1
|
Maghami E, Sadighi A, Najafi AR. Fracture behavior of human cortical bone with high glycation content under dynamic loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 155:106577. [PMID: 38759587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The present study simulates the fracture behavior of diabetic cortical bone with high levels of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) under dynamic loading. We consider that the increased AGEs in diabetic cortical bone degrade the materials heterogeneity of cortical bone through a reduction in critical energy release rates of the microstructural features. To simulate the initiation and propagation of cracks, we implement a phase field fracture framework on 2D models of human tibia cortical microstructure. The simulations show that the mismatch between the fracture properties (e.g., critical energy release rate) of osteons and interstitial tissue due to high AGEs contents can change crack growth trajectories. The results show crack branching in the cortical microstructure under dynamic loading is affected by the mismatches related to AGEs. In addition, we observe cortical features such as osteons and cement lines can prevent multiple cracking under dynamic loading even with changing the mismatches due to high AGEs. Furthermore, under dynamic loading, some toughening mechanisms can be activated and deactivated with different AGEs contents. In conclusion, the current findings present that the combination of the loading type and materials heterogeneity of microstructural features can change the fracture response of diabetic cortical bone and its fragility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Maghami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amirreza Sadighi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahmad R Najafi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rothweiler R, Gross C, Bortel E, Früh S, Gerber J, Boller E, Wüster J, Stricker A, Fretwurst T, Iglhaut G, Nahles S, Schmelzeisen R, Hesse B, Nelson K. Comparison of the 3D-Microstructure Between Alveolar and Iliac Bone for Enhanced Bioinspired Bone Graft Substitutes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:862395. [PMID: 35782504 PMCID: PMC9248932 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.862395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In oral- and maxillofacial bone augmentation surgery, non-vascularized grafts from the iliac crest demonstrate better clinical performance than alveolar bone grafts. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood but are essential for the enhancement of bone regeneration scaffolds. Synchrotron Radiation µ-CT at a pixel size of 2.3 μm was used to characterize the gross morphology and the vascular and osteocyte lacuna porosity of patient-matched iliac crest/alveolar bone samples. The results suggest a difference in the spatial distribution of the vascular pore system. Fluid simulations reveal the permeability tensor to be more homogeneous in the iliac crest, indicating a more unidirectional fluid flow in alveolar bone. The average distance between bone mineral and the closest vessel pore boundary was found to be higher in alveolar bone. At the same time, osteocyte lacunae density is higher in alveolar bone, potentially compensating for the longer average distance between the bone mineral and vessel pores. The present study comprehensively quantified and compared the 3D microarchitecture of intraindividual human alveolar and iliac bone. The identified difference in pore network architecture may allow a bone graft from the iliac crest to exhibit higher regeneration potential due to an increased capacity to connect with the surrounding pore network of the residual bone. The results may contribute to understanding the difference in clinical performance when used as bone grafts and are essential for optimization of future scaffold materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rothweiler
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gross
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Elodie Boller
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Jonas Wüster
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andres Stricker
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Fretwurst
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Iglhaut
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Nahles
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Schmelzeisen
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- Xploraytion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Bernhard Hesse, ; Katja Nelson,
| | - Katja Nelson
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bernhard Hesse, ; Katja Nelson,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Computational homogenisation based extraction of transverse tensile cohesive responses of cortical bone tissue. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 21:147-161. [PMID: 34647217 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The numerical assessment of fracture properties of cortical bone is important in providing suggestions on patient-specific clinical treatments. We present a generic finite element modelling framework incorporating computational fracture approaches and computational homogenisation techniques. Finite element computations for statistical volume elements (SVEs) at the microscale are performed for different sizes with random osteon packing with a fixed volume fraction. These SVEs are loaded in the transverse direction under tension. The minimal SVE size in terms of ensuring a representative effective cohesive law is suggested to be 0.6 mm. Since cement lines as weak interfaces play a key role in bone fracture, the effects of their fracture properties on the effective fracture strength and toughness are investigated. The extracted effective fracture properties can be used as homogenised inputs to a discrete crack simulation at macroscopic or structural scale. The extrinsic toughening mechanisms observed in the SVE models are discussed with a comparison against experimental observations from the literature, giving beneficial insights to cortical bone failure.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yadav RN, Uniyal P, Sihota P, Kumar S, Dhiman V, Goni VG, Sahni D, Bhadada SK, Kumar N. Effect of ageing on microstructure and fracture behavior of cortical bone as determined by experiment and Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM). Med Eng Phys 2021; 93:100-112. [PMID: 34154770 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture is a severe health concern; therefore, understanding the causes of bone fracture are crucial. This paper investigates the microstructure and fracture behaviour of cadaveric cortical bone of two different groups (Young, n= 6; Aged, n=7). The microstructure is obtained from µ-CT images, and the material parameters are measured with nanoindentation. Fracture behaviour in transverse and longitudinal orientations is investigated experimentally and numerically. The results show that the Haversian canal (HC) size increases and the osteon wall thickness (OWT) decreases significantly in the aged group, whereas a nonsignificant difference is found in tissue properties. The crack initiation (Jic) and crack growth (Jgrow) toughness of the aged group are found to be significantly lower (p<0.01) than the young group in the transverse orientation; however, for the longitudinal orientation, only the value of Jic in the aged group is found significantly lower. Further, a 4-phase XFEM (based on micro-CT image) model is developed to investigate the crack propagation behaviour in both orientations. For the transverse orientation, results show that in the aged group, the crack initially follows the cementline and then penetrates the osteon, whereas, in the young group, it propagates along the cementline. These results are in agreement with experimental results where the decrease in Jgrow is more significant than the Jic in the aged group. This study suggests that ageing leads to a larger HC and reduced OWT, which weakens the crack deflection ability and causes fragility fracture. Further, the XFEM results indicate that the presence of a small microcrack in the vicinity of a major crack tip causes an increase in the critical stress intensity factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Naresh Yadav
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Piyush Uniyal
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Praveer Sihota
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Vandana Dhiman
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vijay G Goni
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brémaud L, Cai X, Brenner R, Grimal Q. Maximum effect of the heterogeneity of tissue mineralization on the effective cortical bone elastic properties. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:1509-1518. [PMID: 33884512 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mineralization level is heterogeneous in cortical bone extracellular matrix as a consequence of remodeling. Models of the effective elastic properties at the millimeter scale have been developed based on idealizations of the vascular pore network and matrix properties. Some popular models do not take into account the heterogeneity of the matrix. However, the errors on the predicted elasticity when the difference in elastic properties between osteonal and interstitial tissues is not modeled have not been quantified. This work provides an estimation of the maximum error. We compare the effective elasticity of a representative volume element (RVE) assuming (1) different elastic properties in osteonal and interstitial tissues vs. (2) average matrix properties. In order to account for the variability of bone microstructure, we use a collection of high resolution images of the pore network to build RVEs. In each RVE we assumed a constant osteonal wall thickness and we artificially varied this thickness between 35 and 140 [Formula: see text]m to create RVEs with different amounts of osteonal tissue. The homogenization problem was solved with a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based numerical scheme. We found that the error depends on pore volume fraction and varies on average from 1 to [Formula: see text] depending on the assumed diameter of the osteons. The results suggest that matrix heterogeneity may be disregarded in cortical bone models in most practical cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Brémaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, 75006, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiran Cai
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, 75006, Paris, France.,School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Renald Brenner
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Grimal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, 75006, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu B, Pacureanu A, Olivier C, Cloetens P, Peyrin F. Quantification of the bone lacunocanalicular network from 3D X-ray phase nanotomography images. J Microsc 2020; 282:30-44. [PMID: 33125757 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing 3D microscopy for the exploration of thick biological tissues. Recently, 3D X-ray nanocomputerised tomography has proven to be a suitable technique for imaging the bone lacunocanalicular network. This interconnected structure is hosting the osteocytes which play a major role in maintaining bone quality through remodelling processes. 3D images have the potential to reveal the architecture of cellular networks, but their quantitative analysis remains a challenge due to the density and complexity of nanometre sized structures and the need to handle and process large datasets, for example, 20483 voxels corresponding to 32 GB per individual image in our case. In this work, we propose an efficient image processing approach for the segmentation of the network and the extraction of characteristic parameters describing the 3D structure. These parameters include the density of lacunae, the porosity of lacunae and canaliculi, and morphological features of lacunae (volume, surface area, lengths, anisotropy etc.). We also introduce additional parameters describing the local environment of each lacuna and its canaliculi. The method is applied to analyse eight human femoral cortical bone samples imaged by magnified X-ray phase nanotomography with a voxel size of 120 nm, which was found to be a good compromise to resolve canaliculi while keeping a sufficiently large field of view of 246 μm in 3D. The analysis was performed on a total of 2077 lacunae showing an average length, width and depth of 17.1 μm × 9.2 μm × 4.4 μm, with an average number of 58.2 canaliculi per lacuna and a total lacuno-canalicular porosity of 1.12%. The reported descriptive parameters provide information on the 3D organisation of the lacuno-canalicular network in human bones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boliang Yu
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Pacureanu
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France
| | - Cecile Olivier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France.,ESRF, the European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Francoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France.,ESRF, the European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Atthapreyangkul A, Hoffman M, Pearce G. Effect of geometrical structure variations on the viscoelastic and anisotropic behaviour of cortical bone using multi-scale finite element modelling. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104153. [PMID: 33125948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multi-scale finite element analysis is performed to ascertain the effect of geometrical changes at multiple structural scales on the mechanical properties of cortical bone. Finite element models are developed, with reference to experimental data from existing literature, to account for bone's viscoelastic behaviour and anisotropic structure from the most fundamental level of bone consisting of mineralised collagen fibrils, up to the macroscopic level consisting of osteons and the Haversian canals. A statistical approach is incorporated to perform sensitivity analyses on the effects of different geometrical parameters on the effective material properties of cortical bone at each length scale. Numerical results indicate that there is an exponential correlation between the mineral volume fraction and the effective stiffness constants at each length scale. This contributes to the exponential behaviour of the instantaneous moduli describing cortical bone's two-phase stress relaxation process: a fast and slow response relaxation behaviour. Results indicate that the fast response relaxation time is independent of bone's structural anisotropy, whilst being dependent on variations in the global mineral volume fraction between length scales. However, the slow response relaxation time is independent of the changes in mineral volume fraction. It is also observed that the slow response relaxation time varies with bone's anisotropic structure, and therefore, contributes to the anisotropic properties of bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Hoffman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Garth Pearce
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quantitative and qualitative bone imaging: A review of synchrotron radiation microtomography analysis in bone research. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
9
|
Lefèvre E, Farlay D, Bala Y, Subtil F, Wolfram U, Rizzo S, Baron C, Zysset P, Pithioux M, Follet H. Compositional and mechanical properties of growing cortical bone tissue: a study of the human fibula. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17629. [PMID: 31772277 PMCID: PMC6879611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cortical bone contains two types of tissue: osteonal and interstitial tissue. Growing bone is not well-known in terms of its intrinsic material properties. To date, distinctions between the mechanical properties of osteonal and interstitial regions have not been investigated in juvenile bone and compared to adult bone in a combined dataset. In this work, cortical bone samples obtained from fibulae of 13 juveniles patients (4 to 18 years old) during corrective surgery and from 17 adult donors (50 to 95 years old) were analyzed. Microindentation was used to assess the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, quantitative microradiography was used to measure the degree of bone mineralization (DMB), and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy was used to evaluate the physicochemical modifications of bone composition (organic versus mineral matrix). Juvenile and adult osteonal and interstitial regions were analyzed for DMB, crystallinity, mineral to organic matrix ratio, mineral maturity, collagen maturity, carbonation, indentation modulus, indicators of yield strain and tissue ductility using a mixed model. We found that the intrinsic properties of the juvenile bone were not all inferior to those of the adult bone. Mechanical properties were also differently explained in juvenile and adult groups. The study shows that different intrinsic properties should be used in case of juvenile bone investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Lefèvre
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, ISM Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Institute for Locomotion, APHM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Farlay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Lyos UMR1033, F69622, Lyon, France
| | - Yohann Bala
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Lyos UMR1033, F69622, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique, INSA Lyon, Campus LyonTech la Doua, F69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Subtil
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Equipe Biostatistique Santé - LBBE, F69003, Lyon, France
| | - Uwe Wolfram
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Rizzo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Lyos UMR1033, F69622, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Baron
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, ISM Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Institute for Locomotion, APHM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Zysset
- ARTORG Center for biomedical engineering research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martine Pithioux
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, ISM Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Institute for Locomotion, APHM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Follet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Lyos UMR1033, F69622, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|