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Boikov SI, Sibarov DA, Stepanenko YD, Karelina TV, Antonov SM. Calcium-Dependent Interplay of Lithium and Tricyclic Antidepressants, Amitriptyline and Desipramine, on N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416177. [PMID: 36555818 PMCID: PMC9787943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The facilitated activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the central and peripheral nervous systems promotes neuropathic pain. Amitriptyline (ATL) and desipramine (DES) are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) whose anti-NMDAR properties contribute to their analgetic effects. At therapeutic concentrations <1 µM, these medicines inhibit NMDARs by enhancing their calcium-dependent desensitization (CDD). Li+, which suppresses the sodium−calcium exchanger (NCX) and enhances NMDAR CDD, also exhibits analgesia. Here, the effects of different [Li+]s on TCA inhibition of currents through native NMDARs in rat cortical neurons recorded by the patch-clamp technique were investigated. We demonstrated that the therapeutic [Li+]s of 0.5−1 mM cause an increase in ATL and DES IC50s of ~10 folds and ~4 folds, respectively, for the Ca2+-dependent NMDAR inhibition. The Ca2+-resistant component of NMDAR inhibition by TCAs, the open-channel block, was not affected by Li+. In agreement, clomipramine providing exclusively the NMDAR open-channel block is not sensitive to Li+. This Ca2+-dependent interplay between Li+, ATL, and DES could be determined by their competition for the same molecular target. Thus, submillimolar [Li+]s may weaken ATL and DES effects during combined therapy. The data suggest that Li+, ATL, and DES can enhance NMDAR CDD through NCX inhibition. This ability implies a drug−drug or ion−drug interaction when these medicines are used together therapeutically.
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Harbell MW, Dumitrascu C, Bettini L, Yu S, Thiele CM, Koyyalamudi V. Anesthetic Considerations for Patients on Psychotropic Drug Therapies. Neurol Int 2021; 13:640-658. [PMID: 34940748 PMCID: PMC8708655 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotropic drugs are used in the treatment of psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions. Many patients who are on psychotropic medications may present for procedures requiring anesthesia. Psychotropic medications can have dangerous interactions with drugs commonly used in anesthesia, some of which can be life-threatening. In this review, we describe the current anesthetic considerations for patients on psychotropic drug therapies, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and stimulants. The pharmacology, side effects, and potential drug interactions of the commonly prescribed psychotropic drug therapies with anesthetic agents are described. Further, we highlight the current recommendations regarding the cessation and continuation of these medications during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica W. Harbell
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA; (C.D.); (L.B.); (S.Y.); (V.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Catalina Dumitrascu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA; (C.D.); (L.B.); (S.Y.); (V.K.)
| | - Layne Bettini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA; (C.D.); (L.B.); (S.Y.); (V.K.)
| | - Soojie Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA; (C.D.); (L.B.); (S.Y.); (V.K.)
| | | | - Veerandra Koyyalamudi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA; (C.D.); (L.B.); (S.Y.); (V.K.)
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3
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Elvir-Lazo OL, White PF, Cruz Eng H, Yumul F, Chua R, Yumul R. Impact of chronic medications in the perioperative period -anesthetic implications (Part II). Postgrad Med 2021; 133:920-938. [PMID: 34551658 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1982298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: This review article discusses the pharmacodynamic effects of the most commonly used chronic medications by patients undergoing elective surgical procedures, namely cardiovascular drugs (e.g., beta blockers, alpha-2 agonist, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, etc.), lipid-lowering drugs, gastrointestinal medications (H2-blockers, proton pump inhibitors), pulmonary medications (inhaled β-agonists, anticholinergics,), antibiotics (tetracyclines, clindamycin and macrolide, linezolid.), opioids and non-opioids analgesics (NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, acetaminophen), gabapentanoids, erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs, psychotropic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs], monoamine oxidase inhibitors [MAOI], selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs], and cannabinol-containing drugs). In addition, the potential adverse drug-interactions between these chronic medications and commonly used anesthetic drugs during the perioperative period will be reviewed. Finally, recommendations regarding the management of chronic medications during the preoperative period will be provided.Materials and Methods: An online search was conducted from January 2000 through February 2021 with the Medline database through PubMed and Google Scholar using the following search terms/keywords: "chronic medications in the perioperative period", and "chronic medications and anesthetic implications." In addition, we searched for anesthetic side effects associated with the major drug groups.Results and Conclusions: An understanding of the pharmacodynamic effects of most used chronic medications is important to avoid untoward outcomes in the perioperative period. These drug interactions may result in altered efficacy and toxicity of the anesthetic medications administered during surgery. These drug-drug interactions can also affect the morbidity, mortality, recovery time of surgical patients and acute relapse of chronic illnesses which could lead to last minute cancellation of surgical procedures. Part II of this two-part review article focuses on the reported interactions between most commonly taken chronic medications by surgical patients and anesthetic and analgesic drugs, as well as recommendations regarding the handling these chronic medications during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F White
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The White Mountain Institute, The Sea Ranch, CA, USA
| | - Hillenn Cruz Eng
- Adena Health System, department of anesthesiology, Chillicothe, OH, US
| | - Firuz Yumul
- Department of family medicine, Skagit Regional Health, Family Medicine, Arlington, WA, USA
| | - Raissa Chua
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntington Hospital, Prasadena, CA, USA
| | - Roya Yumul
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, Charles R, Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Elvir-Lazo OL, White PF, Cruz Eng H, Yumul F, Chua R, Yumul R. Impact of chronic medications in the perioperative period: mechanisms of action and adverse drug effects (Part I). Postgrad Med 2021; 133:939-952. [PMID: 34551662 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1982297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: This review article discusses the pharmacology of the most commonly used chronic medications in patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. The mechanism of action and adverse side effects of cardiovascular medications (e.g., beta blockers, alpha-2 agonist, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics), lipid-lowering drugs, gastrointestinal medications (H2-blockers, proton pump inhibitors), pulmonary medications (inhaled β-agonists, anticholinergics,), antibiotics (tetracyclines, clindamycin and macrolide, linezolid), opioids and non-opioids analgesics (NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, acetaminophen), gabapentanoids, erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs, and psychotropic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs], monoamine oxidase inhibitors [MAOI], selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs], and cannabinol-containing drugs) will be reviewed.Materials and Methods: An online search was conducted from January 2000 through February 2021 with the Medline database through PubMed and Google Scholar using the following search terms/keywords: "chronic medications in the perioperative period", and "chronic medications and anesthetic implications." In addition, we searched for anesthetic side effects associated with the major drug groups.Results and Conclusions: An understanding of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of most used chronic medications is important to avoid untoward outcomes in the perioperative period. These drug interactions may result in altered efficacy and toxicity of the anesthetic medications administered during surgery. These drug-drug interactions can also effect the morbidity, mortality, and recovery time of surgical patients. Part I of this two-part review article focuses on the mechanisms of action and adverse side effects of the chronic medications most commonly taken by surgical patients in the preoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F White
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The White Mountain Institute, The Sea Ranch, CA, USA
| | - Hillenn Cruz Eng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Adena Health System, Chillicothe, OH, USA
| | - Firuz Yumul
- Skagit Regional Health, Family Medicine, Arlington, WA, USA
| | - Raissa Chua
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntington Hospital, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Roya Yumul
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, Charles R, Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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García-López J, Polanco-García M, Montes A. Factors Associated With the Risk of Developing Moderate to Severe Acute Postoperative Pain After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: Results From the PAIN OUT Registry. J Arthroplasty 2021; 36:1966-1973. [PMID: 33637382 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most common procedures in orthopedic surgery and not always matches with patient's expectations of pain relief and function improvement. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors for developing moderate to severe acute postoperative pain (APOP) after TKA using the PAIN OUT questionnaire. METHODS Prospective, multicentre, international cohort study within the PAIN OUT project. Patients' outcomes were measured with 11-point numerical rating scales (0 = null, 10 = worst possible). Patient and analgesic/anesthetic treatment were assessed. Odds ratio for moderate-severe pain was calculated for each variable and if they were statistically significant in the univariate logistic model, variables were fitted into a multivariate logistic regression model. The effect size was assessed by Cohen's d coefficient. RESULTS In total, 968 patients were evaluated. The multivariate model identified chronic preoperative pain (P < .001), general anesthesia (P = .020), and receiving chronic opioids before (P = .020) or after the surgery (P < .001) as factors associated with moderate-severe APOP. No protective factors were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our model identified several risk factors for APOP. From our results, preoperative chronic pain, general anesthesia and the use of opioid analgesics could be predictors for higher APOP. These findings may help establish new strategies for the treatment of pain in TKR. More studies should be carried out to identify acute pain predictors and to develop better strategies of pain management for risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume García-López
- Department of Anaesthesiology IMIM-Hospital del Mar-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Montes
- Department of Anaesthesiology IMIM-Hospital del Mar-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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Chakraborty S, Majumdar S. Natural Products for the Treatment of Pain: Chemistry and Pharmacology of Salvinorin A, Mitragynine, and Collybolide. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1381-1400. [PMID: 32930582 PMCID: PMC7982354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pain remains a very pervasive problem throughout medicine. Classical pain management is achieved through the use of opiates belonging to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) class, which have significant side effects that hinder their utility. Pharmacologists have been trying to develop opioids devoid of side effects since the isolation of morphine from papaver somniferum, more commonly known as opium by Sertürner in 1804. The natural products salvinorin A, mitragynine, and collybolide represent three nonmorphinan natural product-based targets, which are potent selective agonists of opioid receptors, and emerging next-generation analgesics. In this work, we review the phytochemistry and medicinal chemistry efforts on these templates and their effects on affinity, selectivity, analgesic actions, and a myriad of other opioid-receptor-related behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Chakraborty
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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7
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Zhou L, Bi Y, Liang M, Kong Y, Tu Y, Zhang X, Song Y, Du X, Tan S, Hu L. A modality-specific dysfunction of pain processing in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:1738-1753. [PMID: 31868305 PMCID: PMC7267942 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations showed that schizophrenia (SCZ) patients reported little or no pain under various conditions that are commonly associated with intense painful sensations, leading to a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. However, this phenomenon has received little attention and its underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we conducted two experiments combining psychophysics, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques to investigate neural mechanisms of pain insensitivity in SCZ patients. Specifically, we adopted a stimulus–response paradigm with brief stimuli of different sensory modalities (i.e., nociceptive, non‐nociceptive somatosensory, and auditory) to test whether pain insensitivity in SCZ patients is supra‐modal or modality‐specific, and used EEG and fMRI techniques to clarify its neural mechanisms. We observed that perceived intensities to nociceptive stimuli were significantly smaller in SCZ patients than healthy controls, whereas perceived intensities to non‐nociceptive somatosensory and auditory stimuli were not significantly different. The behavioral results were confirmed by stimulus‐evoked brain responses sampled by EEG and fMRI techniques, thus verifying the modality‐specific nature of the modulation of nociceptive information processing in SCZ patients. Additionally, significant group differences were observed in the spectral power of alpha oscillations in prestimulus EEG and the seed‐based functional connectivity in resting‐state fMRI (seeds: the thalamus and periaqueductal gray that are key nodes in ascending and descending pain pathways respectively), suggesting a possible contribution of cortical–subcortical dysfunction to the phenomenon. Overall, our study provides insight into the neural mechanisms of pain insensitivity in SCZ and highlights a need for systematic assessments of their pain‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhi Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yazhuo Kong
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioural Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiheng Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanying Song
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilonguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Du
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilonguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilonguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Pain Management, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Abstract
Increasingly complex medication regimens for many comorbidities in patients for planned surgical and procedural interventions necessitate detailed preoperative evaluation of the pharmacologic therapy, including the indications, the specific drugs, and dosing amount and interval. The implications of continuing or withholding these agents in the perioperative period need to be elucidated, as well as the risks of interactions and side effects. A comprehensive plan of the management of the therapeutic agents should be devised during the preoperative visit, with input from all relevant specialists, and clearly communicated to the patients in a format that ensures their comprehension and consistent compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravka Zafirova
- Section of Critical Care, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital System, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Mail Box 1028, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Karina G Vázquez-Narváez
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vaco de Quiroga #15, Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Delia Borunda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Centro de Desarrollo de Destrezas Medicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vaco de Quiroga #15, Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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9
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Saraghi M, Golden L, Hersh EV. Anesthetic Considerations for Patients on Antidepressant Therapy - Part II. Anesth Prog 2018; 65:60-65. [PMID: 29509514 DOI: 10.2344/anpr-65-01-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of patients take antidepressant medications in the United States for the treatment of depression or anxiety disorders. Some antidepressants are prescribed off-label to treat problems such as chronic pain, low energy, and menstrual symptoms. Antidepressants are a broad and expansive group of medications, but the more common drug classes include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. A miscellaneous or "atypical" category covers other agents. Some herbal supplements that claim to have antidepressant activity will also be discussed. Part I of this series reviewed antidepressant pharmacology, adverse effects, and drug interactions with adrenergic agonists. In part II, drug-drug interactions with sedation and general anesthetics, bleeding effects, and serotonin syndrome will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Saraghi
- Director, Dental Anesthesiology Residency Program, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Leonard Golden
- Chair, Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Elliot V Hersh
- Director, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Saraghi M, Golden LR, Hersh EV. Anesthetic Considerations for Patients on Antidepressant Therapy-Part I. Anesth Prog 2018; 64:253-261. [PMID: 29200376 DOI: 10.2344/anpr-64-04-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of patients take antidepressant medications in the United States for the treatment of depression or anxiety disorders. Some antidepressants are prescribed off-label to treat problems such as chronic pain, low energy, and menstrual symptoms. Antidepressants are a broad and expansive group of medications, but the more common drug classes include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. A miscellaneous or "atypical" category covers other agents. Some herbal supplements that claim to have antidepressant activity will also be discussed. In Part I of this review, antidepressant pharmacology, adverse effects, and drug interactions with adrenergic agonists will be discussed. In part II, drug interactions with sedation and general anesthetics will be reviewed. Bleeding effects and serotonin syndrome implications in anesthetic practice will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Saraghi
- Director, Dental Anesthesiology Residency Program, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Leonard R Golden
- Chairman, Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobi Medical Center Bronx, New York
| | - Elliot V Hersh
- Professor, Pharmacology Director, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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12
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13
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Greul F, Zimmer A, Meißner W. Nebenwirkungen der Schmerztherapie. Urologe A 2017; 56:480-485. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-017-0337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Acute pain management in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 73:543-60; quiz 561-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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