Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (BCN) polycations were synthesized by the reaction of the bivalent electrophile thiabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane dinitrate with a series of simple bis(pyridine) nucleophiles. Oligomers of moderate chain length were formed in a modular approach that tolerated the inclusion of functionalized and variable-length linkers between the pyridine units. Post-polymerization modification via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cyloaddition was enabled by the inclusion of terminal alkyne groups in these monomers. Most of the resulting polymers, new members of the polyionene class, inhibited the growth of bacteria at the μg/mL level and killed static bacterial cells at polymer concentrations of tens of ng/mL, with moderate to good selectivity with respect to lysis of red blood cells. While resistance to the BCN polymers was developed only very slowly over multiple passages, a degradable version of the polycation was observed to make E. coli cells more susceptible to other quaternary ammonium based antimicrobials. Solid substrates (glass and crystalline silicon) covalently functionalized with a representative BCN polycation were also able to repetitively kill bacteria in solution at high rates and with cleaning by simple sonication between exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishuai Geng
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Gallagher TM, Marafino JN, Wimbish BK, Volkers B, Fitzgerald G, McKenna K, Floyd J, Minahan NT, Walsh B, Thompson K, Bruno D, Paneru M, Djikeng S, Masters S, Haji S, Seifert K, Caran KL. Hydra amphiphiles: Using three heads and one tail to influence aggregate formation and to kill pathogenic bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017. [PMID: 28645045 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydra amphiphiles mimic the morphology of the mythical multi-headed creatures for which they are named. Likewise, when faced with a pathogenic bacterium, some hydra derivatives are as destructive as their fabled counterparts were to their adversaries. This report focuses on eight new tricephalic (triple-headed), single-tailed amphiphiles. Each amphiphile has a mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) core, two benzylic trimethylammonium groups and one dimethylalkylammonium group with a linear hydrophobe ranging from short (C8H17) to ultralong (C22H45). The logarithm of the critical aggregation concentration, log(CAC), decreases linearly with increasing tail length, but with a smaller dependence than that of ionic amphiphiles with fewer head groups. Tail length also affects antibacterial activity; amphiphiles with a linear 18 or 20 carbon atom hydrophobic chain are more effective at killing bacteria than those with shorter or longer chains. Comparison to a recently reported amphiphilic series with three heads and two tails allows for the development of an understanding of the relationship between number of tails and both colloidal and antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Gallagher
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - John N Marafino
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA; James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brenden K Wimbish
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brandi Volkers
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Gabriel Fitzgerald
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kristin McKenna
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Jason Floyd
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Nicholas T Minahan
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brenna Walsh
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kirstie Thompson
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - David Bruno
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Monica Paneru
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Sybelle Djikeng
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Stephanie Masters
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Suma Haji
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kyle Seifert
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Kevin L Caran
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
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9
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Ester- and amide-containing multiQACs: Exploring multicationic soft antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2107-2112. [PMID: 28392192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are ubiquitous antiseptics whose chemical stability is both an aid to prolonged antibacterial activity and a liability to the environment. Soft antimicrobials, such as QACs designed to decompose in relatively short times, show the promise to kill bacteria effectively but not leave a lasting footprint. We have designed and prepared 40 soft QAC compounds based on both ester and amide linkages, in a systematic study of mono-, bis-, and tris-cationic QAC species. Antimicrobial activity, red blood cell lysis, and chemical stability were assessed. Antiseptic activity was strong against a panel of six bacteria including two MRSA strains, with low micromolar activity seen in many compounds; amide analogs showed superior activity over ester analogs, with one bisQAC displaying average MIC activity of ∼1μM. For a small subset of highly bioactive compounds, hydrolysis rates in pure water as well as buffers of pH =4, 7, and 10 were tracked by LCMS, and indicated good stability for amides while rapid hydrolysis was observed for all compounds in acidic conditions.
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Al-Khalifa SE, Jennings MC, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. The Development of Next-Generation Pyridinium-Based multiQAC Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:280-283. [PMID: 28033453 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of 18 bis- and tris-pyridinium amphiphiles were prepared and tested for both antimicrobial activity and lytic capability, in comparison with the commercially available pyridinium antiseptic cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Assessments were made against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. While 2Pyr-11,11 was identified as one of the most potent antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) reported to date, boasting nanomolar inhibition against five of six bacteria tested, no significant improvement in bioactivity of tris-pyridinium amphiphiles over their bis-pyridinium counterparts was observed. However, the multicationic QACs (multiQACs) presented herein did display significant advantages over the monocationic CPC; while similar red blood cell lysis was observed, superior activity against both Gram-negative bacteria and resistant S. aureus strains led to the discovery of four pyridinium-based multiQACs with advantageous therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh E Al-Khalifa
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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11
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Forman ME, Jennings MC, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Building a Better Quaternary Ammonium Compound (QAC): Branched Tetracationic Antiseptic Amphiphiles. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1401-5. [PMID: 27245743 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria contaminate surfaces in a wide variety of environments, causing severe problems across a number of industries. In a continuation of our campaign to develop novel antibacterial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as useful antiseptics, we have identified a starting material bearing four tertiary amines, enabling the rapid synthesis of several tris- and tetracationic QACs. Herein we report the synthesis and biological activity of a series of 24 multiQACs deemed the "superT" family, and an investigation of the role of cationic charge in antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, as well as toxicity. This class represents the most potent series of QACs reported to date against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) as low as 0.25 and 25 μm, respectively. Based on the significant cell-surface-charge differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cells, in certain cases we observed excellent efficacy-to-toxicity profiles, exceeding a 100-fold differential. This work further elucidates the chemical underpinnings of disinfectant efficacy versus toxicity based on cationic charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Forman
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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12
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Minbiole KP, Jennings MC, Ator LE, Black JW, Grenier MC, LaDow JE, Caran KL, Seifert K, Wuest WM. From antimicrobial activity to mechanism of resistance: the multifaceted role of simple quaternary ammonium compounds in bacterial eradication. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Forman ME, Fletcher MH, Jennings MC, Duggan SM, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Structure-Resistance Relationships: Interrogating Antiseptic Resistance in Bacteria with Multicationic Quaternary Ammonium Dyes. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:958-62. [PMID: 27027389 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance toward commonly used biocides is a widespread yet underappreciated problem, one which needs not only a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which resistance proliferates, but also means for mitigation. To advance our understanding of this issue, we recognized a polyaromatic structural core analogous to activators of QacR, a negative transcriptional regulator of the efflux pump QacA, and envisioned a series of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based on this motif. Using commercially available dye scaffolds, we synthesized and evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 52 novel QACs bearing 1-3 quaternary ammonium centers. Striking differences in antimicrobial activity against bacteria bearing QAC resistance genes have been observed, with up to a 125-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for select structures against bacteria known to bear efflux pumps. Based on these findings, general trends in structure-resistance relationships have been identified, laying the groundwork for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Forman
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Madison H Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Stephanie M Duggan
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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14
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Mitchell MA, Iannetta AA, Jennings MC, Fletcher MH, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Scaffold-Hopping of Multicationic Amphiphiles Yields Three New Classes of Antimicrobials. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2299-303. [PMID: 26316312 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a vital class of antiseptics. Recent investigations into their construction are uncovering novel and potent multicationic variants. Based on a trisQAC precedent, we have implemented a scaffold-hopping approach to develop alternative QAC architectures that display 1-3 long alkyl chains in specific projections from cyclic and branched core structures bearing 3-4 nitrogen atoms. The preparation of 30 QAC structures allowed for correlation of scaffold structure with antimicrobial activity. We identified QACs with limited conformational flexibility that have improved bioactivity against planktonic bacteria as compared to their linear counterparts. We also confirmed that resistance, as evidenced by an increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) compared to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), can reduce efficacy up to 64-fold for monocationic QACs. Differentiation of antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, however, was not observed, suggesting that these compounds utilize a non-specific mode of eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles A Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Anthony A Iannetta
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Madison H Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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15
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Jennings MC, Buttaro BA, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Bioorganic Investigation of Multicationic Antimicrobials to Combat QAC-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:304-9. [PMID: 27622820 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have historically served as a first line of defense against pathogenic bacteria. Recent reports have shown that QAC resistance is increasing at an alarming rate, especially among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and preliminary work has suggested that the number of cations present in the QAC scaffold inversely correlates with resistance. Given our interest in multiQACs, we initiated a multipronged approach to investigate their biofilm eradication properties, antimicrobial activity, and the propensity of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) to develop resistance toward these compounds. Through these efforts we identified multiQACs with superior profiles against resistant (MRSA) planktonic bacteria and biofilms. Furthermore, we document the ability of MSSA to develop resistance to several commercial monoQAC disinfectants and a novel aryl bisQAC, yet we observe no resistance to multiQACs. This work provides insight into the mechanism and rate of resistance development of MSSA and MRSA toward a range of QAC structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Bettina A. Buttaro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Kevin P. C. Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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16
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Jennings MC, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: An Antimicrobial Mainstay and Platform for Innovation to Address Bacterial Resistance. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:288-303. [PMID: 27622819 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have represented one of the most visible and effective classes of disinfectants for nearly a century. With simple preparation, wide structural variety, and versatile incorporation into consumer products, there have been manifold developments and applications of these structures. Generally operating via disruption of one of the most fundamental structures in bacteria-the cell membrane-leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, the QACs were once thought to be impervious to resistance. Developments over the past decades, however, have shown this to be far from the truth. It is now known that a large family of bacterial genes (generally termed qac genes) encode efflux pumps capable of expelling many QAC structures from bacterial cells, leading to a decrease in susceptibility to QACs; methods of regulation of qac transcription are also understood. Importantly, qac genes can be horizontally transferred via plasmids to other bacteria and are often transmitted alongside other antibiotic-resistant genes; this dual threat represents a significant danger to human health. In this review, both QAC development and QAC resistance are documented, and possible strategies for addressing and overcoming QAC-resistant bacteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kevin P. C. Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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17
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Marafino JN, Gallagher TM, Barragan J, Volkers BL, LaDow JE, Bonifer K, Fitzgerald G, Floyd JL, McKenna K, Minahan NT, Walsh B, Seifert K, Caran KL. Colloidal and antibacterial properties of novel triple-headed, double-tailed amphiphiles: exploring structure-activity relationships and synergistic mixtures. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3566-73. [PMID: 25936261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two novel series of tris-cationic, tripled-headed, double-tailed amphiphiles were synthesized and the effects of tail length and head group composition on the critical aggregation concentration (CAC), thermodynamic parameters, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six bacterial strains were investigated. Synergistic antibacterial combinations of these amphiphiles were also identified. Amphiphiles in this study are composed of a benzene core with three benzylic ammonium bromide groups, two of which have alkyl chains, each 8-16 carbons in length. The third head group is a trimethylammonium or pyridinium. Log of critical aggregation concentration (log[CAC]) and heat of aggregation (ΔHagg) were both inversely proportional to the length of the linear hydrocarbon chains. Antibacterial activity increases with tail length until an optimal tail length of 12 carbons per chain, above which, activity decreased. The derivatives with two 12 carbon chains had the best antibacterial activity, killing all tested strains at concentrations of 1-2μM for Gram-positive and 4-16μM for Gram-negative bacteria. The identity of the third head group (trimethylammonium or pyridinium) had minimal effect on colloidal and antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of several binary combinations of amphiphiles from this study was higher than activity of individual amphiphiles, indicating that these combinations are synergistic. These amphiphiles show promise as novel antibacterial agents that could be used in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Marafino
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA; James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Tara M Gallagher
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Jhosdyn Barragan
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brandi L Volkers
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Jade E LaDow
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kyle Bonifer
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Gabriel Fitzgerald
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Jason L Floyd
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kristin McKenna
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Nicholas T Minahan
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brenna Walsh
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kyle Seifert
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Kevin L Caran
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
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Jordão N, Cruz H, Branco A, Pinheiro C, Pina F, Branco LC. Switchable electrochromic devices based on disubstituted bipyridinium derivatives. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02368h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel switchable electrochromic devices based on disubstituted bipyridinium derivatives have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Jordão
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2829-516 Monte de Caparica
| | - Hugo Cruz
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2829-516 Monte de Caparica
| | | | | | - Fernando Pina
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2829-516 Monte de Caparica
| | - Luís C. Branco
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2829-516 Monte de Caparica
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Paniak TJ, Jennings MC, Shanahan PC, Joyce MD, Santiago CN, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. The antimicrobial activity of mono-, bis-, tris-, and tetracationic amphiphiles derived from simple polyamine platforms. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5824-5828. [PMID: 25455498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of 34 amphiphilic compounds varying in both number of quaternary ammonium groups and length of alkyl chains has been assembled. The synthetic preparations for these structures are simple and generally high-yielding, proceeding in 1-2 steps without the need for chromatography. Antibacterial MIC data for these compounds were determined, and over half boast single digit MIC values against a series of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. MIC variation mostly hinged on the length of the alkyl chain, where a dodecyl group led to optimal activity; surprisingly, the number of cations and/or basic nitrogens was less important in dictating bioactivity. Additional structural variation was prepared in a trisamine series dubbed 12,3,X,3,12, providing a series of potent amphiphiles functionalized with varied allyl, alkyl, and benzyl groups. Tetraamines were also investigated, culminating in a two-step preparation of a tetracationic structure that showed only modestly improved bioactivity versus amphiphiles with two or three cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Paniak
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Paul C Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Maureen D Joyce
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Celina N Santiago
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
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20
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Jennings MC, Ator LE, Paniak TJ, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Biofilm-Eradicating Properties of Quaternary Ammonium Amphiphiles: Simple Mimics of Antimicrobial Peptides. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2211-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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