1
|
Ji YW, Zhang X, Fan JP, Gu WX, Shen ZL, Wu HC, Cui G, Zhou C, Xiao C. Differential remodeling of subthalamic projections to basal ganglia output nuclei and locomotor deficits in 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonian mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112178. [PMID: 36857188 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) controls basal ganglia outputs via the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi). However, the synaptic properties of these projections and their roles in motor control remain unclear. We show that the STN-SNr and STN-GPi projections differ markedly in magnitude and activity-dependent plasticity despite the existence of collateral STN neurons projecting to both the SNr and GPi. Stimulation of either STN projection reduces locomotion; in contrast, inhibition of either the STN-SNr projection or collateral STN neurons facilitates locomotion. In 6-OHDA-hemiparkinsonian mice, the STN-SNr projection is dramatically attenuated, but the STN-GPi projection is robustly enhanced; apomorphine inhibition of the STN-GPi projection through D2 receptors is significantly augmented and improves locomotion. Optogenetic inhibition of either the STN-SNr or STN-GPi projection improves parkinsonian bradykinesia. These results suggest that the STN-GPi and STN-SNr projections are differentially involved in motor control in physiological and parkinsonian conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Ji
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China
| | - Jiang-Peng Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Brain Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Wei-Xin Gu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Zi-Lin Shen
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Chuan Wu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China.
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
| | - Cheng Xiao
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Antidepressant-Like Properties of Intrastriatal Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070505. [PMID: 34357977 PMCID: PMC8310221 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s patients often suffer from depression and anxiety, for which there are no optimal treatments. Hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats were used to test whether intrastriatal Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) application could also have antidepressant-like properties in addition to the known improvement of motor performance. To quantify depression- and anxiety-like behavior, the forced swim test, tail suspension test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test were applied to hemi-PD rats injected with BoNT-A or vehicle. Furthermore, we correlated the results in the forced swim test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test with the rotational behavior induced by apomorphine and amphetamine. Hemi-PD rats did not show significant anxiety-like behavior as compared with Sham 6-OHDA- + Sham BoNT-A-injected as well as with non-injected rats. However, hemi-PD rats demonstrated increased depression-like behaviors compared with Sham- or non-injected rats; this was seen by increased struggling frequency and increased immobility frequency. Hemi-PD rats intrastriatally injected with BoNT-A exhibited reduced depression-like behavior compared with the respective vehicle-receiving hemi-PD animals. The significant effects of intrastriatally applied BoNT-A seen in the forced swim test are reminiscent of those found after various antidepressant drug therapies. Our data correspond with the efficacy of BoNT-A treatment of glabellar frown lines in treating patients with major depression and suggest that also intrastriatal injected BoNT-A may have some antidepressant-like effect on hemi-PD.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chung SJ, Yoo HS, Lee HS, Lee PH, Sohn YH. Does the Side Onset of Parkinson's Disease Influence the Time to Develop Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:241-247. [PMID: 30741690 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant plasticity is closely linked to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether dominant-side patients with PD exhibit a shorter time to LID development, based on the hypothesis that the dominant hemisphere may have greater plasticity than non-dominant-side patients. METHODS We analyzed data from 387 right-handed patients with PD who exhibited asymmetric motor deficits and received PD medications for ≥2 years (191 dominant-side and 196 non-dominant-side patients). The influence of side onset on time for LID development was assessed by Kaplan-Meier estimates and time-dependent Cox regression models based on the 5-year time point, after adjusting for age at PD onset, dopamine transporter activity in the posterior putamen, and daily levodopa dose. RESULTS LID developed in 46 (23.4%) patients with non-dominant-side PD and in 35 (18.1%) patients with dominant-side PD. The Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that non-dominant-side patients developed LID earlier than dominant-side patients (p = 0.027). The time-dependent Cox regression models showed that the risk of LID within 5 years of treatment was significantly higher in non-dominant-side than in dominant-side patients (hazard ratio 1.954; p = 0.034), whereas the risk after 5 years was similar between groups (p = 0.528). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that LID developed earlier in non-dominant-side than in dominant-side patients with PD. These results suggested a greater potential of synaptic plasticity in the dominant hemisphere that may exert a protective role for the development of LID compared to the non-dominant hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Soo Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
[ 18F]fallypride-PET/CT Analysis of the Dopamine D₂/D₃ Receptor in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat Brain Following Intrastriatal Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injection. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030587. [PMID: 29509680 PMCID: PMC6017015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrastriatal injection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) results in improved motor behavior of hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats, an animal model for Parkinson’s disease. The caudate–putamen (CPu), as the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia loop, is fundamentally involved in motor function and directly interacts with the dopaminergic system. To determine receptor-mediated explanations for the BoNT-A effect, we analyzed the dopamine D2/D3 receptor (D2/D3R) in the CPu of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced hemi-PD rats by [18F]fallypride-PET/CT scans one, three, and six months post-BoNT-A or -sham-BoNT-A injection. Male Wistar rats were assigned to three different groups: controls, sham-injected hemi-PD rats, and BoNT-A-injected hemi-PD rats. Disease-specific motor impairment was verified by apomorphine and amphetamine rotation testing. Animal-specific magnetic resonance imaging was performed for co-registration and anatomical reference. PET quantification was achieved using PMOD software with the simplified reference tissue model 2. Hemi-PD rats exhibited a constant increase of 23% in D2/D3R availability in the CPu, which was almost normalized by intrastriatal application of BoNT-A. Importantly, the BoNT-A effect on striatal D2/D3R significantly correlated with behavioral results in the apomorphine rotation test. Our results suggest a therapeutic effect of BoNT-A on the impaired motor behavior of hemi-PD rats by reducing interhemispheric changes of striatal D2/D3R.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mann T, Zilles K, Dikow H, Hellfritsch A, Cremer M, Piel M, Rösch F, Hawlitschka A, Schmitt O, Wree A. Dopamine, Noradrenaline and Serotonin Receptor Densities in the Striatum of Hemiparkinsonian Rats following Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection. Neuroscience 2018; 374:187-204. [PMID: 29421436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) that causes a dopamine (DA) deficit in the caudate-putamen (CPu) accompanied by compensatory changes in other neurotransmitter systems. These changes result in severe motor and non-motor symptoms. To disclose the role of various receptor binding sites for DA, noradrenaline, and serotonin in the hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rat model induced by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection, the densities of D1, D2/D3, α1, α2, and 5HT2A receptors were longitudinally visualized and measured in the CPu of hemi-PD rats by quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. We found a moderate increase in D1 receptor density 3 weeks post lesion that decreased during longer survival times, a significant increase of D2/D3 receptor density, and 50% reduction in 5HT2A receptor density. α1 receptor density remained unaltered in hemi-PD and α2 receptors demonstrated a slight right-left difference increasing with post lesion survival. In a second step, the possible role of receptors on the known reduction of apomorphine-induced rotations in hemi-PD rats by intrastriatally injected Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) was analyzed by measuring the receptor densities after BoNT-A injection. The application of this neurotoxin reduced D2/D3 receptor density, whereas the other receptors mainly remained unaltered. Our results provide novel data for an understanding of the postlesional plasticity of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic receptors in the hemi-PD rat model. The results further suggest a therapeutic effect of BoNT-A on the impaired motor behavior of hemi-PD rats by reducing the interhemispheric imbalance in D2/D3 receptor density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mann
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - K Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Dikow
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - A Hellfritsch
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Cremer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - M Piel
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Hawlitschka
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - O Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - A Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beck RW, Laugharne J, Laugharne R, Woldman W, McLean B, Mastropasqua C, Jorge R, Shankar R. Abnormal cortical asymmetry as a target for neuromodulation in neuropsychiatric disorders: A narrative review and concept proposal. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:21-31. [PMID: 28958599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in knowledge relating to the organization of neural circuitry in the human brain have increased understanding of disorders involving brain circuit asymmetry. These asymmetries, which can be measured and identified utilizing EEG and LORETA analysis techniques, may be a factor in mental disorders. New treatments involving non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), including trans-cranial magnetic stimulation, direct current stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation, have emerged in recent years. We propose that EEG identification of circuit asymmetry geometries can direct non-invasive brain stimulation more specifically for treatments of mental disorders. We describe as a narrative review new NIBS therapies that have been developed and delivered, and suggest that they are proving effective in certain patient groups. A brief narrative of influence of classical and operant conditioning of neurofeedback on EEG coherence, phase, abnormalities and Loreta's significance is provided. We also discuss the role of Heart rate variability and biofeedback in influencing EEG co-relates. Clinical evidence is at an early stage, but the basic science evidence and early case studies suggest that this may be a promising new modality for treating mental disorders and merits further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy W Beck
- Institute of Functional Neuroscience, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan Laugharne
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust and Hon, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Wessel Woldman
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan McLean
- The Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Treliske, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Mastropasqua
- Institute of Functional Neuroscience, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Ricardo Jorge
- Institute of Functional Neuroscience, Perth, Australia
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pleiotrophin overexpression regulates amphetamine-induced reward and striatal dopaminergic denervation without changing the expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors: Implications for neuroinflammation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1794-1805. [PMID: 27642078 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It was previously shown that mice with genetic deletion of the neurotrophic factor pleiotrophin (PTN-/-) show enhanced amphetamine neurotoxicity and impair extinction of amphetamine conditioned place preference (CPP), suggesting a modulatory role of PTN in amphetamine neurotoxicity and reward. We have now studied the effects of amphetamine (10mg/kg, 4 times, every 2h) in the striatum of mice with transgenic PTN overexpression (PTN-Tg) in the brain and in wild type (WT) mice. Amphetamine caused an enhanced loss of striatal dopaminergic terminals, together with a highly significant aggravation of amphetamine-induced increase in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes, in the striatum of PTN-Tg mice compared to WT mice. Given the known contribution of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors to the neurotoxic effects of amphetamine, we also performed quantitative receptor autoradiography of both receptors in the brains of PTN-Tg and WT mice. D1 and D2 receptors binding in the striatum and other regions of interest was not altered by genotype or treatment. Finally, we found that amphetamine CPP was significantly reduced in PTN-Tg mice. The data demonstrate that PTN overexpression in the brain blocks the conditioning effects of amphetamine and enhances the characteristic striatal dopaminergic denervation caused by this drug. These results indicate for the first time deleterious effects of PTN in vivo by mechanisms that are probably independent of changes in the expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. The data also suggest that PTN-induced neuroinflammation could be involved in the enhanced neurotoxic effects of amphetamine in the striatum of PTN-Tg mice.
Collapse
|
8
|
Marin C, Bonastre M, Mengod G, Cortés R, Rodríguez-Oroz M. From unilateral to bilateral parkinsonism: Effects of lateralization on dyskinesias and associated molecular mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:365-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
9
|
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Logan J, Alexoff D, Fowler JS, Thanos PK, Wong C, Casado V, Ferre S, Tomasi D. Caffeine increases striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the human brain. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e549. [PMID: 25871974 PMCID: PMC4462609 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world, is used to promote wakefulness and enhance alertness. Like other wake-promoting drugs (stimulants and modafinil), caffeine enhances dopamine (DA) signaling in the brain, which it does predominantly by antagonizing adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR). However, it is unclear if caffeine, at the doses consumed by humans, increases DA release or whether it modulates the functions of postsynaptic DA receptors through its interaction with adenosine receptors, which modulate them. We used positron emission tomography and [(11)C]raclopride (DA D2/D3 receptor radioligand sensitive to endogenous DA) to assess if caffeine increased DA release in striatum in 20 healthy controls. Caffeine (300 mg p.o.) significantly increased the availability of D2/D3 receptors in putamen and ventral striatum, but not in caudate, when compared with placebo. In addition, caffeine-induced increases in D2/D3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum were associated with caffeine-induced increases in alertness. Our findings indicate that in the human brain, caffeine, at doses typically consumed, increases the availability of DA D2/D3 receptors, which indicates that caffeine does not increase DA in the striatum for this would have decreased D2/D3 receptor availability. Instead, we interpret our findings to reflect an increase in D2/D3 receptor levels in striatum with caffeine (or changes in affinity). The association between increases in D2/D3 receptor availability in ventral striatum and alertness suggests that caffeine might enhance arousal, in part, by upregulating D2/D3 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N D Volkow
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA,Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. E-mail:
| | - G-J Wang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Logan
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - D Alexoff
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - J S Fowler
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - P K Thanos
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - C Wong
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V Casado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Ferre
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Tomasi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carcenac C, Favier M, Vachez Y, Lacombe E, Carnicella S, Savasta M, Boulet S. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation differently alters striatal dopaminergic receptor levels in rats. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1739-49. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Carcenac
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Mathieu Favier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Yvan Vachez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Emilie Lacombe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Sébastien Carnicella
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Marc Savasta
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble; Grenoble France
| | - Sabrina Boulet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blood AJ. Imaging studies in focal dystonias: a systems level approach to studying a systems level disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:3-15. [PMID: 23814533 PMCID: PMC3580788 DOI: 10.2174/157015913804999513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal dystonias are dystonias that affect one part of the body, and are sometimes task-specific. Brain imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques have been valuable in defining the pathophysiology of dystonias in general, and are particularly amenable to studying focal dystonias. Over the past few years, several common themes have emerged in the imaging literature, and this review summarizes these findings and suggests some ways in which these distinct themes might all point to one common systems-level mechanism for dystonia. These themes include (1) the role of premotor regions in focal dystonia, (2) the role of the sensory system and sensorimotor integration in focal dystonia, (3) the role of decreased inhibition/increased excitation in focal dystonia, and (4) the role of brain imaging in evaluating and guiding treatment of focal dystonias. The data across these themes, together with the features of dystonia itself, are consistent with a hypothesis that all dystonias reflect excessive output of postural control/stabilization systems in the brain, and that the mechanisms for dystonia reflect amplification of an existing functional system, rather than recruitment of the wrong motor programs. Imaging is currently being used to test treatment effectiveness, and to visually guide treatment of dystonia, such as placement of deep brain stimulation electrodes. In the future, it is hoped that imaging may be used to individualize treatments across behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical domains, thus optimizing both the speed and effectiveness of treatment for any given individual with focal dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Blood
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Del-Bel E, Padovan-Neto FE, Szawka RE, da-Silva CA, Raisman-Vozari R, Anselmo-Franci J, Romano-Dutra AC, Guimaraes FS. Counteraction by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor of neurochemical alterations of dopaminergic system in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats under L-DOPA treatment. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:33-44. [PMID: 23807548 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduce L-3, (Del-Bel et al., Cell Mol Neurobiol 25(2):371-392, 2005) 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced abnormal motor effects subsequent to depletion of dopaminergic neurons in rodents and non-human primates. The present study used quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography to analyze, for the first time, dopamine metabolism in striatum of rats in order to elucidate the mechanism of action of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Adult male Wistar rats received unilateral microinjection of saline (sham) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA-lesioned) in the medial forebrain bundle. Past 3 weeks, rats were treated during 21 days with L-DOPA/benserazide (30 mg/kg/7.5 mg/kg, respectively, daily). On the 22nd day rats received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either vehicle or 7-nitroindazole, a preferential neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor before L-DOPA. Abnormal involuntary movements and rotarod test were assessed as behavioral correlate of motor responses. Lesion intensity was evaluated through tyrosine hydroxylase immunohystochemical reaction. Dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and an extent of dopamine striatal tissue levels/dopamine metabolism were measured in the striatum. Lesion with 6-OHDA decreased dopamine, DOPAC, and DOPAC/dopamine ratio in the lesioned striatum. L-DOPA treatment induced abnormal involuntary movements and increased DOPAC/dopamine ratio (nearly five times) in the lesioned striatum. L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia was mitigated by 7-nitroindazole, which also decreased dopamine turnover, dopamine and DOPAC levels. Our results revealed an almost two times increase in dopamine content in the non-lesioned striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Reduction of striatal DOPAC/dopamine ratio in dyskinetic rats may suggest an increase in the dopamine availability. Our data confirm contribution of nitrergic transmission in the pathogenesis of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia with potential utilization of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, School of Odontology, University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Av. Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Riederer P, Sian-Hülsmann J. The significance of neuronal lateralisation in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:953-62. [PMID: 22367437 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The destruction of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and consequent depletion of striatal dopamine elicits the main movement deficits related to Parkinson's disease (PD). In the early stages of the illness, the motor symptoms are often exhibited asymmetrically. Thus, the onset of PD features starts on either the right or left side. The side of onset appears to determine the prognosis of the disorder and other features, such as right-side tremor dominance has a better prognosis in contrast to left-side dominant bradykinesia-rigidity. In addition, left-side onset of motor features is associated with cognitive decline. Therefore, an intricate relation appears to exist between the side of disease onset and progression/severity and other non-motor symptoms. Unilateral PD in turn corresponds to neuronal nigrostriatal degeneration in the contralateral hemisphere. Indeed positron emission tomography has demonstrated a positive correlation between symptom asymmetry and brain function (Hoorn et al. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 17:58-60, 2011), which corresponds to a unilateral pattern of degeneration. This phenomenon appears to be exclusive to PD. Additionally, the variation in motor symptom(s) dominance exhibited in the disorder conforms to the notion that PD is a spectrum disease with many sub-groups. Thus, clinical and post mortem studies on "lateralisation" may serve as a vital tool in understanding the mechanism(s) eliciting the characteristic destruction of the SN neurons. Additionally, it may be employed as a predictive indicator for the symptomology and prognosis of the illness thus allowing selective treatment strategies targeted at the pronounced hemispheric degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Riederer
- Clinical Neurochemistry, National Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Positron emission tomography imaging demonstrates correlation between behavioral recovery and correction of dopamine neurotransmission after gene therapy. J Neurosci 2009; 29:1544-53. [PMID: 19193901 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4491-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo gene transfer using viral vectors is an emerging therapy for neurodegenerative diseases with a clinical impact recently demonstrated in Parkinson's disease patients. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors, in particular, provide an excellent tool for long-term expression of therapeutic genes in the brain. Here we used the [(11)C]raclopride [(S)-(-)-3,5-dichloro-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide] micro-positron emission tomography (PET) technique to demonstrate that delivery of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) enzymes using an rAAV5 vector normalizes the increased [(11)C]raclopride binding in hemiparkinsonian rats. Importantly, we show in vivo by microPET imaging and postmortem by classical binding assays performed in the very same animals that the changes in [(11)C]raclopride after viral vector-based enzyme replacement therapy is attributable to a decrease in the affinity of the tracer binding to the D(2) receptors, providing evidence for reconstitution of a functional pool of endogenous dopamine in the striatum. Moreover, the extent of the normalization in this non-invasive imaging measure was highly correlated with the functional recovery in motor behavior. The PET imaging protocol used in this study is fully adaptable to humans and thus can serve as an in vivo imaging technique to follow TH + GCH1 gene therapy in PD patients and provide an additional objective measure to a potential clinical trial using rAAV vectors to deliver l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylanaline in the brain.
Collapse
|
15
|
Capper-Loup C, Kaelin-Lang A. Lateralization of dynorphin gene expression in the rat striatum. Neurosci Lett 2008; 447:106-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Avila-Costa M, Gutierrez-Valdez A, Ordoñez-Librado J, Martinez V, Colin-Barenque L, Espinosa-Villanueva J, Aley-Medina P, Montiel-Flores E, Velazquz-Mata A, Machado-Salas JP. Time course changes of the striatum neuropil after unilateral dopamine depletion and the usefulness of the contralateral striatum as a control structure. Neurol Res 2008; 30:1068-74. [PMID: 18826753 DOI: 10.1179/174313208x346116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After unilateral dopamine depletion, some ipsilateral alterations occur and the contralateral structure has been utilized as control. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to analyse the evolution of the ultrastructural alterations of the ipsilateral and contralateral striata of the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats to demonstrate that the contralateral striatum should not be used as control structure. METHODS After the surgery and the rotation behavior evaluation, animals were killed from 3 to 120 days after lesioning, and their striata were compared with those of aged rats. RESULTS The ultrastructural analysis shows increased diameter of the synaptic ending in ipsilateral (since the third day) and contralateral striata (since day 30) and an increase in perforated synaptic contacts. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the contralateral striatum should not be taken as control structure at least after 20-30 days after lesioning, as the alterations found here may result in wrong interpretations when comparing with the ipsilateral-lesioned one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MaríaRosa Avila-Costa
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico City, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Deng P, Ruan Y, Xu ZC. Dopamine D1-Like Receptors Depress Excitatory Synaptic Transmissions in Striatal Neurons After Transient Forebrain Ischemia. Stroke 2008; 39:2370-6. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.506824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Spiny neurons in the neostriatum are highly vulnerable to ischemia. Despite an enormous body of research suggesting that dopamine is involved in ischemia-induced neuronal loss in the striatum, it remains unclear how dopamine interacts with the glutamatergic excitotoxicity that is widely accepted as a major cause of ischemic cell death. Our study was designed to investigate the effects of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) activation on excitatory neurotransmission in postischemic striatal neurons.
Methods—
We used the 4-vessel occlusion ischemia model and brain slice preparations. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recording was performed on striatal neurons to measure excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). Systemic administration of a D1R agonist after ischemia and hematoxylin/eosin staining were performed to evaluate the effects of D1R activation on ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration in the striatum.
Results—
D1R activation depressed EPSCs in postischemic striatal neurons. The depression was attributable to inhibition of presynaptic release. An activator of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) mimicked the depressive effects of D1R activation. Bath application of a PKA inhibitor blocked the depression of EPSCs, whereas intracellular postsynaptic application of the PKA inhibitor had no effect. The D1R agonist failed to reduce EPSC amplitude in the presence of an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist. Systemic administration of a D1R agonist after ischemia significantly attenuated ischemia-induced cell death in the striatum.
Conclusions—
These results indicate that D1R activation presynaptically depresses excitatory synaptic transmission in striatal neurons after ischemia through activation of PKA and adenosine A1 receptors and thus demonstrate a novel mechanism of D1R-mediated protection against ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Zhang
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Ping Deng
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Yiwen Ruan
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Zao C. Xu
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Da Cunha C, Wietzikoski EC, Ferro MM, Martinez GR, Vital MABF, Hipólide D, Tufik S, Canteras NS. Hemiparkinsonian rats rotate toward the side with the weaker dopaminergic neurotransmission. Behav Brain Res 2008; 189:364-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Bouchez G, Sensebé L, Vourc'h P, Garreau L, Bodard S, Rico A, Guilloteau D, Charbord P, Besnard JC, Chalon S. Partial recovery of dopaminergic pathway after graft of adult mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1332-42. [PMID: 18372079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapy with adult stem cells appears as an opportunity for treatment of Parkinson's disease. To validate this approach, we studied the effects of transplantation of rat adult bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Animals were unilaterally lesioned in the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Two weeks later, group I did not undergo grafting, group II underwent sham grafting, group III was intra-striatal grafted with cells cultured in an enriched medium and group IV was intra-striatal grafted with cells cultured in a standard medium. Rotational amphetamine-induced behavior was measured weekly until animals were killed 6 weeks later. One week after graft, the number of rotations/min was stably decreased by 50% in groups III and IV as compared with groups I and II. At 8 weeks post-lesion, the density of dopaminergic markers in the nerve terminals and cell bodies, i.e. immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase, membrane dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 was significantly higher in group III as compared with group I. Moreover, using microdialysis studies, we observed that while the rate of pharmacologically induced release of dopamine was significantly reduced in lesioned versus intact striatum in no grafted rats, it was similar in both sides in animals transplanted with mesemchymal stem cells. These data demonstrate that graft of adult mesemchymal stem cells reduces behavioral effects induced by 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and partially restores the dopaminergic markers and vesicular striatal pool of dopamine. This cellular approach might be a restorative therapy in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Bouchez
- INSERM U930, Laboratory Biophysique médicale & pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, 31 avenue Monge, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wright LD, Hébert KE, Perrot-Sinal TS. Periadolescent stress exposure exerts long-term effects on adult stress responding and expression of prefrontal dopamine receptors in male and female rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:130-42. [PMID: 18065159 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that experiential/environmental factors in early life can program the adult stress response in rats, and this is manifest as altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity and behavior in response to a stressor. Very little work has been devoted to investigating whether the environment during adolescence plays a similar role in modulating ongoing developmental processes and how this might affect adult stress responding. Periadolescent predator odor (PPO) exposure was used here as a naturalistic model of repeated psychological stress. Behavioral and endocrine responses to PPO changed across the exposure period, and behavioral alterations persisted into adulthood. While adolescent rats showed pronounced avoidance responses upon initial PPO exposure, hyperactivity increased across the exposure period, especially in females. Corticosterone (cort) responses to stressor exposure also changed in females, with higher physiological baseline levels observed at the end of the exposure period. In adulthood, relative to rats who had received a control manipulation during adolescence, PPO-exposed rats were more fearful in a novel open field and displayed altered responses to a predator odor stress test in adulthood. Moreover, lower levels of the D2 dopamine (DA) receptor were measured in prefrontal (infralimbic and dorsopeduncular) cortices of PPO-exposed rats. These findings suggest that the adolescent period may represent a sensitive period during which developmental programming of the stress response occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Wright
- Department of Psychology, Life Sciences Center, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Blood AJ. New hypotheses about postural control support the notion that all dystonias are manifestations of excessive brain postural function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 1:14-25. [PMID: 19180244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bihy.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper postulates that all forms of the neurological movement disorder, dystonia, can be argued to reflect excessive function of one or more components of the brain postural system. This is based on four central arguments. First, because some forms of postural control are already known to be dynamic, rather than static, it is suggested that hyperkinetic dystonias reflect excessive function of dynamic postures, rather than abnormal movements. Second, the range of functional roles served by the postural system is hypothesized to include direct control of movement, suggesting a postural basis for task-specific dystonias. Third, by defining posture as a neural system that maintains body stabilization, it can be shown that the range of mechanical means of implementing stabilization, including co-contraction of antagonistic muscles, matches the range of presentations of dystonia. Fourth, it is shown that the above premises are able to account for previously unexplained observations in dystonia. Based on the inhibitory influence that stabilizing mechanisms exert on movement, it is suggested that the broad functional role that is here referred to as posture may be the function served by the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Specifically, it is proposed that this pathway centrally coordinates function of the distributed network of brain regions controlling posture and, in conjunction with the direct pathway, coordinates posture and movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Blood
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, CNY 149-2301, 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Blood AJ, Tuch DS, Makris N, Makhlouf ML, Sudarsky LR, Sharma N. White matter abnormalities in dystonia normalize after botulinum toxin treatment. Neuroreport 2006; 17:1251-5. [PMID: 16951564 PMCID: PMC3039124 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000230500.03330.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of dystonia is still poorly understood. We used diffusion tensor imaging to screen for white matter abnormalities in regions between the basal ganglia and the thalamus in cervical and hand dystonia patients. All patients exhibited an abnormal hemispheric asymmetry in a focal region between the pallidum and the thalamus. This asymmetry was absent 4 weeks after the same patients were treated with intramuscular botulinum toxin injections. These findings represent a new systems-level abnormality in dystonia, which may lead to new insights about the pathophysiology of movement disorders. More generally, these findings demonstrate central nervous system changes following peripheral reductions in muscle activity. This raises the possibility that we have observed activity-dependent white matter plasticity in the adult human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Blood
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sarbadhikari SN, Saha AK. Moderate exercise and chronic stress produce counteractive effects on different areas of the brain by acting through various neurotransmitter receptor subtypes: a hypothesis. Theor Biol Med Model 2006; 3:33. [PMID: 16995950 PMCID: PMC1592480 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-3-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regular, "moderate", physical exercise is an established non-pharmacological form of treatment for depressive disorders. Brain lateralization has a significant role in the progress of depression. External stimuli such as various stressors or exercise influence the higher functions of the brain (cognition and affect). These effects often do not follow a linear course. Therefore, nonlinear dynamics seem best suited for modeling many of the phenomena, and putative global pathways in the brain, attributable to such external influences. Hypothesis The general hypothesis presented here considers only the nonlinear aspects of the effects produced by "moderate" exercise and "chronic" stressors, but does not preclude the possibility of linear responses. In reality, both linear and nonlinear mechanisms may be involved in the final outcomes. The well-known neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (D) and norepinephrine (NE) all have various receptor subtypes. The article hypothesizes that 'Stress' increases the activity/concentration of some particular subtypes of receptors (designated nts) for each of the known (and unknown) neurotransmitters in the right anterior (RA) and left posterior (LP) regions (cortical and subcortical) of the brain, and has the converse effects on a different set of receptor subtypes (designated nth). In contrast, 'Exercise' increases nth activity/concentration and/or reduces nts activity/concentration in the LA and RP areas of the brain. These effects may be initiated by the activation of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (among others) in exercise and its suppression in stress. Conclusion On the basis of this hypothesis, a better understanding of brain neurodynamics might be achieved by considering the oscillations caused by single neurotransmitters acting on their different receptor subtypes, and the temporal pattern of recruitment of these subtypes. Further, appropriately designed and planned experiments will not only corroborate such theoretical models, but also shed more light on the underlying brain dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asit K Saha
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, South Australia 5095, Australia
| |
Collapse
|