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Ito S, Kawada K, Saeki Y, Nakano T, Sasaki Y, Yajima S. Fenoxycarb, a carbamate insect growth regulator, inhibits brassinosteroid action. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2023; 48:107-110. [PMID: 37745175 PMCID: PMC10513946 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d23-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that regulate plant growth, development, and stress resistance. In this study, we evaluated the effect of agrochemicals on dark-induced hypocotyl elongation, which is regulated by BRs, to identify novel chemicals that regulate BR action. We found that the juvenile hormone agonist fenoxycarb inhibited dark-induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. Treatment with the same class of juvenile hormone agonist, pyriproxyfen, did not affect hypocotyl elongation. Co-treatment with fenoxycarb and BR partly canceled the fenoxycarb-induced hypocotyl suppression. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed that fenoxycarb altered the BR-responsive gene expression. These results indicate that fenoxycarb is a BR action inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsaku Ito
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Kojiro Kawada
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Yasumasa Saeki
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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Takimoto S, Nishikawa B, Matsuo M, Hinata S, Hisatomi T, Yamagami A, Nakano T, Nakagawa Y, Miyagawa H. Structure modification of nonsteroidal brassinolide-like compound, NSBR1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1004-1012. [PMID: 35687006 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Brassinolide (BL) is a possible plant growth regulator in agriculture, but the presence of a steroid skeleton hampers the field application of BL in agriculture because of its high synthetic cost. We discovered NSBR1 as the first nonsteroidal BL-like compound using in silico technology. Searching for more potent BL-like compounds, we modified the structure of NSBR1 with respect to two benzene rings and the piperazine ring. The activity of synthesized compounds was measured in Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation. The propyl group of butyryl moiety of NSBR1 was changed to various alkyl groups, such as straight, branched, and cyclic alkyl chains. Another substituent, F, at the ortho-position of the B-ring toward the piperazine ring was changed to other substituents. A methyl group was introduced to the piperazine ring. Most of the newly synthesized compounds with the 3,4-(OH)2 group at the A-ring significantly elongated the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seisuke Takimoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bunta Nishikawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Midori Matsuo
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiori Hinata
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiki Hisatomi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamagami
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Miyagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Jiang K, Asami T. Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture*. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1265-1300. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1462693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plant hormones are small molecules that play versatile roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Classic methodologies, including genetics, analytic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology, have contributed to the progress in plant hormone studies. In addition, chemical regulators of plant hormone functions have been important in such studies. Today, synthetic chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are used to study and manipulate biological systems, collectively referred to as chemical biology. Here, we summarize the available chemical regulators and their contributions to plant hormone studies. We also pose questions that remain to be addressed in plant hormone studies and that might be solved with the help of chemical regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Watanabe B, Yamamoto S, Yokoi T, Sugiura A, Horoiwa S, Aoki T, Miyagawa H, Nakagawa Y. Brassinolide-like activity of castasterone analogs with varied side chains against rice lamina inclination. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4566-4578. [PMID: 28751198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brassinolide (BL) and castasterone (CS) are the representative members of brassinosteroid class of plant steroid hormone having plant growth promoting activity. In this study, eleven CS analogs bearing a variety of side chains were synthesized to determine the effect of the side chain structures on the BL-like activity. The plant hormonal activity was evaluated in a dwarf rice lamina inclination assay, and the potency was determined as the reciprocal logarithm of the 50% effective dose (ED50) from each dose-response curve. The reciprocal logarithm of ED50 (pED50) was decreased dramatically upon deletion of the C-28 methyl group of CS. The introduction of oxygen-containing groups such as hydroxy, methoxy, and ethoxycarbonyl was also unfavorable to the activity. The pED50 was influenced by the geometry of carbon-carbon double bond between C-24 and C-25 (cis and trans), but the introduction of a fluorine atom at the C-25 position of the double bond did not significantly change the activity. The binding free energy (ΔG) was calculated for all ligand-receptor binding interactions using molecular dynamics, resulting that ΔG is linearly correlated with the pED50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunta Watanabe
- Chemistry of Molecular Biocatalysts, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shuji Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taiyo Yokoi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Airi Sugiura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinri Horoiwa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takanori Aoki
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hisashi Miyagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Sugiura A, Horoiwa S, Aoki T, Takimoto S, Yamagami A, Nakano T, Nakagawa Y, Miyagawa H. Discovery of a nonsteroidal brassinolide-like compound, NSBR1. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2017; 42:105-111. [PMID: 30363863 PMCID: PMC6183351 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen compounds screened from 5 million compounds in silico were submitted to bioassay to find brassinolide (BL) agonists/antagonists against Arabidopsis thaliana. Of these, two N-benzoyl-N'-phenylpiperazine (NBNPP)-type compounds showed antagonistic activity; however, none showed agonistic activity against A. thaliana. The substituents at the benzoyl moiety of NBNPP were changed to OH groups to derive N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N'-(4-butanoyl-2-fluorophenyl)pyrazine, which was named NSBR1. NSBR1 was rationally designed based on docking simulations and molecular dynamics. NSBR1 significantly suppressed the gene expression of CPD and BR6-ox2, which are known as marker genes for the action of BL. This novel NSBR1 was also effective in the rice lamina inclination assay (RLIA), and the activity in terms of the 50% effective dose (ED50) was determined as 0.79 nmol/plant from the dose-response curve for RLIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Sugiura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
| | - Shinri Horoiwa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
| | - Takanori Aoki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
| | - Seisuke Takimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamagami
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
- CREST, JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
- CREST, JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
| | - Hisashi Miyagawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
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Lei B, Heng N, Dang X, Liu J, Yao X, Zhang C. Structure based in silico identification of potentially non-steroidal brassinosteroids mimics. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:1364-1369. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of non-steroidal BRs-like molecules via structure-based pharmacophore virtual screening, molecular docking and bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Lei
- Center of Bioinformatics
- College of Life Sciences
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- China
| | - Ningjuan Heng
- College of Life Sciences
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- China
| | - Xiaoxue Dang
- Center of Bioinformatics
- College of Life Sciences
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- China
| | - Jiyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Cunli Zhang
- College of Life Sciences
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- China
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