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Andriuskevicius T, Dubenko A, Makovets S. The Inability to Disassemble Rad51 Nucleoprotein Filaments Leads to Aberrant Mitosis and Cell Death. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051450. [PMID: 37239121 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper maintenance of genetic material is essential for the survival of living organisms. One of the main safeguards of genome stability is homologous recombination involved in the faithful repair of DNA double-strand breaks, the restoration of collapsed replication forks, and the bypass of replication barriers. Homologous recombination relies on the formation of Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments which are responsible for the homology-based interactions between DNA strands. Here, we demonstrate that without the regulation of these filaments by Srs2 and Rad54, which are known to remove Rad51 from single-stranded and double-stranded DNA, respectively, the filaments strongly inhibit damage-associated DNA synthesis during DNA repair. Furthermore, this regulation is essential for cell survival under normal growth conditions, as in the srs2Δ rad54Δ mutants, unregulated Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments cause activation of the DNA damage checkpoint, formation of mitotic bridges, and loss of genetic material. These genome instability features may stem from the problems at stalled replication forks as the lack of Srs2 and Rad54 in the presence of Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments impedes cell recovery from replication stress. This study demonstrates that the timely and efficient disassembly of recombination machinery is essential for genome maintenance and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadas Andriuskevicius
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Anton Dubenko
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Svetlana Makovets
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
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Wang W, Peng M, Yuan H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Su Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Tang Y, Zhao K. Studying the mechanism of sperm DNA damage caused by folate deficiency. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:776-788. [PMID: 34953021 PMCID: PMC8817123 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm DNA injury is one of the common causes of male infertility. Folic acid deficiency would increase the methylation level of the important genes, including those involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway. In the early stages, we analysed the correlation between seminal plasma folic acid concentration and semen parameters in 157 infertility patients and 91 sperm donor volunteers, and found that there was a significant negative correlation between seminal folic acid concentration and sperm DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI; r = -0.495, p < 0.01). Then through reduced representation bisulphite sequencing, global DNA methylation of sperm of patients in the low folic acid group and the high folic acid group was analysed, it was found that the methylation level in Rad54 promoter region increased in the folic acid deficiency group compared with the normal folic acid group. Meanwhile, the results of animal model and spermatocyte line (GC-2) also found that folic acid deficiency can increase the methylation level in Rad54 promoter region, increased sperm DFI in mice, increased the expression of γ-H2AX, that is, DNA injury marker protein, and increased sensitivity of GC-2 to external damage and stimulation. The study indicates that the expression of Rad54 is downregulated by folic acid deficiency via DNA methylation. This may be one of the mechanisms of sperm DNA damage caused by folate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Peng
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongfang Yuan
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwei Fang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufang Su
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinzong Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute(Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), Guangdong, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunge Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute(Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Determining translocation orientations of nucleic acid helicases. Methods 2021; 204:160-171. [PMID: 34758393 PMCID: PMC9076756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicase enzymes translocate along an RNA or DNA template with a defined polarity to unwind, separate, or remodel duplex strands for a variety of genome maintenance processes. Helicase mutations are commonly associated with a variety of diseases including aging, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Biochemical characterization of these enzymes has provided a wealth of information on the kinetics of unwinding and substrate preferences, and several high-resolution structures of helicases alone and bound to oligonucleotides have been solved. Together, they provide mechanistic insights into the structural translocation and unwinding orientations of helicases. However, these insights rely on structural inferences derived from static snapshots. Instead, continued efforts should be made to combine structure and kinetics to better define active translocation orientations of helicases. This review explores many of the biochemical and biophysical methods utilized to map helicase binding orientation to DNA or RNA substrates and includes several time-dependent methods to unequivocally map the active translocation orientation of these enzymes to better define the active leading and trailing faces.
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Carver A, Zhang X. Rad51 filament dynamics and its antagonistic modulators. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 113:3-13. [PMID: 32631783 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rad51 recombinase is the central player in homologous recombination, the faithful repair pathway for double-strand breaks and key event during meiosis. Rad51 forms nucleoprotein filaments on single-stranded DNA, exposed by a double-strand break. These filaments are responsible for homology search and strand invasion, which lead to homology-directed repair. Due to its central roles in DNA repair and genome stability, Rad51 is modulated by multiple factors and post-translational modifications. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the dynamics of Rad51 filaments, the roles of other factors and their modes of action in modulating key stages of Rad51 filaments: formation, stability and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Carver
- Section of Structural Biology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Section of Structural Biology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Role of Rad51 and DNA repair in cancer: A molecular perspective. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107492. [PMID: 32001312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity is essential for any organism survival and for the inheritance of traits to offspring. To the purpose, cells have developed a complex DNA repair system to defend the genetic information against both endogenous and exogenous sources of damage. Accordingly, multiple repair pathways can be aroused from the diverse forms of DNA lesions, which can be effective per se or via crosstalk with others to complete the whole DNA repair process. Deficiencies in DNA healing resulting in faulty repair and/or prolonged DNA damage can lead to genes mutations, chromosome rearrangements, genomic instability, and finally carcinogenesis and/or cancer progression. Although it might seem paradoxical, at the same time such defects in DNA repair pathways may have therapeutic implications for potential clinical practice. Here we provide an overview of the main DNA repair pathways, with special focus on the role played by homologous repair and the RAD51 recombinase protein in the cellular DNA damage response. We next discuss the recombinase structure and function per se and in combination with all its principal mediators and regulators. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the manifold roles that RAD51 plays in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and anticancer drug resistance, and conclude this work with a survey of the most promising therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting RAD51 in experimental oncology.
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