1
|
Chen Z, Liu M, Wang N, Xiao W, Shi J. Unleashing the Potential of Camptothecin: Exploring Innovative Strategies for Structural Modification and Therapeutic Advancements. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3244-3273. [PMID: 38421819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) is a potent anti-cancer agent targeting topoisomerase I (TOP1). However, CPT has poor pharmacokinetic properties, causes toxicities, and leads to drug resistance, which limit its clinical use. In this paper, to review the current state of CPT research. We first briefly explain CPT's TOP1 inhibition mechanism and the key hurdles in CPT drug development. Then we examine strategies to overcome CPT's limitations through structural modifications and advanced delivery systems. Though modifications alone seem insufficient to fully enhance CPT's therapeutic potential, structure-activity relationship analysis provides insights to guide optimization of CPT analogs. In comparison, advanced delivery systems integrating controlled release, imaging capabilities, and combination therapies via stimulus-responsive linkers and targeting moieties show great promise for improving CPT's pharmacological profile. Looking forward, multifaceted approaches combining selective CPT derivatives with advanced delivery systems, informed by emerging biological insights, hold promise for fully unleashing CPT's anti-cancer potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Maoyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ningyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bednarek E, Bocian W, Sitkowski J, Urbanowicz M, Kozerski L. New 5-Substituted SN38 Derivatives: A Stability Study and Interaction with Model Nicked DNA by NMR and Molecular Modeling Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17445. [PMID: 38139274 PMCID: PMC10743537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The new 5-substituted SN-38 derivatives, 5(R)-(N-pyrrolidinyl)methyl-7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (1) and its diastereomer 5(S) (2), were investigated using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods. The chemical stability, configuration stability, and propensity to aggregate as a function of concentration were determined using 1H NMR. The calculated self-association constants (Ka) were found to be 6.4 mM-1 and 2.9 mM-1 for 1 and 2, respectively. The NMR experiments were performed to elucidate the interaction of each diastereomer with a nicked decamer duplex, referred to as 3. The calculated binding constants were determined to be 76 mM-1 and 150 mM-1 for the 1-3 and 2-3 complexes, respectively. NMR studies revealed that the interaction between 1 or 2 and the nicked decamer duplex occurred at the site of the DNA strand break. To complement these findings, molecular modeling methods and calculation protocols were employed to establish the interaction mode and binding constants and to generate molecular models of the DNA/ligand complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Bednarek
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (W.B.); (J.S.); (M.U.); (L.K.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Zhuang Y, Wang Y, Jiang M, Yao L. The recent developments of camptothecin and its derivatives as potential anti-tumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115710. [PMID: 37595544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
This review article focuses on the research progress made in the structural modifications of camptothecin (CPT), a potent cytotoxic natural alkaloid. CPT possesses a unique 5-fused ring structure and exhibits various beneficial activities such as anti-proliferative, anti-fungal, insecticidal, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. CPT and its analogs, including Topotecan and Irinotecan, have been successfully developed and marketed as topoisomerase I inhibitors. To enhance the therapeutic potential of CPT, researchers have undertaken structural modifications primarily on the A, B, and E rings of the CPT core structure. These modifications aim to improve the efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties of CPT derivatives. The article reviews the advancements in hybridizing CPT with other bioactive compounds, the synthesis of novel CPT analogs, and their associated biological activities. Moreover, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these modified CPT derivatives is summarized to gain insights into their structure-function correlations. In addition to discussing the modifications and biological activities of CPT derivatives, the article also touches upon the mechanism of parent drug release. Many CPT derivatives are prodrugs, meaning they require metabolic activation to generate the active form of the drug. It is a resource for researchers interested in developing novel anti-tumor agents based on CPT, addressing the limitations associated with the parent drug, and exploring various aspects of CPT modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yumeng Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yuankun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Maokai Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Lei Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang R, Luo Y, Du C, Wu L, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li S, Jiang X, Xie Y. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel SN38-glucose conjugate for colorectal cancer treatment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 81:129128. [PMID: 36639036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), the bioactive metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11), has been shown to be 100-1000 times more effective than CPT-11. However, the poor water solubility and bioavailability of SN38 constrained its clinical application. In this study, we synthesized a novel SN38-glucose conjugate (FSY04) to address this issue. Our in vitro studies indicated that FSY04 had a potent inhibitory ability against colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines of SW-480 and HCT-116 compared to the inhibitory capacity of CPT-11. Interestingly, FSY04 possessed lower cytotoxicity against normal cell lines of LO2 and 293T in contrast with CPT-11. Moreover, FSY04 is more active than CPT-11 in inducing apoptosis, inhibiting migration, and invasion. In vivo experiments suggested that half of the equivalent of FSY04 inhibited the growth of SW480 in the xenograft tumor model better than one equivalent of CPT-11. Our data demonstrated FSY04 to be a promising agent in CRC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Chenghao Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles 90089, USA
| | - Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yankang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yuanduan Chen
- Guizhou Jinqianguo Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Bijie 551714, PR China
| | - Shouqian Li
- Guizhou Jinqianguo Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Bijie 551714, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Yongmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bocian W, Naumczuk B, Urbanowicz M, Sitkowski J, Bednarek E, Wiktorska K, Pogorzelska A, Wielgus E, Kozerski L. Insight on the Interaction between the Camptothecin Derivative and DNA Oligomer Mimicking the Target of Topo I Inhibitors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206946. [PMID: 36296539 PMCID: PMC9612166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanism of Topo I inhibition by organic ligands is a crucial source of information that has led to the design of more effective and safe pharmaceuticals in oncological chemotherapy. The vast number of inhibitors that have been studied in this respect over the last decades have enabled the creation of a concept of an ‘interfacial inhibitor’, thereby describing the machinery of Topo I inhibition. The central module of action of this machinery is the interface of a Topo I/DNA/inhibitor ternary complex. Most of the ‘interfacial inhibitors’ are primarily kinetic inhibitors that form molecular complexes with an “on–off” rate timing; therefore, all of the contacts between the inhibitor and both the enzyme and the DNA are essential to keep the complex stable and reduce the “off rate”. To test this hypothesis, we designed the compound using a C-9-(N-(2′-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl substituent in an SN38 core, with a view that a flexible substituent may bind inside the nick of a model of the DNA and stabilize the complex, leading to a reduction in the “off rate” of a ligand in a potential ternary complex in vivo. Using docking analysis and molecular dynamics, free energy calculations on the level of the MM-PBSA and MM-GBSA model, here we presented the in silico-calculated structure of a ternary complex involving the studied compound 1. This confirmed our suggestion that compound 1 is situated in a groove of the nicked DNA model in a few conformations. The number of hydrogen bonds between the components of a ternary complex was established, which strengthens the complex and supports our view. The docking analysis and free energy calculations for the receptor structures which were obtained in the MD simulations of the ternary complex 1/DNA/Topo I show that the binding constant is stronger than it was for similar complexes with TPT, CPT, and SN38, which are commonly considered as strong Topo I inhibitors. The binary complex structure 1/DNA was calculated and compared with the experimental results of a complex that was in a solution. The analysis of the cross-peaks in NOESY spectra allowed us to assign the dipolar interactions between the given protons in the calculated structures. A DOSY experiment in the solution confirmed the strong binding of a ligand in a binary complex, having a Ka of 746 mM−1, which was compared with a Ka of 3.78 mM−1 for TPT. The MALDI-ToF MS showed the presence of the biohybrid, thus evidencing the occurrence of DNA alkylation by compound 1. Because of it having a strong molecular complex, alkylation is the most efficient way to reduce the “on–off” timing as it acts as a tool that causes the cog to brake in a working gear, and this is this activity we want to highlight in our contribution. Finally, the Topo I inhibition test showed a lower IC50 of the studied compound than it did for CPT and SN38.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beata Naumczuk
- National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-8514371 (ext. 318)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ewelina Wielgus
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Science, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roman G. Anticancer activity of Mannich bases: a review of recent literature. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200258. [PMID: 35678192 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes the latest published data on the antiproliferative action and cytotoxic activity of Mannich bases, a structurally heterogeneous category of chemical entities that includes compounds which are synthesized via the grafting of an aminomethyl function onto diverse substrates by means of the Mannich reaction. The present overview of the topic is an update to the information assembled in a previously published review that covered the literature up to 2014.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Roman
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Inorganic polymers, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda, 700487, Iasi, ROMANIA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Novel Nontoxic 5,9-Disubstituted SN38 Derivatives: Characterization of Their Pharmacological Properties and Interactions with DNA Oligomers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158190. [PMID: 34360955 PMCID: PMC8347432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel nontoxic derivatives of SN38 with favorable antineoplastic properties were characterized in water solution using NMR. The phenomena observed by NMR were linked to basic pharmacological properties, such as solubility, bioavailability, chemical and stereochemical stability, and binding to natural DNA oligomers through the terminal G-C base pair, which is commonly considered a biological target of Topo I inhibitors. Compound 1, with bulky substituents at both C5(R) and C20(S) on the same side of a camptothecin core, manifests self-association, whereas diastereomers 2, with bulky C5(S) and C20(S) substituents are mostly monomeric in solution. The stereogenic center at C5 is stable in water solution at pH 5-6. The compound with an (N-azetidinyl)methyl substituent at C9 can undergo the retro Mannich reaction after a prolonged time in water solution. Both diastereomers exhibit different abilities in terms of binding to DNA oligomers: compound 1 is strongly bound, whereas the binding of compound 2 is rather weak. Molecular modeling produced results consistent with NMR experiments. These complementary data allow linking of the observed phenomena in NMR experiments to basic preliminary information on the pharmacodynamic character of compounds and are essential for planning further development research.
Collapse
|