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Li C, Juliana CA, Yuan Y, Li M, Lu M, Chen P, Boodhansingh KE, Doliba NM, Bhatti TR, Adzick NS, Stanley CA, De León DD. Phenotypic Characterization of Congenital Hyperinsulinism Due to Novel Activating Glucokinase Mutations. Diabetes 2023; 72:1809-1819. [PMID: 37725835 PMCID: PMC10658072 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The importance of glucokinase (GK) in the regulation of insulin secretion has been highlighted by the phenotypes of individuals with activating and inactivating mutations in the glucokinase gene (GCK). Here we report 10 individuals with congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) caused by eight unique activating mutations of GCK. Six are novel and located near previously identified activating mutations sites. The first recognized episode of hypoglycemia in these patients occurred between birth and 24 years, and the severity of the phenotype was also variable. Mutant enzymes were expressed and purified for enzyme kinetics in vitro. Mutant enzymes had low glucose half-saturation concentration values and an increased enzyme activity index compared with wild-type GK. We performed functional evaluation of islets from the pancreata of three children with GCK-HI who required pancreatectomy. Basal insulin secretion in perifused GCK-HI islets was normal, and the response to glyburide was preserved. However, the threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in perifused glucokinase hyperinsulinism (GCK-HI) islets was decreased, and glucagon secretion was greatly suppressed. Our evaluation of novel GCK disease-associated mutations revealed that the detrimental effects of these mutations on glucose homeostasis can be attributed not only to a lowering of the glucose threshold of insulin secretion but also to a decreased counterregulatory glucagon secretory response. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Our evaluation of six novel and two previously published activating GCK mutations revealed that the detrimental effects of these mutations on glucose homeostasis can be attributed not only to a lowering of the glucose threshold of insulin secretion but also to a decreased counterregulatory glucagon secretory response. These studies provide insights into the pathophysiology of GCK-hyperinsulinism and the dual role of glucokinase in β-cells and α-cells to regulate glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Nanjing AscendRare Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Nanjing, China
| | - Christine A. Juliana
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yue Yuan
- Nanjing AscendRare Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pan Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kara E. Boodhansingh
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nicolai M. Doliba
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tricia R. Bhatti
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - N. Scott Adzick
- Department of Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles A. Stanley
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Diva D. De León
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Andreev I, Boichenko M, Ratmanova N, Ivanova O, Levina I, Khrustalev V, Sedov I, Trushkov I. 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridinium Azide in Protic Ionic Liquid Media as a Stable Equivalent of Hydrazoic Acid. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Andreev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Immunology RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Maksim Boichenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Department of Chemistry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Nina Ratmanova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Immunology RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | - Irina Levina
- FSBSI Institute of Biochemical Physics named after N M Emanuel of the Russian Academy of Sciences RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | - Igor Sedov
- Kazan Federal University RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Igor Trushkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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Wali S, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Ullah S, Khan MA, Hussain S, Shaikh M, Atta-Ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI. Synthesis of new clioquinol derivatives as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors; molecular docking, kinetic and structure-activity relationship studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105506. [PMID: 34896920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with increasing prevalence and long-term complications. The aim of this study was to identify α-glucosidase inhibitory compounds with potential anti-hyperglycemic activity. For this purpose, a series of new clioquinol derivatives 2a-11a was synthesized, and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the resulting derivatives were assessed using an in-vitro mechanism-based assay. All the tested compounds 2a-11a of the series showed a significant α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values 43.86-325.81 µM, as compared to the standard drug acarbose 1C50: 875.75 ± 2.08 µM. Among them, compounds 4a, 5a, 10a, and 11a showed IC50 values of 105.51 ± 2.41, 119.24 ± 2.37, 99.15 ± 2.06, and 43.86 ± 2.71 µM, respectively. Kinetic study of the active analogues showed competitive, non-competitive, and mixed-type inhibitions. Furthermore, the molecular docking study was performed to elucidate the binding interactions of most active analogues with the various sites of α-glucosidase enzyme. The results indicate that these compounds have the potential to be further studied as new anti-diabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoukat Wali
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-Tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Saeed Ullah
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Maria Aqeel Khan
- Third World Center for Science and Technology International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Muniza Shaikh
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atta-Ur-Rahman
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Thilagavathi R, Hosseini-Zare MS, Malini M, Selvam C. A comprehensive review on glucokinase activators: Promising agents for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:247-263. [PMID: 34714587 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase is a key enzyme which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate in the liver and pancreatic cells of the human. In the liver, glucokinase promotes the synthesis of glycogen, and in the pancreas, it helps in glucose-sensitive insulin release. It serves as a "glucose sensor" and thereby plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Due to this activity, glucokinase is considered as an attractive drug target for type 2 diabetes. It created a lot of interest among the researchers, and several small molecules were discovered. The research work was initiated in 1990. However, the hypoglycemic effect, increased liver burden, and loss of efficacy over time were faced during clinical development. Dorzagliatin, a novel glucokinase activator that acts on both the liver and pancreas, is in the late-stage clinical development. TTP399, a promising hepatoselective GK activator, showed a clinically significant and sustained reduction in glycated hemoglobin with a low risk of adverse effects. The successful findings generated immense interest to continue further research in finding small molecule GK activators for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The article covers different series of GK activators reported over the past decade and the structural insights into the GK-GK activator binding which, we believe will stimulate the discovery of novel GK activators to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thilagavathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Maryam Sadat Hosseini-Zare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manokaran Malini
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Chelliah Selvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sharma S, Wadhwa K, Choudhary M, Budhwar V. Ethnopharmacological perspectives of glucokinase activators in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:2962-2976. [PMID: 34044681 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1931187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional medicinal plants have wide-reaching utilisation in the treatment of diabetes especially in developing countries where medical resources are meagre. Traditionally used anti-diabetic plants act by numerous mechanisms, however, only a few of them act through activation of the glucokinase enzyme. Glucokinase is a key regulatory enzyme in glucose metabolism thereby controls glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. The present review significantly analyses the knowledge about various plant-based glucokinase activators including numerous phytochemicals which modulate the activity and gene expression of glucokinase and would provide data support and perspective regarding future research in the discovery and development of different plant-derived glucokinase activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Karan Wadhwa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Manjusha Choudhary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas Budhwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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6
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Engin AB, Engin A. Protein Kinases Signaling in Pancreatic Beta-cells Death and Type 2 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:195-227. [PMID: 33539017 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide serious public health problem. Insulin resistance and β-cell failure are the two major components of T2D pathology. In addition to defective endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling due to glucolipotoxicity, β-cell dysfunction or β-cell death initiates the deleterious vicious cycle observed in T2D. Although the primary cause is still unknown, overnutrition that contributes to the induction of the state of low-grade inflammation, and the activation of various protein kinases-related metabolic pathways are main factors leading to T2D. In this chapter following subjects, which have critical checkpoints regarding β-cell fate and protein kinases pathways are discussed; hyperglycemia-induced β-cell failure, chronic accumulation of unfolded protein in β-cells, the effect of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to insulin secretion, excessive saturated free fatty acid-induced β-cell apoptosis, mitophagy dysfunction, proinflammatory responses and insulin resistance, and the reprogramming of β-cell for differentiation or dedifferentiation in T2D. There is much debate about selecting proposed therapeutic strategies to maintain or enhance optimal β-cell viability for adequate insulin secretion in T2D. However, in order to achieve an effective solution in the treatment of T2D, more intensive clinical trials are required on newer therapeutic options based on protein kinases signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Grewal AS, Lather V, Charaya N, Sharma N, Singh S, Kairys V. Recent Developments in Medicinal Chemistry of Allosteric Activators of Human Glucokinase for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2510-2552. [PMID: 32286938 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200414163148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucokinase (GK), a cytoplasmic enzyme catalyzes the metabolism of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate with the help of ATP and aids in the controlling of blood glucose levels within the normal range in humans. In pancreatic β-cells, it plays a chief role by controlling the glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin and in liver hepatocyte cells, it controls the metabolism of carbohydrates. GK acts as a promising drug target for the pharmacological treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as it plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. METHODS Data used for this review was based on the search from several science databases as well as various patent databases. The main data search terms used were allosteric GK activators, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, glucokinase, glucokinase activators and human glucokinase. RESULTS This article discusses an overview of T2DM, the biology of GK, the role of GK in T2DM, recent updates in the development of small molecule GK activators reported in recent literature, mechanism of action of GK activators and their clinical status. CONCLUSION GK activators are the novel class of pharmacological agents that enhance the catalytic activity of GK enzyme and display their antihyperglycemic effects. Broad diversity of chemical entities including benzamide analogues, carboxamides, acrylamides, benzimidazoles, quinazolines, thiazoles, pyrimidines, pyridines, orotic acid amides, amino acid derivatives, amino phosphates and urea derivatives have been synthesized in past two decades as potent allosteric activators of GK. Presently, the pharmaceutical companies and researchers are focusing on the design and development of liver-selective GK activators for preventing the possible adverse effects associated with GK activators for the long-term treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmer S Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Charaya
- Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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8
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Hetero-substituted sulfonamido-benzamide hybrids as glucokinase activators: Design, synthesis, molecular docking and in-silico ADME evaluation. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Chen T, Xiong H, Yang JF, Zhu XL, Qu RY, Yang GF. Diaryl Ether: A Privileged Scaffold for Drug and Agrochemical Discovery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9839-9877. [PMID: 32786826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diaryl ether (DE) is a functional scaffold existing widely both in natural products (NPs) and synthetic organic compounds. Statistically, DE is the second most popular and enduring scaffold within the numerous medicinal chemistry and agrochemical reports. Given its unique physicochemical properties and potential biological activities, DE nucleus is recognized as a fundamental element of medicinal and agrochemical agents aimed at different biological targets. Its drug-like derivatives have been extensively synthesized with interesting biological features including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antimalarial, herbicidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, and so on. In this review, we highlight the medicinal and agrochemical versatility of the DE motif according to the published information in the past decade and comprehensively give a summary of the target recognition, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and mechanism of action of its analogues. It is expected that this profile may provide valuable guidance for the discovery of new active ingredients both in drug and pesticide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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10
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Wu P, Liu Z, Jiang X, Fang H. An Overview of Prospective Drugs for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:445-457. [PMID: 31670620 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666191031104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aims:
The aim of this study is to provide an overview of several emerging anti-diabetic
molecules.
Background:
Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder involving the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis
at various levels. Insulin, which is produced by β-pancreatic cells, is a chief regulator of glucose
metabolism, regulating its consumption within cells, which leads to energy generation or storage as glycogen.
Abnormally low insulin secretion from β-cells, insulin insensitivity, and insulin tolerance lead to
higher plasma glucose levels, resulting in metabolic complications. The last century has witnessed extraordinary
efforts by the scientific community to develop anti-diabetic drugs, and these efforts have resulted
in the discovery of exogenous insulin and various classes of oral anti-diabetic drugs.
Objective:
Despite these exhaustive anti-diabetic pharmaceutical and therapeutic efforts, long-term
glycemic control, hypoglycemic crisis, safety issues, large-scale economic burden and side effects remain
the core problems.
Method:
The last decade has witnessed the development of various new classes of anti-diabetic drugs
with different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Details of their FDA approvals and
advantages/disadvantages are summarized in this review.
Results:
The salient features of insulin degludec, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, glucokinase
activators, fibroblast growth factor 21 receptor agonists, and GLP-1 agonists are discussed.
Conclusion :
In the future, these new anti-diabetic drugs may have broad clinical applicability. Additional
multicenter clinical studies on these new drugs should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Garcia SN, Guedes RC, Marques MM. Unlocking the Potential of HK2 in Cancer Metabolism and Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7285-7322. [PMID: 30543165 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181213092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is a tightly regulated process in which several enzymes, such as Hexokinases (HKs), play crucial roles. Cancer cells are characterized by specific expression levels of several isoenzymes in different metabolic pathways and these features offer possibilities for therapeutic interventions. Overexpression of HKs (mostly of the HK2 isoform) have been consistently reported in numerous types of cancer. Moreover, deletion of HK2 has been shown to decrease cancer cell proliferation without explicit side effects in animal models, which suggests that targeting HK2 is a viable strategy for cancer therapy. HK2 inhibition causes a substantial decrease of glycolysis that affects multiple pathways of central metabolism and also destabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane, ultimately enhancing cell death. Although glycolysis inhibition has met limited success, partly due to low selectivity for specific isoforms and excessive side effects of the reported HK inhibitors, there is ample ground for progress. The current review is focused on HK2 inhibition, envisaging the development of potent and selective anticancer agents. The information on function, expression, and activity of HKs is presented, along with their structures, known inhibitors, and reported effects of HK2 ablation/inhibition. The structural features of the different isozymes are discussed, aiming to stimulate a more rational approach to the design of selective HK2 inhibitors with appropriate drug-like properties. Particular attention is dedicated to a structural and sequence comparison of the structurally similar HK1 and HK2 isoforms, aiming to unveil differences that could be explored therapeutically. Finally, several additional catalytic- and non-catalytic roles on different pathways and diseases, recently attributed to HK2, are reviewed and their implications briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C Guedes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Jung HY, Chang S, Hong S. Strategic Approach to the Metamorphosis of γ-Lactones to NH γ-Lactams via Reductive Cleavage and C–H Amidation. Org Lett 2019; 21:7099-7103. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Yun Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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13
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Kaushik A, Kaushik M. Recent Updates on Glucokinase Activators and Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Disrupters for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:205-212. [PMID: 30039763 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666180724100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impairment of glucose metabolism leads to hyperglycemia and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Glucokinase enzyme is the key regulator of glucose homeostasis that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in liver and pancreatic cells. In hepatocytes, GK controls the glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. The action of liver GK is controlled by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GKRP) partially. In fasting conditions the GKRP binds with GK and inactivate it from carbohydrate metabolism and serve as new target for treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, the GK activators as potential antidiabetic agents but results in increased risks of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION The allosteric inhibitors of the GK-GKRP interaction are coming as alternative agents that can mitigate the risk associated with GK activators. This review discusses the recent advances and current status of potential molecules targeted to GK activators and GK-GKRP disrupters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kaushik
- I.K.Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar - Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
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14
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Scheen AJ. New hope for glucokinase activators in type 2 diabetes? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:591-593. [PMID: 29735393 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André J Scheen
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, Academic Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium.
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Ali MA, Eid RM, Hanafi MY. Vitamin C and E chronic supplementation differentially affect hepatic insulin signaling in rats. Life Sci 2018; 194:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Şekeroğlu MR, Huyut Z, Çokluk E, Özbek H, Alp HH. The susceptibility to autoxidation of erythrocytes in diabetic mice: Effects of melatonin and pentoxifylline. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 29077241 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress had a great importance in development of complications in diabetes. We investigated effects of melatonin and pentoxifylline in diabetic mice. Swiss albino mice (n = 40) were divided into four groups: alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus (DM), alloxan-induced diabetes with melatonin supplementation (DM + MLT), alloxan-induced diabetes with pentoxifylline supplementation (DM + PTX), and control. Glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and susceptibility to oxidation of erythrocytes were measured. MDA levels were higher than control in the DM and DM + MLT. The DM had more MDA level than the DM + MLT and DM + PTX (P < 0.001). After in vitro oxidation, MDA levels of all groups were found higher than the control. However, they were significantly lower than the DM in DM + PTX and DM + MLT (P < 0.001). Although GSH levels of the DM and DM + PTX were less than the control, GSH-Px activity of the DM was lower than the control and DM + PTX (P < 0.05). We suggest that there is increased oxidative stress and compromised antioxidant status of erythrocytes in diabetes; however, it can be effectively prevented by melatonin or pentoxifylline supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zübeyir Huyut
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Erdem Çokluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Özbek
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamit Hakan Alp
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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