Microwave-assisted synthesis and in vitro stability of N-benzylamide non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug conjugates for CNS delivery

Activation of Ibuprofen via Ultrasonic Complexation with Silver in N-Doped Oxidized Graphene Nanoparticles for Microwave Chemotherapy of Cervix Tumor Tissues

An ultrasonic method (20 kHz) is introduced to activate pristine ibuprofen organic molecular crystals via complexation with silver in nitrogen-doped oxidized graphene nanoplatforms (∼50 nm). Ultrasonic complexation occurs in a single-step procedure through the binding of the carboxylic groups with Ag and H-bond formation, involving noncovalent π_C=C → π_C=C* transitions in the altered phenyl ring and π_PY → π_CO* in ibuprofen occurring between the phenyl ring and C-O bonds as a result of interaction with hydroxyl radicals. The ibuprofen-silver complex in ≪NrGO≫ exhibits a ∼42 times higher acceleration rate than free ibuprofen of the charge transfer between hexacyanoferrate and thiosulfate ions. The increased acceleration rate can be caused by electron injection/ejection at the interface of the ≪Ag-NrGO≫ nanoplatform and formation of intermediate species (Fe(CN)₅(CNSO₃)^x- with x = 4 or 5 and AgHS₂O₃) at the excess of produced H⁺ ions. Important for microwave chemotherapy, ibuprofen-silver complexes in the ≪NrGO≫ nanoplatform can produce H⁺ ions at ∼12.5 times higher rate at the applied voltage range from 0.53 to 0.60 V. ≪Ibu-Ag-NrGO≫ NPs develop ∼10⁵ order higher changes of the electric field strength intensity than free ibuprofen in the microwave absorption range of 100-1000 MHz as revealed from the theoretical modeling of a cervix tumor tissue.

Noninvasive Delivery of Biologicals to the Brain

In the past, psychotherapy and neuropharmacological approaches have been the most common treatments for disordered thoughts, moods, and behaviors. One new path of brain therapeutics is in the deployment of noninvasive approaches designed to reprogram brain function at the cellular level. Treatment at the cellular level may be considered for a wide array of disorders, ranging from mood disorders to neurodegenerative disorders. Brain-targeted biological therapy may provide minimally invasive and accurate delivery of treatment. The present article discusses the hurdles and advances that characterize the pathway to this goal.

Strategies for Structural Modification of Small Molecules to Improve Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration: A Recent Perspective

In the development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts many drugs from entering the brain to exert therapeutic effects. Although many novel delivery methods of large molecule drugs have been designed to assist transport, small molecule drugs account for the vast majority of the CNS drugs used clinically. From this perspective, we review studies from the past five years that have sought to modify small molecules to increase brain exposure. Medicinal chemists make it easier for small molecules to cross the BBB by improving diffusion, reducing efflux, and activating carrier transporters. On the basis of their excellent work, we summarize strategies for structural modification of small molecules to improve BBB penetration. These strategies are expected to provide a reference for the future development of small molecule CNS drugs.