1
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Twarowski B, Herbet M. Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer's Disease-Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6518. [PMID: 37047492 PMCID: PMC10095343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most commonly diagnosed cases of senile dementia in the world. It is an incurable process, most often leading to death. This disease is multifactorial, and one factor of this is inflammation. Numerous mediators secreted by inflammatory cells can cause neuronal degeneration. Neuritis may coexist with other mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease, contributing to disease progression, and may also directly underlie AD. Although much has been established about the inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of AD, many aspects remain unexplained. The work is devoted in particular to the pathomechanism of inflammation and its role in diagnosis and treatment. An in-depth and detailed understanding of the pathomechanism of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease may help in the development of diagnostic methods for early diagnosis and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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2
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Shaji D, Das A, Suzuki R, Nagura Y, Sabishiro H, Kurita N. Proposal of novel ApoE4 inhibitors from the natural spice Cinnamon for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Ab initio molecular simulations. Biophys Chem 2023; 296:106990. [PMID: 36898350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.106990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, is a major factor contributing to cognitive impairment in older adults. Current therapeutic treatments can only relieve the symptoms of AD, but they cannot stop the progression of the disease because it takes a long time for clinical symptoms to manifest. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective diagnostic strategies for early detection and treatment of AD. As the most common genetic risk factor for AD, apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is present in more than half of patients with AD, and it can be a target protein for AD therapy. We used molecular docking, classical molecular mechanics optimizations, and ab initio fragment molecular orbital (FMO) calculations to investigate the specific interactions between ApoE4 and Cinnamon-derived compounds. Of the 10 compounds, epicatechin was found to have the highest binding affinity to ApoE4 because the hydroxyl groups of epicatechin form strong hydrogen bonds with the Asp130 and Asp12 residues of ApoE4. Therefore, we proposed some epicatechin derivatives by adding a hydroxyl group to epicatechin and studied their interactions with ApoE4. The FMO results indicate that the addition of a hydroxyl group to epicatechin increases its binding affinity to ApoE4. It is also revealed that the Asp130 and Asp12 residues of ApoE4 are important for the binding between ApoE4 and the epicatechin derivatives. These findings will help propose potent inhibitors against ApoE4, leading to a proposal for effective therapeutic candidates for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Shaji
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Abhinav Das
- Nalanda Academy, Thrissur, Kerala 680020, India
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nagura
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Haruna Sabishiro
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kurita
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan.
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3
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Sharma H, Raju B, Narendra G, Motiwale M, Sharma B, Verma H, Silakari O. QM/MM Studies on Enzyme Catalysis and Insight into Designing of New Inhibitors by ONIOM Approach: Recent Update. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Himani Sharma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Baddipadige Raju
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Gera Narendra
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Mohit Motiwale
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Bhavna Sharma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
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4
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Ge L, Wang J, Sun X, Wu B, Wang J. Vav2 is a novel APP-interacting protein that regulates APP protein level. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12752. [PMID: 35882892 PMCID: PMC9325707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein that plays critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is also involved in many types of cancers. Increasing evidence has shown that the tyrosine phosphorylation site Y682 in the intracellular tail of APP is crucial for APP function. Here, we report that Vav2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho family GTPase, is a novel interaction partner of APP. We found that Vav2-SH2 domain was able to bind directly to the Y682-phosphorylated intracellular tail of APP through isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR titrating experiments. The crystal structure of Vav2-SH2 in complex with an APP-derived phosphopeptide was determined to understand the structural basis of this recognition specificity. The interaction of APP and Vav2 in a full-length manner was further confirmed in cells by GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining experiments. In addition, we found overexpression of Vav2 could inhibit APP degradation and markedly increase the protein levels of APP and its cleavage productions in 20E2 cells, and this function of Vav2 required a functional SH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongrui Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Ge
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiarong Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Bo Wu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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5
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Allostery Inhibition of BACE1 by Psychotic and Meroterpenoid Drugs in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144372. [PMID: 35889246 PMCID: PMC9320338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In over a century since its discovery, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has continued to be a global health concern due to its incurable nature and overwhelming increase among older people. In this paper, we give an overview of the efforts of researchers towards identifying potent BACE1 exosite-binding antibodies and allosteric inhibitors. Herein, we apply computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods to unravel the interactions of some proposed psychotic and meroterpenoid BACE1 allosteric site inhibitors. This study is aimed at validating the allosteric potentials of these selected compounds targeted at BACE1 inhibition. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, and post-MD analyses are carried out on these selected compounds, which have been experimentally proven to exhibit allosteric inhibition on BACE1. The SwissDock software enabled us to identify more than five druggable pockets on the BACE1 structural surface using docking. Besides the active site region, a melatonin derivative (compound 1) previously proposed as a BACE1 allostery inhibitor showed appreciable stability at eight different subsites on BACE1. Refinement with molecular dynamic (MD) simulations shows that the identified non-catalytic sites are potential allostery sites for compound 1. The allostery and binding mechanism of the selected potent inhibitors show that the smaller the molecule, the easier the attachment to several enzyme regions. This finding hereby establishes that most of these selected compounds failed to exhibit strong allosteric binding with BACE1 except for compound 1. We hereby suggest that further studies and additional identification/validation of other BACE1 allosteric compounds be done. Furthermore, this additional allosteric site investigation will help in reducing the associated challenges with designing BACE1 inhibitors while exploring the opportunities in the design of allosteric BACE1 inhibitors.
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6
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The transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein is required for anti-amyloidogenic processing by α-secretase ADAM10. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101911. [PMID: 35398353 PMCID: PMC9127328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) are thought to be a causative agent of Alzheimer's disease in humans. The production of Aβ from amyloid precursor protein (APP) could be diminished by enhancing α-processing; however, the physical interactions between APP and α-secretases are not well understood. In this study, we employed super-resolution light microscopy to examine in cell-free plasma membranes the abundance and association of APP and α-secretases ADAM10 and ADAM17. We found that both secretase molecules localize similarly closely to APP (within ≤ 50 nm). However, when cross-linking APP with antibodies directed against the GFP-tag of APP, in confocal microscopy we observed that only ADAM10 co-aggregated with APP. Furthermore, we mapped the involved protein domain by using APP variants with an exchanged transmembrane segment or lacking cytoplasmic/extracellular domains. We identified that APP's transmembrane domain is required for association with α-secretases and, as analysed by Western Blot, for α-processing. We propose that the APP transmembrane domain interacts either directly or indirectly with ADAM10, but not with ADAM17, explaining the dominant role of ADAM10 in α-processing of APP. Further understanding of this interaction may facilitate the development of a therapeutic strategy based on promoting APP cleavage by α-secretases.
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7
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Yokoya M, Nakai K, Kawashima M, Kurakado S, Sirimangkalakitti N, Kino Y, Sugita T, Kimura S, Yamanaka M, Saito N. Inhibition of BACE1 and amyloid β aggregation by polyketide from Streptomyces sp. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:264-276. [PMID: 34757664 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes cognitive impairment in the elderly and is a severe problem worldwide. One of the major reasons for the pathogenesis of AD is thought to be due to the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that result in neuronal cell death in the brain. In this study, bioassay-guided fractionation was performed to develop seed compounds for anti-AD drugs that can act as dual inhibitors of BACE1 and Aβ aggregation from secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. To improve the solubility, the crude extracts were methylated with trimethylsilyl (TMS) diazomethane and then purified to yield polyketides 1-5, including the new compound 1. We synthesized the compounds 6 and 7 (original compounds 2 and 3, respectively), and their activities were evaluated. KS-619-1, the demethylated form of 4 and 5, was isolated and evaluated for its inhibitory activity. The IC50 values for BACE1 and Aβ aggregation were found to be 0.48 and 1.1 μM, respectively, indicating that KS-619-1 could be a lead compound for the development of therapeutic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yokoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Keiyo Nakai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Miki Kawashima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Sanae Kurakado
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Natchanun Sirimangkalakitti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kino
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Naoki Saito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
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8
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Han J, Du Z, Lim MH. Mechanistic Insight into the Design of Chemical Tools to Control Multiple Pathogenic Features in Alzheimer's Disease. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3930-3940. [PMID: 34606227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Approximately 50 million people worldwide are suffering from AD and related dementias. Very recently, the first new drug targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, but its efficacy against AD is still debatable. Other available treatments temporarily relieve the symptoms of AD. The difficulty in discovering effective therapeutics for AD originates from its complicated nature, which results from the interrelated pathogenic pathways led by multiple factors. Therefore, to develop potent disease-modifying drugs, multiple pathological features found in AD should be fully elucidated.Our laboratory has been designing small molecules as chemical tools to investigate the individual and interrelated pathologies triggered by four pathogenic elements found in the AD-affected brain: metal-free Aβ, metal-bound Aβ, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Aβ peptides are partially folded and aggregate into oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils. Aβ aggregates are considered to be neurotoxic, causing membrane disruption, aberrant cellular signaling, and organelle dysfunction. In addition, highly concentrated metal ions accumulate in senile plaques mainly composed of Aβ aggregates, which indicates that metal ions can directly interact with Aβ. Metal binding to Aβ affects the aggregation and conformation of the peptide. Moreover, the impaired homeostasis of redox-active Fe(II/III) and Cu(I/II) induces the overproduction of ROS through Fenton chemistry and Fenton-like reactions, respectively. Dysregulated ROS prompt oxidative-stress-damaging biological components such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and, consequently, lead to neuronal death. Finally, the loss of cholinergic transmission mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to cognitive deficits observed in AD.In this Account, we illustrate the design principles for small-molecule-based chemical tools with reactivities against metal-free Aβ, metal-bound Aβ, ROS, and AChE. More importantly, mechanistic details at the molecular level are highlighted with some examples of chemical tools that were developed by our group. The aggregation of metal-free Aβ can be modulated by modifying amino acid residues responsible for self-assembling Aβ or disassembling preformed fibrils. To alter the aggregation and cytotoxicity profiles of metal-bound Aβ, ternary complexation, metal chelation, and modifications onto metal-binding residues can be effective tactics. The presence and production of ROS are able to be controlled by small molecules with antioxidant and metal-binding properties. Finally, inhibiting substrate access or substrate binding at the active site of AChE can diminish its activity, which restores the levels of ACh. Overall, our rational approaches demonstrate the feasibility of developing small molecules as chemical tools that can target and modulate multiple pathological factors associated with AD and can be useful for gaining a greater understanding of the multifaceted pathology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Han
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi Du
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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9
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Adeowo FY, Oyetunji TP, Ejalonibu MA, Ndagi U, Kumalo HM, Lawal MM. Tailored Modeling of Rivastigmine Derivatives as Dual Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100361. [PMID: 34547176 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rational modification of known drug candidates to design more potent ones using computational methods has found application in drug design, development, and discovery. Herein, we integrate computational and theoretical methodologies to unveil rivastigmine derivatives as dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) management. The investigation entails pharmacokinetics screening, density functional theory (DFT) mechanistic study, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. We designed over 20 rivastigmine substituents, subject them to some analyses, and identified RL2 with an appreciable blood-brain barrier score and no permeability glycoprotein binding. The compound shows higher acylation energy and a favored binding affinity to the cholinesterase enzymes. RL2 interacts with the AChE and BuChE active sites showing values of -41.1/-39.5 kcal mol-1 while rivastigmine binds with -32.7/-30.7 kcal mol-1 for these enzymes. The study revealed RL2 (4-fluorophenyl rivastigmine) as a potential dual inhibitor for AChE and BuChE towards Alzheimer's disorder management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Y Adeowo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | | | - Murtala A Ejalonibu
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Umar Ndagi
- Center for Trans-Sahara Disease, Vaccine and Drug Research, IBB University Lapai, Niger State, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Monsurat M Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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10
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Ugbaja S, Lawal I, Kumalo H, Lawal M. Alzheimer's Disease and β-Secretase Inhibition: An Update With a Focus on Computer-Aided Inhibitor Design. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:266-285. [PMID: 34370634 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an intensifying neurodegenerative illness due to its irreversible nature. Identification of β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1) has been a significant medicinal focus towards AD treatment, and this has opened ground for several investigations. Despite the numerous works in this direction, no BACE1 inhibitor has made it to the final approval stage as an anti-AD drug. METHOD We provide an introductory background of the subject with a general overview of the pathogenesis of AD. The review features BACE1 inhibitor design and development with a focus on some clinical trials and discontinued drugs. Using the topical keywords BACE1, inhibitor design, and computational/theoretical study in the Web of Science and Scopus database, we retrieved over 49 relevant articles. The search years are from 2010 and 2020, with analysis conducted from May 2020 to March 2021. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Researchers have employed computational methodologies to unravel potential BACE1 inhibitors with a significant outcome. The most used computer-aided approach in BACE1 inhibitor design and binding/interaction studies are pharmacophore development, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These methods, plus more advanced ones including quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and QM, have proven substantial in the computational framework for BACE1 inhibitor design. Computational chemists have embraced the incorporation of in vitro assay to provide insight into the inhibition performance of identified molecules with potential inhibition towards BACE1. Significant IC50 values up to 50 nM, better than clinical trial compounds, are available in the literature. CONCLUSION The continuous failure of potent BACE1 inhibitors at clinical trials is attracting many queries prompting researchers to investigate newer concepts necessary for effective inhibitor design. The considered properties for efficient BACE1 inhibitor design seem enormous and require thorough scrutiny. Lately, researchers noticed that besides appreciable binding affinity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation, BACE1 inhibitor must show low or no affinity for permeability-glycoprotein. Computational modeling methods have profound applications in drug discovery strategy. With the volume of recent in silico studies on BACE1 inhibition, the prospect of identifying potent molecules that would reach the approved level is feasible. Investigators should try pushing many of the identified BACE1 compounds with significant anti-AD properties to preclinical and clinical trial stages. We also advise computational research on allosteric inhibitor design, exosite modeling, and multisite inhibition of BACE1. These alternatives might be a solution to BACE1 drug discovery in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ugbaja
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isiaka Lawal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Boulevard, 1900, Vanderbijlpark, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hezekiel Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monsurat Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Ugbaja SC, Lawal M, Kumalo H. An Overview of β-Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme 1 (Bace1) in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy Elucidating its Exosite-Binding Antibody and Allosteric Inhibitor. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:114-135. [PMID: 34102967 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210608145357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over decades of its identification, numerous past and ongoing researches have focused on the therapeutic roles of β-amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) as a target in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the initial BACE1 inhibitors at phase-3 clinical trials tremendously reduced β-amyloid-associated plaques in patients with AD, the researchers eventually discontinued the tests due to the lack of potency. This discontinuation has resulted in limited drug development and discovery targeted at BACE1, despite the high demand for dementia and AD therapies. It is, therefore, imperative to describe the detailed underlying biological basis of the BACE1 therapeutic option in neurological diseases. Herein, we highlight BACE1 bioactivity, genetic properties, and role in neurodegenerative therapy. We review research contributions to BACE1 exosite-binding antibody and allosteric inhibitor development as AD therapies. The review also covers BACE1 biological function, the disease-associated mechanisms, and the enzyme conditions for amyloid precursor protein sites splitting. Based on the present review, we suggest further studies on anti-BACE1 exosite antibodies and BACE1 allosteric inhibitors. Non-active site inhibition might be the way forward to BACE1 therapy in Alzheimer's neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Ugbaja
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Monsurat Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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12
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Yusuf T, Oladipo SD, Zamisa S, Kumalo HM, Lawal IA, Lawal MM, Mabuba N. Design of New Schiff-Base Copper(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, DFT Study, and Binding Potency toward Cytochrome P450 3A4. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13704-13718. [PMID: 34095663 PMCID: PMC8173565 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and crystal structures of three new copper(II) Schiff-base complexes. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV-visible spectroscopies. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that complexes 1 and 3 crystallize in a monoclinic space group C2/c and 2 in a triclinic space group P1̅, each adopting a square planar geometry around the metal center. We use a density functional theory method to explore the quantum chemical properties of these complexes. The calculation proceeds with the three-dimensional (3D) crystal structure characterization of the complexes in which the calculated IR and UV-vis values are comparable to the experimental results. Charge distribution and molecular orbital analyses enabled quantum chemical property prediction of these complexes. We study the drug-likeness properties and binding potentials of the synthesized complexes. The in silico outcome showed that they could serve as permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) and different cytochrome P450 substrates. Our calculations showed that the complexes significantly bind to cytochrome P450 3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde
L. Yusuf
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O.
Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Segun D. Oladipo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P. M. B., 2002 Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - Sizwe Zamisa
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Discipline
of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical
Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
| | - Isiaka A. Lawal
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Boulevard, 1900 Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Monsurat M. Lawal
- Discipline
of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical
Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
| | - Nonhlangabezo Mabuba
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O.
Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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García-Viñuales S, Sciacca MFM, Lanza V, Santoro AM, Grasso G, Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Coletta M, Grasso G, La Rosa C, Milardi D. The interplay between lipid and Aβ amyloid homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease: risk factors and therapeutic opportunities. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105072. [PMID: 33675779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Diseases (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits of Aβ peptide in the brain. Besides genetic background, the presence of other diseases and an unhealthy lifestyle are known risk factors for AD development. Albeit accumulating clinical evidence suggests that an impaired lipid metabolism is related to Aβ deposition, mechanistic insights on the link between amyloid fibril formation/clearance and aberrant lipid interactions are still unavailable. Recently, many studies have described the key role played by membrane bound Aβ assemblies in neurotoxicity. Moreover, it has been suggested that a derangement of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and autophagy is significantly correlated with toxic Aβ aggregation and dysregulation of lipid levels. Thus, studies focusing on the role played by lipids in Aβ aggregation and proteostasis could represent a promising area of investigation for the design of valuable treatments. In this review we examine current knowledge concerning the effects of lipids in Aβ aggregation and degradation processes, focusing on the therapeutic opportunities that a comprehensive understanding of all biophysical, biochemical, and biological processes involved may disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele F M Sciacca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Grasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy.
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