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Ballesteros U, Etxaniz A, Iriondo MN, Varela YR, Lázaro M, Viguera AR, Montes LR, Valle M, Goñi FM, Alonso A. Autophagy protein LC3C binding to phospholipid and interaction with lipid membranes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:432-441. [PMID: 35618088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process in which parts of the eukaryotic cell are selectively degraded in the lysosome. The materials to be catabolized are first surrounded by a double-membrane structure, the autophagosome. Autophagosome generation is a complex event, in which many proteins are involved. Among the latter, yeast Atg8 or its mammalian orthologues are essential in autophagosome membrane elongation, shaping and closure. A subfamily of the human Atg8 orthologues is formed by the proteins LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C. Previous studies suggest that, at variance with the other two, LC3C does not participate in cardiolipin-mediated mitophagy. The present study was devoted to exploring the binding of LC3C to lipid vesicles, bilayers and monolayers, and the ensuing protein-dependent perturbing effects, in the absence of the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin. All Atg8 orthologues are covalently bound to a phospholipid prior to their involvement in autophagosome elongation. In our case, a mutant in the C-terminal amino acid, LC3C G126C, together with the use of a maleimide-derivatized phosphatidyl ethanolamine, ensured LC3C lipidation, up to 100% under certain conditions. Ultracentrifugation, surface pressure measurements, spectroscopic and cryo-electron microscopic techniques revealed that lipidated LC3C induced vesicle aggregation (5-fold faster in sonicated than in large unilamellar vesicles) and inter-vesicular lipid mixing (up to 82%), including inner-monolayer lipid mixing (up to 32%), consistent with in vitro partial vesicle fusion. LC3C was also able to cause the release of 80-90% vesicular aqueous contents. The data support the idea that LC3C would be able to help in autophagosome elongation/fusion in autophagy phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxue Ballesteros
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Etxaniz
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marina N Iriondo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Yaiza R Varela
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Melisa Lázaro
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana R Viguera
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - L Ruth Montes
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Mikel Valle
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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Shi S, Markl AM, Lu Z, Liu R, Hoernke M. Interplay of Fusion, Leakage, and Electrostatic Lipid Clustering: Membrane Perturbations by a Hydrophobic Antimicrobial Polycation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2379-2391. [PMID: 35148117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane active compounds are able to induce various types of membrane perturbations. Natural or biomimetic candidates for antimicrobial treatment or drug delivery scenarios are mostly designed and tested for their ability to induce membrane permeabilization, also termed leakage. Furthermore, the interaction of these usually cationic amphiphiles with negatively charged vesicles often causes colloidal instability leading to vesicle aggregation or/and vesicle fusion. We show the interplay of these modes of membrane perturbation in mixed phosphatidyl glycerol (PG)/phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) by the statistical copolymer MM:CO comprising, both, charged and hydrophobic subunits. MM:CO is a representative of partially hydrophobic, highly active, but less selective antimicrobial polycations. Cryo-electron microscopy indicates vesicle fusion rather than vesicle aggregation upon the addition of MM:CO to negatively charged PG/PE (1:1) vesicles. In a combination of fluorescence-based leakage and fusion assays, there is support for membrane permeabilization and pronounced vesicle fusion activity as distinct effects. To this end, membrane fusion and aggregation were prevented by including lipids with polyethylene glycol attached to their head groups (PEG-lipids). The leakage activity of MM:CO is very similar in the absence and presence of PEG-lipids. Vesicle aggregation and fusion however are largely suppressed. This strongly suggests that MM:CO induces leakage by asymmetric packing stress because of hydrophobically driven interactions which could lead to leakage. As a further membrane perturbation effect, MM:CO causes lipid clustering in model vesicles. We address potential artifacts and misinterpretations of experiments characterizing leakage and fusion. Additional to the leakage activity, the pronounced fusogenic activity of the polymer and potentially of many other similar compounds likely has implications for antimicrobial activity and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shi
- Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 79104 Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Anja Madleine Markl
- Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 79104 Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Ziyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Maria Hoernke
- Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 79104 Freiburg i.Br., Germany
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Stulz A, Vogt A, Saar JS, Akil L, Lienkamp K, Hoernke M. Quantified Membrane Permeabilization Indicates the Lipid Selectivity of Membrane-Active Antimicrobials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16366-16376. [PMID: 31710807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Most antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their synthetic mimics (SMAMPs) are thought to act by permeabilizing cell membranes. For antimicrobial therapy, selectivity for pathogens over mammalian cells is a key requirement. Understanding membrane selectivity is thus essential for designing AMPs and SMAMPs to complement classical antibiotics in the future. This study focuses on membrane permeabilization induced by SMAMPs and their selectivity for membranes with different lipid compositions. We measure release and fluorescence lifetime of a self-quenching dye in lipid vesicles. Apart from the dose-response, we quantify the strength of individual leakage events, and, employing cumulative kinetics, categorize permeabilization behavior. We propose that differing selectivities in a series of SMAMPs arise from a combination of the effect of the antimicrobial agent and the susceptibility of the membrane (with a given lipid composition) for certain types of leakage behavior. The unselective and hemolytic SMAMP is found to act mainly by the asymmetry stress mechanism, mediated by hydrophobic insertion of SMAMPs into lipid layers. The more selective SMAMPs induced leakage events occurring stochastically over several hours. Lipid intrinsic properties might additionally amplify the efficiency of leakage events. Leakage behavior changes with both the design of the SMAMP and the lipid composition of the membrane. Understanding how leakage behavior contributes to the selectivity and activity of antimicrobial agents will aid the design and screening of antimicrobials. An understanding of the underlying processes facilitates the comparison of membrane permeabilization across in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Stulz
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität , Freiburg i.Br ., Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität , Freiburg i.Br ., Germany
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry , Reutlingen University , Reutlingen , Germany
| | - Julia Selina Saar
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität , Freiburg i.Br ., Germany
| | - Larissa Akil
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität , Freiburg i.Br ., Germany
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität , Freiburg i.Br ., Germany
| | - Maria Hoernke
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität , Freiburg i.Br ., Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität , Freiburg i.Br ., Germany
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Liu J, Song B, Li J, Tian X, Ma Y, Yang K, Yuan B. Photoluminescence modulation of silicon nanoparticles via highly ordered arrangement with phospholipid membranes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 170:656-662. [PMID: 29986261 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly ordered self-assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) in a large scale promises attractive potential in optical modulation of the NPs for illuminating, imaging and sensing applications. In this work, a type of multi-lamellar nanocomposite membranes composed of phospholipid multilayers and Si NPs sandwiched between each adjacent lipid layers was fabricated via a facile co-assembly method. X-ray reflectivity (XRR), grazing incident X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and TEM measurements verified the highly ordered arrangement of NPs within the multilayers with a controlled in-plane inter-particle separation from ∼7 nm to ∼14 nm. Due to such an arrangement, the photoluminescence (PL) properties of the Si NPs were effectively modulated. Compared to the NPs in suspension or its pure film, the PL of the NPs in the membranes blue-shifted and remarkably narrowed, with the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) value reduced from >110 nm of the pure Si NP film to below 43 nm. The radiative lifetime of the NPs was also significantly reduced from ∼16.7 ns to ∼3.3 ns depending on the inter-particle distance in the membrane. Meanwhile, the Si NPs within membranes maintained robust photostability under UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Liu
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China
| | - Bin Song
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Jingliang Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, PR China
| | - Yuqiang Ma
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China; National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Kai Yang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China.
| | - Bing Yuan
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China.
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Acosta-Andrade C, Artetxe I, Lete MG, Monasterio BG, Ruiz-Mirazo K, Goñi FM, Sánchez-Jiménez F. Polyamine-RNA-membrane interactions: From the past to the future in biology. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:173-181. [PMID: 28456048 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic polyamines (PAs), spermine, spermidine and putrescine are widely spread amino acid derivatives, present in living cells throughout the whole evolutionary scale. Their amino groups confer them a marked basic character at the cellular pH. We have tested the interaction of PAs with negatively-charged phospholipids in the absence and presence of nucleic acids (tRNA was mainly used for practical reasons). PAs induced aggregation of lipid vesicles containing acidic phospholipids. Aggregation was detected using both spectroscopic and fluorescence microscopy methods (the latter with giant unilamellar vesicles). PA-liposome complexes were partially disaggregated when nucleic acids were added to the mixture, indicating a competition between lipids and nucleic acids for PAs in a multiple equilibrium phenomenon. Equivalent observations could be made when vesicles composed of oleic acid and 1-decanol (1:1mol ratio) were used instead of phospholipid liposomes. The data could evoke putative primitive processes of proto-biotic evolution. At the other end of the time scale, this system may be at the basis of an interesting tool in the development of nanoscale drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Acosta-Andrade
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Malaga, and Unit 741 of CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ibai Artetxe
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marta G Lete
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Bingen G Monasterio
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisca Sánchez-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Malaga, and Unit 741 of CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Málaga, Spain.
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Ishmukhametov RR, Russell AN, Berry RM. A modular platform for one-step assembly of multi-component membrane systems by fusion of charged proteoliposomes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13025. [PMID: 27708275 PMCID: PMC5059690 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important goal in synthetic biology is the assembly of biomimetic cell-like structures, which combine multiple biological components in synthetic lipid vesicles. A key limiting assembly step is the incorporation of membrane proteins into the lipid bilayer of the vesicles. Here we present a simple method for delivery of membrane proteins into a lipid bilayer within 5 min. Fusogenic proteoliposomes, containing charged lipids and membrane proteins, fuse with oppositely charged bilayers, with no requirement for detergent or fusion-promoting proteins, and deliver large, fragile membrane protein complexes into the target bilayers. We demonstrate the feasibility of our method by assembling a minimal electron transport chain capable of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, combining Escherichia coli F1Fo ATP-synthase and the primary proton pump bo3-oxidase, into synthetic lipid vesicles with sizes ranging from 100 nm to ∼10 μm. This provides a platform for the combination of multiple sets of membrane protein complexes into cell-like artificial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Ishmukhametov
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Aidan N. Russell
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Richard M. Berry
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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Hovakeemian SG, Liu R, Gellman SH, Heerklotz H. Correlating antimicrobial activity and model membrane leakage induced by nylon-3 polymers and detergents. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6840-51. [PMID: 26234884 PMCID: PMC4666704 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Most antimicrobial peptides act upon target microorganisms by permeabilizing their membranes. The mode of action is often assessed by vesicle leakage experiments that use model membranes, with the assumption that biological activity correlates with the permeabilization of the lipid bilayer. The current work aims to extend the interpretation of vesicle leakage results and examine the correlation between vesicle leakage and antimicrobial activity. To this end, we used a lifetime-based leakage assay with calcein-loaded vesicles to study the membrane permeabilizing properties of a novel antifungal polymer poly-NM, two of its analogs, and a series of detergents. In conjunction, the biological activities of these compounds against Candida albicans were assessed and correlated with data from vesicle leakage. Poly-NM induces all-or-none leakage in polar yeast lipid vesicles at the polymer's MIC, 3 μg mL(-1). At this and higher concentrations, complete leakage after an initial lag time was observed. Concerted activity tests imply that this polymer acts independently of the detergent octyl glucoside (OG) for both vesicle leakage and activity against C. albicans spheroplasts. In addition, poly-NM was found to have negligible activity against zwitterionic vesicles and red blood cells. Our results provide a consistent, detailed picture of the mode of action of poly-NM: this polymer induces membrane leakage by electrostatic lipid clustering. In contrast, poly-MM:CO, a nylon-3 polymer comprised of both cationic and hydrophobic segments, seems to act by a different mechanism that involves membrane asymmetry stress. Vesicle leakage for this polymer is transient (limited to <100%) and graded, non-specific among zwitterionic and polar yeast lipid vesicles, additive with detergent action, and correlates poorly with biological activity. Based on these results, we conclude that comprehensive leakage experiments can provide a detailed description of the mode of action of membrane permeabilizing compounds. Without this thorough approach, it would have been logical to assume that the two nylon-3 polymers we examined act via similar mechanisms; it is surprising that their mechanisms are so distinct. Some, but not all mechanisms of vesicle permeabilization allow for antimicrobial activity.
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