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Shu L, Wang D, Saba NF, Chen ZG. A Historic Perspective and Overview of H-Ras Structure, Oncogenicity, and Targeting. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 19:999-1007. [PMID: 32241873 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
H-Ras is a unique isoform of the Ras GTPase family, one of the most prominently mutated oncogene families across the cancer landscape. Relative to other isoforms, though, mutations of H-Ras account for the smallest proportion of mutant Ras cancers. Yet, in recent years, there have been renewed efforts to study this isoform, especially as certain H-Ras-driven cancers, like those of the head and neck, have become more prominent. Important advances have therefore been made not only in the understanding of H-Ras structural biology but also in approaches designed to inhibit and impair its signaling activity. In this review, we outline historic and present initiatives to elucidate the mechanisms of H-Ras-dependent tumorigenesis as well as highlight ongoing developments in the quest to target this critical oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Shu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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SV40 Polyomavirus Activates the Ras-MAPK Signaling Pathway for Vacuolization, Cell Death, and Virus Release. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101128. [PMID: 33028008 PMCID: PMC7650553 DOI: 10.3390/v12101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that can cause severe disease in immunosuppressed individuals. Studies with SV40, a well-studied model polyomavirus, have revealed the role of host proteins in polyomavirus entry and trafficking to the nucleus, in viral transcription and DNA replication, and in cell transformation. In contrast, little is known about host factors or cellular signaling pathways involved in the late steps of productive infection leading to release of progeny polyomaviruses. We previously showed that cytoplasmic vacuolization, a characteristic late cytopathic effect of SV40 infection, depends on the specific interaction between the major viral capsid protein VP1 and its cell surface ganglioside receptor GM1. Here, we show that, late during infection, SV40 activates a signaling cascade in permissive monkey CV-1 cells involving Ras, Rac1, MKK4, and JNK to stimulate SV40-specific cytoplasmic vacuolization and subsequent cell lysis and virus release. Inhibition of individual components of this signaling pathway inhibits vacuolization, lysis, and virus release, even though high-level intracellular virus replication occurs. Identification of this pathway for SV40-induced vacuolization and virus release provides new insights into the late steps of non-enveloped virus infection.
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Remorino A, De Beco S, Cayrac F, Di Federico F, Cornilleau G, Gautreau A, Parrini MC, Masson JB, Dahan M, Coppey M. Gradients of Rac1 Nanoclusters Support Spatial Patterns of Rac1 Signaling. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1922-1935. [PMID: 29141223 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is a small RhoGTPase switch that orchestrates actin branching in space and time and protrusion/retraction cycles of the lamellipodia at the cell front during mesenchymal migration. Biosensor imaging has revealed a graded concentration of active GTP-loaded Rac1 in protruding regions of the cell. Here, using single-molecule imaging and super-resolution microscopy, we show an additional supramolecular organization of Rac1. We find that Rac1 partitions and is immobilized into nanoclusters of 50-100 molecules each. These nanoclusters assemble because of the interaction of the polybasic tail of Rac1 with the phosphoinositide lipids PIP2 and PIP3. The additional interactions with GEFs and possibly GAPs, downstream effectors, and other partners are responsible for an enrichment of Rac1 nanoclusters in protruding regions of the cell. Our results show that subcellular patterns of Rac1 activity are supported by gradients of signaling nanodomains of heterogeneous molecular composition, which presumably act as discrete signaling platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Remorino
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Paris-Science Lettres, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Simon De Beco
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Paris-Science Lettres, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fanny Cayrac
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Paris-Science Lettres, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fahima Di Federico
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Paris-Science Lettres, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gaetan Cornilleau
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Paris-Science Lettres, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Gautreau
- Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR7654, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Maria Carla Parrini
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences Lettres, ART Group, Inserm U830, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Masson
- Decision and Bayesian Computation, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, 75015, France; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub - C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Dahan
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Paris-Science Lettres, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Paris-Science Lettres, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France.
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Glogger M, Subota I, Pezzarossa A, Denecke AL, Carrington M, Fenz SF, Engstler M. Facilitating trypanosome imaging. Exp Parasitol 2017; 180:13-18. [PMID: 28363776 PMCID: PMC5540225 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research on trypanosomes as a model organism has provided a substantial contribution to a detailed understanding of basic cellular processes within the last few years. At the same time, major advances in super-resolution microscopy have been achieved, facilitating the resolution of biological structures in living cells at a scale of a few nm. However, the motility of trypanosomes has prevented access to high resolution microscopy of live cells. Here, we present a hydrogel based on poly(ethylene glycol) functionalized with either norbornene or thiol moieties for UV induced thiol-ene crosslinking for the embedding and imaging of live trypanosomes. The resulting gel exhibits low autofluorescence properties, immobilizes the cells efficiently on the nanometer scale and is compatible with cell viability for up to one hour at 24 °C. We applied super-resolution imaging to the inner plasma membrane leaflet using lipid-anchored eYFP as a probe. We find specific domains within the membrane where the fluorescence either accumulates or appears diluted rather than being homogenously distributed. Based on a Ripley's analysis, the size of the domains was determined to be raccumulated=170±5 nm and rdilute>115±15 nm. We hypothesize that this structuring of the membrane is associated with the underlying cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Glogger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines Subota
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Pezzarossa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anna-Lena Denecke
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21QW, UK
| | - Susanne F Fenz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Noguera-Salvà MA, Guardiola-Serrano F, Martin ML, Marcilla-Etxenike A, Bergo MO, Busquets X, Escribá PV. Role of the C-terminal basic amino acids and the lipid anchor of the Gγ 2 protein in membrane interactions and cell localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1536-1547. [PMID: 28235469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are peripheral membrane proteins that frequently localize to the plasma membrane where their presence in molar excess over G protein coupled receptors permits signal amplification. Their distribution is regulated by protein-lipid interactions, which has a clear influence on their activity. Gβγ dimer drives the interaction between G protein heterotrimers with cell membranes. We focused our study on the role of the C-terminal region of the Gγ2 protein in G protein interactions with cell membranes. The Gγ2 subunit is modified at cysteine (Cys) 68 by the addition of an isoprenyl lipid, which is followed by the proteolytic removal of the last three residues that leaves an isoprenylated and carboxyl methylated Cys-68 as the terminal amino acid. The role of Cys isoprenylation of the CAAX box has been defined for other proteins, yet the importance of proteolysis and carboxyl methylation of isoprenylated proteins is less clear. Here, we showed that not only geranylgeranylation but also proteolysis and carboxyl methylation are essential for the correct localization of Gγ2 in the plasma membrane. Moreover, we showed the importance of electrostatic interactions between the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and the positively charged C-terminal domain of the Gγ2 subunit (amino acids Arg-62, Lys-64 and Lys-65) as a second signal to reach the plasma membrane. Indeed, single or multiple point mutations at Gγ2 C-terminal amino acids have a significant effect on Gγ2 protein-plasma membrane interactions and its localization to charged Ld (liquid disordered) membrane microdomains. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Noguera-Salvà
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Francisca Guardiola-Serrano
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - M Laura Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Amaia Marcilla-Etxenike
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Martin O Bergo
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Pablo V Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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