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de Souza EA, Silva SA, Vieira BH, Salmon CEG. fMRI functional connectivity is a better predictor of general intelligence than cortical morphometric features and ICA parcellation order affects predictive performance. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hupfeld KE, Zöllner HJ, Oeltzschner G, Hyatt HW, Herrmann O, Gallegos J, Hui SCN, Harris AD, Edden RAE, Tsapkini K. Brain total creatine differs between primary progressive aphasia (PPA) subtypes and correlates with disease severity. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 122:65-75. [PMID: 36508896 PMCID: PMC9839619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is comprised of three subtypes: logopenic (lvPPA), non-fluent (nfvPPA), and semantic (svPPA). We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure tissue-corrected metabolite levels in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and right sensorimotor cortex (SMC) from 61 PPA patients. We aimed to: (1) characterize subtype differences in metabolites; and (2) test for metabolite associations with symptom severity. tCr differed by subtype across the left IFG and right SMC. tCr levels were lowest in lvPPA and highest in svPPA. tCr levels predicted lvPPA versus svPPA diagnosis. Higher IFG tCr and lower Glx correlated with greater disease severity. As tCr is involved in brain energy metabolism, svPPA pathology might involve changes in specific cellular energy processes. Perturbations to cellular energy homeostasis in language areas may contribute to symptoms. Reduced cortical excitatory capacity (i.e. lower Glx) in language regions may also contribute to symptoms. Thus, tCr may be useful for differentiating between PPA subtypes, and both tCr and Glx might have utility in understanding PPA mechanisms and tracking progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Hupfeld
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hayden W Hyatt
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Herrmann
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Gallegos
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steve C N Hui
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyrana Tsapkini
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Lewis JD, O’Reilly C, Bock E, Theilmann RJ, Townsend J. Aging-Related Differences in Structural and Functional Interhemispheric Connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:1379-1389. [PMID: 34496021 PMCID: PMC9190305 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence of age-related declines in anatomical connectivity during adulthood, with associated alterations in functional connectivity. But the relation of those functional alterations to the structural reductions is unclear. The complexities of both the structural and the functional connectomes make it difficult to determine such relationships. We pursue this question with methods, based on animal research, that specifically target the interhemispheric connections between the visual cortices. We collect t1- and diffusion-weighted imaging data from which we assess the integrity of the white matter interconnecting the bilateral visual cortices. Functional connectivity between the visual cortices is measured with electroencephalography during the presentation of drifting sinusoidal gratings that agree or conflict across hemifields. Our results show age-related reductions in the integrity of the white matter interconnecting the visual cortices, and age-related increases in the difference in functional interhemispheric lagged coherence between agreeing versus disagreeing visual stimuli. We show that integrity of the white matter in the splenium of the corpus callosum predicts the differences in lagged coherence for the agreeing versus disagreeing stimuli; and that this relationship is mediated by age. These results give new insight into the causal relationship between age and functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lewis
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Christian O’Reilly
- Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Bock
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Jeanne Townsend
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Research on Aging and Development Laboratory, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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de Godoy LL, Studart-Neto A, Wylezinska-Arridge M, Tsunemi MH, Moraes NC, Yassuda MS, Coutinho AM, Buchpiguel CA, Nitrini R, Bisdas S, da Costa Leite C. The Brain Metabolic Signature in Superagers Using In Vivo 1H-MRS: A Pilot Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:1790-1797. [PMID: 34446458 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Youthful memory performance in older adults may reflect an underlying resilience to the conventional pathways of aging. Subjects having this unusual characteristic have been recently termed "superagers." This study aimed to explore the significance of imaging biomarkers acquired by 1H-MRS to characterize superagers and to differentiate them from their normal-aging peers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-five patients older than 80 years of age were screened using a detailed neuropsychological protocol, and 25 participants, comprising 12 superagers and 13 age-matched controls, were statistically analyzed. We used state-of-the-art 3T 1H-MR spectroscopy to quantify 18 neurochemicals in the posterior cingulate cortex of our subjects. All 1H-MR spectroscopy data were analyzed using LCModel. Results were further processed using 2 approaches to investigate the technique accuracy: 1) comparison of the average concentration of metabolites estimated with Cramer-Rao lower bounds <20%; and 2) calculation and comparison of the weighted means of metabolites' concentrations. RESULTS The main finding observed was a higher total N-acetyl aspartate concentration in superagers than in age-matched controls using both approaches (P = .02 and P = .03 for the weighted means), reflecting a positive association of total N-acetyl aspartate with higher cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS 1H-MR spectroscopy emerges as a promising technique to unravel neurochemical mechanisms related to cognitive aging in vivo and providing a brain metabolic signature in superagers. This may contribute to monitoring future interventional therapies to avoid or postpone the pathologic processes of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L de Godoy
- From the Department of Radiology and Oncology (L.L.d.G., C.d.C.L.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.W.-A., S.B.), University College London, London, UK
| | - A Studart-Neto
- Department of Neurology (A.S.-N., N.C.M., M.S.Y., R.N.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Wylezinska-Arridge
- The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.W.-A., S.B.), University College London, London, UK
| | - M H Tsunemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences (M.H.T.), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - N C Moraes
- Department of Neurology (A.S.-N., N.C.M., M.S.Y., R.N.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M S Yassuda
- Department of Neurology (A.S.-N., N.C.M., M.S.Y., R.N.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Coutinho
- Division and Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (A.M.C., C.A.B.), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C A Buchpiguel
- Division and Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (A.M.C., C.A.B.), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Nitrini
- Department of Neurology (A.S.-N., N.C.M., M.S.Y., R.N.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S Bisdas
- The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.W.-A., S.B.), University College London, London, UK
| | - C da Costa Leite
- From the Department of Radiology and Oncology (L.L.d.G., C.d.C.L.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Basedow LA, Kuitunen-Paul S, Wiedmann MF, Ehrlich S, Roessner V, Golub Y. Verbal learning impairment in adolescents with methamphetamine use disorder: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:166. [PMID: 33765981 PMCID: PMC7993453 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (MA) use has been shown to be associated with deficits in impulsivity, verbal learning, and working memory. Additionally, methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is related to various brain changes, especially in adolescent users who might be more vulnerable to detrimental effects on brain development. However, little is known about the relationship between adolescent MA use and cognitive impairment. This cross-sectional study aims to explore how the presence of a MUD in adolescents is related to impairments of verbal memory, inhibition, and alertness. METHODS N = 18 psychiatric outpatients with MUD were matched in terms of depressivity, age, and gender to n = 18 adolescents with other substance use disorders (SUDs), as well as n = 18 controls without SUDs. We compared these three groups on the Verbal Learning and Memory Task (VLMT), and the alertness and go/noGo subtests of the Test of Attentional Performance (TAP). Additionally, Spearman's rank order correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate whether cognitive functioning was directly associated with frequency of past year MA use. RESULTS The three groups differed significantly in their verbal learning performance (H (2) = 11.7, p = .003, ηp2 = .19), but not in short-term memory, inhibition, cued recall, or alertness. Post hoc tests revealed significant differences in verbal learning between the MA using group and the control group without a SUD (U = 56.5, p = .001, ηp2 = .31). Frequency of past year MA use correlated negatively with short-term memory (ρ = -.25, p < .01) and verbal learning (ρ = -.41, p < .01). No other cognitive variables correlated significantly with MA use frequency. Significant p-values were considered significant after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent MUD outpatients with regular MA use show specific impairment in verbal learning performance, but not in other basal cognitive functions when compared to adolescents without a MUD. Verbal learning and short-term memory performance is negatively associated with the frequency of MA use. Future research should apply longitudinal designs to investigate long-term effects of methamphetamine and reversibility of these effects on cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Andreas Basedow
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sören Kuitunen-Paul
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Melina Felicitas Wiedmann
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yulia Golub
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden, Germany
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Radhakrishnan H, Stark SM, Stark CEL. Microstructural Alterations in Hippocampal Subfields Mediate Age-Related Memory Decline in Humans. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:94. [PMID: 32327992 PMCID: PMC7161377 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging, even in the absence of clear pathology of dementia, is associated with cognitive decline. Neuroimaging, especially diffusion-weighted imaging, has been highly valuable in understanding some of these changes in live humans, non-invasively. Traditional tensor techniques have revealed that the integrity of the fornix and other white matter tracts significantly deteriorates with age, and that this deterioration is highly correlated with worsening cognitive performance. However, traditional tensor techniques are still not specific enough to indict explicit microstructural features that may be responsible for age-related cognitive decline and cannot be used to effectively study gray matter properties. Here, we sought to determine whether recent advances in diffusion-weighted imaging, including Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) and Constrained Spherical Deconvolution, would provide more sensitive measures of age-related changes in the microstructure of the medial temporal lobe. We evaluated these measures in a group of young (ages 20-38 years old) and older (ages 59-84 years old) adults and assessed their relationships with performance on tests of cognition. We found that the fiber density (FD) of the fornix and the neurite density index (NDI) of the fornix, hippocampal subfields (DG/CA3, CA1, and subiculum), and parahippocampal cortex, varied as a function of age in a cross-sectional cohort. Moreover, in the fornix, DG/CA3, and CA1, these changes correlated with memory performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), even after regressing out the effect of age, suggesting that they were capturing neurobiological properties directly related to performance in this task. These measures provide more details regarding age-related neurobiological properties. For example, a change in fiber density could mean a reduction in axonal packing density or myelination, and the increase in NDI observed might be explained by changes in dendritic complexity or even sprouting. These results provide a far more comprehensive view than previously determined on the possible system-wide processes that may be occurring because of healthy aging and demonstrate that advanced diffusion-weighted imaging is evolving into a powerful tool to study more than just white matter properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamsanandini Radhakrishnan
- Mathematical, Computational and Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shauna M. Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Craig E. L. Stark
- Mathematical, Computational and Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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7
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Neurochemical changes in the aging brain: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:306-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Khomenko YG, Kataeva GV, Bogdan AA, Chernysheva EM, Susin DS. Cerebral metabolism in patients with cognitive disorders: a combined MRS and PET study. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:51-58. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911901151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cichocka M, Bereś A. From fetus to older age: A review of brain metabolic changes across the lifespan. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 46:60-73. [PMID: 29864489 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The knowledge of metabolic changes across the lifespan is poorly understood. Thus we systematically reviewed the available literature to determine the changes in brain biochemical composition from fetus to older age and tried to explain them in the context of neural, cognitive, and behavioural changes. METHODS The search identified 1262 articles regarding proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) examinations through December 2017. The following data was extracted: age range of the subjects, number of subjects studied, brain regions studied, MRS sequence used, echo time, MR system, method of statistical analysis, metabolites analyzed, significant differences in metabolites concentrations with age as well as the way of presentation of the results. RESULTS 82 studies that described brain metabolite changes with age were identified. Reports on metabolic changes related to healthy aging were analyzed and discussed among six basic age groups: fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly as well as between groups and during the whole lifetime. DISCUSSION The results presented in the reviewed papers provide evidence that normal aging is associated with a number of metabolic changes characteristic for every period of life. Therefore, it can be concluded that the age matching is essential for comparative studies of disease states using 1H MRS.
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Badran A, Hollocks MJ, Brookes RL, Morris RG, Markus HS. Framingham vascular age is associated with worse cognitive performance in the middle-aged and elderly. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:531-540. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1499866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Badran
- Churchill College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew J. Hollocks
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca L. Brookes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin G. Morris
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hugh S. Markus
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Coplan JD, Webler R, Gopinath S, Abdallah CG, Mathew SJ. Neurobiology of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in GAD: Aberrant neurometabolic correlation to hippocampus and relationship to anxiety sensitivity and IQ. J Affect Disord 2018; 229:1-13. [PMID: 29288871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neurometabolism underlying the cognitive and affective symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) remain poorly understood. After we have linked worry to intelligence in patients with GAD, we hypothesized that aberrant neurometabolic correlations between hippocampus and neocortical regions may underlie a shared substrate in GAD patients for both anxiety sensitivity and intelligence. METHODS GAD patients (n = 16; F = 11) and healthy volunteers (n = 16; F = 10) were assessed using 1H-MRSI. Co-axial planes I [hippocampus (HIPP)] and co-axial plane III [dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), central gyrus (CG)] were examined. Using general linear models, we examined resting metabolite concentrations using HIPP as a hub to CG and DLPFC. Neocortical ROIs were related to Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) in GAD patients versus controls. RESULTS Right hippocampal Cho/Cr directly predicted left DLPFC Cho/Cr in GAD (r = 0.75), an effect distinguishable (p = 0.0004) from controls. Left HIPP Cho/Cr positively predicted left CG Cho/Cr in GAD, an effect distinguishable from controls. In patients, both left and right DLPFC Cho/Cr positively predicted ASI but only left DLPFC Cho/Cr inversely predicted IQ. By contrast, IQ in controls correlated directly with left CG Cho/Cr. LIMITATIONS Small sample size precluded us from investigating how gender and FSIQ subscales related to neurochemical correlations in the ROIs examined. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant resting state neurochemical correlation between left DLPFC and right HIPP may contribute to GAD symptomatology. Unlike controls, in GAD, IQ and worry may share a common yet inverse neurometabolic substrate in left DLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Ryan Webler
- Yale Depression Research Program, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Srinath Gopinath
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Chadi G Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Clinical Neuroscience Division, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sanjay J Mathew
- Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Suri S, Emir U, Stagg CJ, Near J, Mekle R, Schubert F, Zsoldos E, Mahmood A, Singh-Manoux A, Kivimäki M, Ebmeier KP, Mackay CE, Filippini N. Effect of age and the APOE gene on metabolite concentrations in the posterior cingulate cortex. Neuroimage 2017; 152:509-516. [PMID: 28323160 PMCID: PMC5440729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) has provided valuable information about the neurochemical profile of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its clinical utility has been limited in part by the lack of consistent information on how metabolite concentrations vary in the normal aging brain and in carriers of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, an established risk gene for AD. We quantified metabolites within an 8cm3 voxel within the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus in 30 younger (20-40 years) and 151 cognitively healthy older individuals (60-85 years). All 1H-MRS scans were performed at 3T using the short-echo SPECIAL sequence and analyzed with LCModel. The effect of APOE was assessed in a sub-set of 130 volunteers. Older participants had significantly higher myo-inositol and creatine, and significantly lower glutathione and glutamate than younger participants. There was no significant effect of APOE or an interaction between APOE and age on the metabolite profile. Our data suggest that creatine, a commonly used reference metabolite in 1H-MRS studies, does not remain stable across adulthood within this region and therefore may not be a suitable reference in studies involving a broad age-range. Increases in creatine and myo-inositol may reflect age-related glial proliferation; decreases in glutamate and glutathione suggest a decline in synaptic and antioxidant efficiency. Our findings inform longitudinal clinical studies by characterizing age-related metabolite changes in a non-clinical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| | - Uzay Emir
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Near
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Berlin (CSB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Schubert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enikő Zsoldos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Abda Mahmood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, U1018 Villejuif, France
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus P Ebmeier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Mackay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Filippini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
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13
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Nikolaidis A, Baniqued PL, Kranz MB, Scavuzzo CJ, Barbey AK, Kramer AF, Larsen RJ. Multivariate Associations of Fluid Intelligence and NAA. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2607-2616. [PMID: 27005991 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neural and metabolic correlates of fluid intelligence not only aids scientists in characterizing cognitive processes involved in intelligence, but it also offers insight into intervention methods to improve fluid intelligence. Here we use magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to measure N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a biochemical marker of neural energy production and efficiency. We use principal components analysis (PCA) to examine how the distribution of NAA in the frontal and parietal lobes relates to fluid intelligence. We find that a left lateralized frontal-parietal component predicts fluid intelligence, and it does so independently of brain size, another significant predictor of fluid intelligence. These results suggest that the left motor regions play a key role in the visualization and planning necessary for spatial cognition and reasoning, and we discuss these findings in the context of the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory of intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Nikolaidis
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Neuroscience Program and
| | - Pauline L Baniqued
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael B Kranz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Claire J Scavuzzo
- Neuroscience Program and.,Psychology Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Neuroscience Program and.,Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan J Larsen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
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Chang R, Geng Z, Zhu Q, Song Z, Wang Y. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals significant decline in the contents of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in the hippocampus of aged healthy subjects. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:124-137. [PMID: 28144264 PMCID: PMC5206356 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.55710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To characterize the contents of choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAA) in the hippocampus of healthy volunteers, we investigated the contents and their correlationship with age, gender and laterality. MATERIAL AND METHODS Volunteers were grouped into a young, a middle and an old age. The Cho, Cr and NAA contents were determined with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), and the correlationship was analyzed with Pearson correlation. RESULTS The concentration of NAA in the bilateral hippocampi was markedly lower in the old than in the young and the middle (LSD test, all p < 0.025). Furthermore, NAA/Cr in the bilateral hippocampi head (left: 1.10 ±0.40 vs. 1.54 ±0.49 or 1.43 ±0.49; right: 1.04 ±0.42 vs. 1.35 ±0.40 or 1.30 ±0.42), region 1 of the bilateral hippocampal body (left: 1.24 ±0.53 vs. 1.58 ±0.58 or 1.35 ±0.44; right: 1.30 ±0.43 vs. 1.54 ±0.51 or 1.35 ±0.51) and region 2 of the left hippocampal body (1.21 ±0.32 vs. 1.46 ±0.36 or 1.36 ±0.44) and the left hippocampal tail (1.11 ±0.40 vs. 1.36 ±0.47 or 1.15 ±0.32) was significantly higher in the old than in the young and the middle, respectively (all p < 0.026). The NAA content in the bilateral hippocampal head, body and tail negatively correlated with age. Moreover, the NAA, Cho and Cr contents in the hippocampal body and the tail were higher in the right than the left. CONCLUSIONS The NAA content of the hippocampal head, body and tail were significantly decreased in the old compared with younger persons, and it negatively correlates with age. The NAA, Cho and Cr contents exhibit laterality in the hippocampal body and tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Chang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zuojun Geng
- Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenhu Song
- Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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15
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van Veenendaal TM, IJff DM, Aldenkamp AP, Lazeron RHC, Puts NAJ, Edden RAE, Hofman PAM, de Louw AJA, Backes WH, Jansen JFA. Glutamate concentrations vary with antiepileptic drug use and mental slowing. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 64:200-205. [PMID: 27744245 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are effective in suppressing epileptic seizures, they also induce (cognitive) side effects, with mental slowing as a general effect. This study aimed to assess whether concentrations of MR detectable neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, are associated with mental slowing in patients with epilepsy taking AEDs. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected from patients with localization-related epilepsy using a variety of AEDs from three risk categories, i.e., AEDs with low, intermediate, and high risks of developing cognitive problems. Patients underwent 3T MR spectroscopy, including a PRESS (n=55) and MEGA-PRESS (n=43) sequence, to estimate occipital glutamate and GABA concentrations, respectively. The association was calculated between neurotransmitter concentrations and central information processing speed, which was measured using the Computerized Visual Searching Task (CVST) and compared between the different risk categories. RESULTS Combining all groups, patients with lower processing speeds had lower glutamate concentrations. Patients in the high-risk category had a lower glutamate concentration and lower processing speed compared with patients taking low-risk AEDs. Patients taking intermediate-risk AEDs also had a lower glutamate concentration compared with patients taking low-risk AEDs, but processing speed did not differ significantly between those groups. No associations were found between the GABA concentration and risk category or processing speed. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a relation is shown between glutamate concentration and both mental slowing and AED use. It is suggested that the reduced excitatory action, reflected by lowered glutamate concentrations, may have contributed to the slowing of information processing in patients using AEDs with higher risks of cognitive side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar M van Veenendaal
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Dominique M IJff
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychology, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, P.O. Box 61, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands and Academic Center for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe/Maastricht University Medical Center, Heeze/Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert P Aldenkamp
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychology, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, P.O. Box 61, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands and Academic Center for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe/Maastricht University Medical Center, Heeze/Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Gent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard H C Lazeron
- Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychology, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, P.O. Box 61, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands and Academic Center for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe/Maastricht University Medical Center, Heeze/Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N Caroline St., Baltimore 21287, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N Caroline St., Baltimore 21287, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Paul A M Hofman
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychology, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, P.O. Box 61, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands and Academic Center for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe/Maastricht University Medical Center, Heeze/Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton J A de Louw
- Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychology, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, P.O. Box 61, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands and Academic Center for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe/Maastricht University Medical Center, Heeze/Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Walter H Backes
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacobus F A Jansen
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Scavuzzo CJ, Moulton CJ, Larsen RJ. The use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for assessing the effect of diet on cognition. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:1-15. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1218191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. Scavuzzo
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Ryan J. Larsen
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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17
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Paul EJ, Larsen RJ, Nikolaidis A, Ward N, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ, Kramer AF, Barbey AK. Dissociable brain biomarkers of fluid intelligence. Neuroimage 2016; 137:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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18
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Febo M, Foster TC. Preclinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Studies of Memory, Aging, and Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:158. [PMID: 27468264 PMCID: PMC4942756 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging provides for non-invasive evaluation of brain structure and activity and has been employed to suggest possible mechanisms for cognitive aging in humans. However, these imaging procedures have limits in terms of defining cellular and molecular mechanisms. In contrast, investigations of cognitive aging in animal models have mostly utilized techniques that have offered insight on synaptic, cellular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms affecting memory. Studies employing magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI and MRS, respectively) in animal models have emerged as an integrative set of techniques bridging localized cellular/molecular phenomenon and broader in vivo neural network alterations. MRI methods are remarkably suited to longitudinal tracking of cognitive function over extended periods permitting examination of the trajectory of structural or activity related changes. Combined with molecular and electrophysiological tools to selectively drive activity within specific brain regions, recent studies have begun to unlock the meaning of fMRI signals in terms of the role of neural plasticity and types of neural activity that generate the signals. The techniques provide a unique opportunity to causally determine how memory-relevant synaptic activity is processed and how memories may be distributed or reconsolidated over time. The present review summarizes research employing animal MRI and MRS in the study of brain function, structure, and biochemistry, with a particular focus on age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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Boyle PA, Yu L, Nag S, Leurgans S, Wilson RS, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive outcomes in community-based older persons. Neurology 2015; 85:1930-6. [PMID: 26537052 PMCID: PMC4664125 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is related to Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia and decline in multiple cognitive systems in old age, independent of AD plaque and tangle pathology and other common age-related neuropathologies. METHODS Participants (n = 1,113) came from 2 longitudinal clinical-pathologic studies of aging, the Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Religious Orders Study. All underwent annual clinical evaluations including detailed cognitive testing for a mean of 7.1 years before death. Clinical diagnoses of AD were established after reviewing all clinical data, blinded to neuropathologic information. Neuropathologic examinations provided measures of CAA, AD pathology, macroscopic infarcts, microinfarcts, and neocortical Lewy bodies. The association of CAA with AD dementia was examined using logistic regression models, and its association with cognitive decline was examined using linear mixed models. RESULTS CAA was common, present in 78.9% of participants, and moderately related to AD pathology (ρ = 0.401, p < 0.0001). In analyses adjusted for plaques, tangles, and other common age-related neuropathologies, CAA was associated with an increased odds of AD dementia (odds ratio = 1.237, 95% confidence interval 1.082-1.414) and an increased rate of decline in global cognition, perceptual speed, episodic memory, and semantic memory. The associations of CAA with cognitive outcomes were not driven by the presence of capillary involvement. CONCLUSIONS CAA is an important determinant of AD dementia and decline in multiple cognitive systems in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Boyle
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (P.A.B., L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.) and Departments of Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B., R.S.W.), Neurological Sciences (L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.), and Pathology (S.N., J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
| | - Lei Yu
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (P.A.B., L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.) and Departments of Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B., R.S.W.), Neurological Sciences (L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.), and Pathology (S.N., J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Sukriti Nag
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (P.A.B., L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.) and Departments of Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B., R.S.W.), Neurological Sciences (L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.), and Pathology (S.N., J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Sue Leurgans
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (P.A.B., L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.) and Departments of Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B., R.S.W.), Neurological Sciences (L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.), and Pathology (S.N., J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert S Wilson
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (P.A.B., L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.) and Departments of Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B., R.S.W.), Neurological Sciences (L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.), and Pathology (S.N., J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - David A Bennett
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (P.A.B., L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.) and Departments of Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B., R.S.W.), Neurological Sciences (L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.), and Pathology (S.N., J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Julie A Schneider
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (P.A.B., L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.) and Departments of Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B., R.S.W.), Neurological Sciences (L.Y., S.N., S.L., R.S.W., D.A.B., J.A.S.), and Pathology (S.N., J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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20
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Niddam DM, Tsai SY, Lin YR. Statistical mapping of metabolites in the medial wall of the brain: a proton echo planar spectroscopic imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:852-61. [PMID: 25338521 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), it is possible to simultaneously map distributions of several brain metabolites with relatively good spatial resolution in a short time. Although other functional imaging modalities have taken advantage of population-based inferences using spatially extended statistics, this approach remains little utilized for MRSI. In this study, statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) was applied to two-dimensional MRSI data from the medial walls of the human brain to assess the effect of normal aging on metabolite concentrations. The effects of different preprocessing steps on these results were then explored. Short echo time MRSI of left and right medial walls was acquired in conjunction with absolute quantification of total choline, total creatine (tCr), glutamate and glutamine, myo-inositol, and N-acetyl-aspartate. Individual images were spatially warped to a common anatomical frame of reference. Age effects were assessed within SnPM as were the effects of voxel subsampling, variance smoothing, and spatial smoothing. The main findings were: (1) regions in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate and in the left posterior cingulate exhibited higher tCr concentrations with age; (2) voxel subsampling but not spatial smoothing enhanced the cluster-level statistical sensitivity; and (3) variance smoothing was of little benefit in this study. Our study shows that spatially extended statistics can yield information about regional-specific changes in metabolite concentrations obtained by short echo time MRSI. This opens up the possibility for systematic comparisons of metabolites in the medial wall of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Niddam
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Integrated Brain Research Unit, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Timoshanko A, Desmond P, Camfield D, Downey L, Stough C. A magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) investigation into brain metabolite correlates of ability emotional intelligence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Contributions of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to understanding development: potential applications in the study of adolescent alcohol use and abuse. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 26:405-23. [PMID: 24621605 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has documented structural and functional brain development during adolescence, yet little is known about neurochemical changes that occur during this important developmental period. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a well-developed technology that permits the in vivo quantification of multiple brain neurochemicals relevant to neuronal health and functioning. However, MRS technology has been underused in exploring normative developmental changes during adolescence and the onset of alcohol and drug use and abuse during this developmental period. This review begins with a brief overview of normative cognitive and neurobiological development during adolescence, followed by an introduction to MRS principles. The subsequent sections provide a comprehensive review of the existing MRS studies of development and cognitive functioning in healthy children and adolescents. The final sections of this article address the potential application of MRS in identifying neurochemical predictors and consequences of alcohol use and abuse in adolescence. MRS studies of adolescent populations hold promise for advancing our understanding of neurobiological risk factors for psychopathology by identifying the biochemical signatures associated with healthy brain development, as well as neurobiological and cognitive correlates of alcohol and substance use and abuse.
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Patel T, Blyth JC, Griffiths G, Kelly D, Talcott JB. Moderate relationships between NAA and cognitive ability in healthy adults: implications for cognitive spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:39. [PMID: 24592224 PMCID: PMC3924143 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is a non-invasive imaging technique that enables quantification of neurochemistry in vivo and thereby facilitates investigation of the biochemical underpinnings of human cognitive variability. Studies in the field of cognitive spectroscopy have commonly focused on relationships between measures of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a surrogate marker of neuronal health and function, and broad measures of cognitive performance, such as IQ. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we used (1)H-MRS to interrogate single-voxels in occipitoparietal and frontal cortex, in parallel with assessments of psychometric intelligence, in a sample of 40 healthy adult participants. We found correlations between NAA and IQ that were within the range reported in previous studies. However, the magnitude of these effects was significantly modulated by the stringency of data screening and the extent to which outlying values contributed to statistical analyses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE (1)H-MRS offers a sensitive tool for assessing neurochemistry non-invasively, yet the relationships between brain metabolites and broad aspects of human behavior such as IQ are subtle. We highlight the need to develop an increasingly rigorous analytical and interpretive framework for collecting and reporting data obtained from cognitive spectroscopy studies of this kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulpesh Patel
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Gareth Griffiths
- European Bioenergy Research Institute, Aston University Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Joel B Talcott
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University Birmingham, UK
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Tunc-Skarka N, Meier S, Demirakca T, Sack M, Weber-Fahr W, Brusniak W, Wolf I, Matthäus F, Schulze TG, Diener C, Ende G. Effects of normal aging and SCN1A risk-gene expression on brain metabolites: evidence for an association between SCN1A and myo-inositol. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:228-234. [PMID: 24357141 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously reported MRS findings in the aging brain include lower N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and higher myo-inositol (mI), total creatine (Cr) and choline-containing compound (Cho) concentrations. Alterations in the sodium channel voltage gated type I, alpha subunit SCN1A variant rs10930201 have been reported to be associated with several neurological disorders with cognitive deficits. MRS studies in SCN1A-related diseases have reported striking differences in the mI concentrations between patients and controls. In a study on 'healthy aging', we investigated metabolite spectra in a sample of 83 healthy volunteers and determined their age dependence. We also investigated a potential link between SCN1A and mI. We observed a significantly negative association of NAA (p = 0.004) and significantly positive associations of mI (p ≤ 0.001), Cr (p ≤ 0.001) and Cho (p = 0.034) with age in frontal white matter. The linear association of Cho ends at the age of about 50 years and is followed by an inverted 'U'-shaped curve. Further, mI was higher in C allele carriers of the SCN1A variant rs10930201. Our results corroborated the age-related changes in metabolite concentrations, and found evidence for a link between SCN1A and frontal white matter mI in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuran Tunc-Skarka
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
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Chiu PW, Mak HKF, Yau KKW, Chan Q, Chang RCC, Chu LW. Metabolic changes in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices of the normal aging brain: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 3 T. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:251-64. [PMID: 23709317 PMCID: PMC3889884 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can explore aging at a molecular level. In this study, we investigated the relationships between regional concentrations of metabolites (such as choline, creatine, myo-inositol, and N-acetyl-aspartate) and normal aging in 30 cognitively normal subjects (15 women and 15 men, age range 22-82, mean = 49.9 ± 18.3 years) using quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All MR scans were performed using a 3 T scanner. Point resolved spectroscopy was used as the volume selection method for the region-of-interest and the excitation method for water suppression. Single voxel spectroscopy with short echo time of 39 ms and repetition time of 2,000 ms was employed. Single voxels were placed in the limbic regions, i.e., anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and left and right hippocampi. Cerebrospinal fluid normalization and T1 and T2 correction factors were implemented in the calculation of absolute metabolite concentrations. A standardized T1W 3D volumetric fast field echo and axial T2-weighted fast spin-echo images were also acquired. Our results showed significant positive correlation of choline (r = 0.545, p = 0.002), creatine (r = 0.571, p = 0.001), and N-acetyl-aspartate (r = 0.674, p < 0.001) in the ACC; choline (r = 0.614, p < 0.001), creatine (r = 0.670, p < 0.001), and N-acetyl-aspartate (r = 0.528, p = 0.003) in the PCC; and NAA (r = 0.409, p = 0.025) in the left hippocampus, with age. No significant gender effect on metabolite concentrations was found. In aging, increases in choline and creatine might suggest glial proliferation, and an increase in N-acetyl-aspartate might indicate neuronal hypertrophy. Such findings highlight the metabolic changes of ACC and PCC with age, which could be compensatory to an increased energy demand coupled with a lower cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Wai Chiu
- />Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henry Ka-Fung Mak
- />Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- />Alzheimer’s Disease Research Network, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- />Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- />Queen Mary Hospital, Room 406, Block K, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wing Yau
- />Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Queenie Chan
- />Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- />Philips Healthcare, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- />Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- />Alzheimer’s Disease Research Network, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- />Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leung-Wing Chu
- />Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- />Alzheimer’s Disease Research Network, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- />Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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De Pisapia N, Serra M, Rigo P, Jager J, Papinutto N, Esposito G, Venuti P, Bornstein MH. Interpersonal competence in young adulthood and right laterality in white matter. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 26:1257-65. [PMID: 24345175 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The right hemisphere of the human brain is known to be involved in processes underlying emotion and social cognition. Clinical neuropsychology investigations and brain lesion studies have linked a number of personality and social disorders to abnormal white matter (WM) integrity in the right hemisphere. Here, we tested the hypothesis that interpersonal competencies are associated with integrity of WM tracts in the right hemisphere of healthy young adults. Thirty-one participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging scanning. Fractional anisotropy was used to quantify water diffusion. After the scanning session, participants completed the Adolescent Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire. Fractional anisotropy was subsequently correlated with Adolescent Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire scores using tract-based spatial statistics. Higher interpersonal competencies are related to higher WM integrity in several major tracts of the right hemisphere, in specific the uncinate fasciculus, the cingulum, the forceps minor, the infero-fronto occipital fasciculus, the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and the superior longitudinal fasciculus. These results provide the first direct analysis of the neuroanatomical basis of interpersonal competencies and young adult self-reported skills in social contexts.
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Abstract
The present review describes brain imaging technologies that can be used to assess the effects of nutritional interventions in human subjects. Specifically, we summarise the biological relevance of their outcome measures, practical use and feasibility, and recommended use in short- and long-term nutritional studies. The brain imaging technologies described consist of MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional MRI, as well as electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography, near-IR spectroscopy, positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computerised tomography. In nutritional interventions and across the lifespan, brain imaging can detect macro- and microstructural, functional, electrophysiological and metabolic changes linked to broader functional outcomes, such as cognition. Imaging markers can be considered as specific for one or several brain processes and as surrogate instrumental endpoints that may provide sensitive measures of short- and long-term effects. For the majority of imaging measures, little information is available regarding their correlation with functional endpoints in healthy subjects; therefore, imaging markers generally cannot replace clinical endpoints that reflect the overall capacity of the brain to behaviourally respond to specific situations and stimuli. The principal added value of brain imaging measures for human nutritional intervention studies is their ability to provide unique in vivo information on the working mechanism of an intervention in hypothesis-driven research. Selection of brain imaging techniques and target markers within a given technique should mainly depend on the hypothesis regarding the mechanism of action of the intervention, level (structural, metabolic or functional) and anticipated timescale of the intervention's effects, target population, availability and costs of the techniques.
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Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurological disorders and in the mechanisms of antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Psychiatric and neurological conditions have also been associated with reduced brain levels of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), which has been used as a putative marker of neural integrity. However, few studies have explored the relationship between BDNF polymorphisms and NAA levels directly. Here, we present data from a single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of 64 individuals and explore the relationship between BDNF polymorphisms and prefrontal NAA level. Our results indicate an association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within BDNF, known as rs1519480, and reduced NAA level (p = 0.023). NAA levels were further predicted by age and Asian ancestry. There was a significant rs1519480 × age interaction on NAA level (p = 0.031). Specifically, the effect of rs1519480 on NAA level became significant at age ⩾34.17 yr. NAA level decreased with advancing age for genotype TT (p = 0.001) but not for genotype CT (p = 0.82) or CC (p = 0.34). Additional in silico analysis of 142 post-mortem brain samples revealed an association between the same SNP and reduced BDNF mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex. The rs1519480 SNP influences BDNF mRNA expression and has an impact on prefrontal NAA level over time. This genetic mechanism may contribute to inter-individual variation in cognitive performance seen during normal ageing, as well as contributing to the risk for developing psychiatric and neurological conditions.
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Glodzik L, Wu WE, Babb JS, Achtnichts L, Amann M, Sollberger M, Monsch AU, Gass A, Gonen O. The whole-brain N-acetylaspartate correlates with education in normal adults. Psychiatry Res 2012. [PMID: 23177924 PMCID: PMC3508436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is an index of neuronal integrity. We hypothesized that in healthy subjects its whole brain concentration (WBNAA) may be related to formal educational attainment, a common proxy for cognitive reserve. To test this hypothesis, 97 middle aged to elderly subjects (51-89 years old, 38% women) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and non-localizing proton spectroscopy. Their WBNAA was obtained by dividing their whole-head NAA amount by the brain volume. Intracranial volume and fractional brain volume, a metric of brain atrophy, were also determined. Each subject's educational attainment was the sum of his/her years of formal education. In the entire group higher education was associated with larger intracranial volume. The relationship between WBNAA and education was observed only in younger (51-70 years old) participants. In this group, education explained 21% of the variance in WBNAA. More WBNAA was related to more years of formal education in adults and younger elders. Prospective studies can determine whether this relationship reflects a true advantage from years of training versus innate characteristics predisposing a subject to higher achievements later in life. We propose that late-life WBNAA may be more affected by other factors acting at midlife and later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Glodzik
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - William E. Wu
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - James S. Babb
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lutz Achtnichts
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Amann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland,Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Sollberger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland,Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas U. Monsch
- Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Achim Gass
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oded Gonen
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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In vivo glutamate measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy: behavioral correlates in aging. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1265-76. [PMID: 23116877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered availability of the brain biochemical glutamate might contribute to the neural mechanisms underlying age-related changes in cognitive and motor functions. To investigate the contribution of regional glutamate levels to behavior in the aging brain, we used an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocol optimized for glutamate detection in 3 brain regions targeted by cortical glutamatergic efferents-striatum, cerebellum, and pons. Data from 61 healthy men and women ranging in age from 20 to 86 years were used. Older age was associated with lower glutamate levels in the striatum, but not cerebellum or pons. Older age was also predictive of poorer performance on tests of visuomotor skills and balance. Low striatal glutamate levels were associated with high systolic blood pressure and worse performance on a complex visuomotor task, the Grooved Pegboard. These findings suggest that low brain glutamate levels are related to high blood pressure and that changes in brain glutamate levels might mediate the behavioral changes noted in normal aging.
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Piefke M, Onur ÖA, Fink GR. Aging-related changes of neural mechanisms underlying visual-spatial working memory. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1284-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maudsley AA, Govind V, Arheart KL. Associations of age, gender and body mass with 1H MR-observed brain metabolites and tissue distributions. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:580-93. [PMID: 21858879 PMCID: PMC3313016 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have indicated that a measure of adiposity, the body mass index (BMI), is associated with MR-observed brain metabolite concentrations and tissue volume measures. In addition to indicating possible associations between brain metabolism, BMI and cognitive function, the inclusion of BMI as an additional subject selection criterion could potentially improve the detection of metabolic and structural differences between subjects and study groups. In this study, a retrospective analysis of 140 volumetric MRSI datasets was carried out to investigate the value of including BMI in the subject selection relative to age and gender. The findings replicate earlier reports of strong associations of N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline and gray matter with age and gender, with additional observations of slightly increased spectral linewidth with age and in female relative to male subjects. Associations of metabolite levels, linewidth and gray matter volume with BMI were also observed, although only in some regions. Using voxel-based analyses, it was also observed that the patterns of the relative changes of metabolites with BMI matched those of linewidth with BMI or weight, and that residual magnetic field inhomogeneity and measures of spectral quality were influenced by body weight. It is concluded that, although associations of metabolite levels and tissue distributions with BMI occur, these may be attributable to issues associated with data acquisition and analysis; however, an organic origin for these findings cannot be specifically excluded. There is, however, sufficient evidence to warrant the inclusion of body weight as a subject selection parameter, secondary to age, and as a factor in data analysis for MRS studies of some brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Maudsley
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Age-related differences in metabolites in the posterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus of normal ageing brain: A 1H-MRS study. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81:e223-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kanai R, Rees G. The structural basis of inter-individual differences in human behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:231-42. [PMID: 21407245 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inter-individual variability in perception, thought and action is frequently treated as a source of 'noise' in scientific investigations of the neural mechanisms that underlie these processes, and discarded by averaging data from a group of participants. However, recent MRI studies in the human brain show that inter-individual variability in a wide range of basic and higher cognitive functions - including perception, motor control, memory, aspects of consciousness and the ability to introspect - can be predicted from the local structure of grey and white matter as assessed by voxel-based morphometry or diffusion tensor imaging. We propose that inter-individual differences can be used as a source of information to link human behaviour and cognition to brain anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kanai
- The UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK.
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Arvanitakis Z, Leurgans SE, Wang Z, Wilson RS, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy pathology and cognitive domains in older persons. Ann Neurol 2010; 69:320-7. [PMID: 21387377 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) to cognitive domains in older community-dwelling persons with and without dementia. METHODS Subjects were 404 persons in the Religious Orders Study, a cohort study of aging, who underwent annual clinical evaluations, including 19 neuropsychological tests from which 5 cognitive domain and global summary scores were derived, and brain autopsy at time-of-death (mean age-at-death 86). Using amyloid-β immunostaining, CAA severity was graded in 5 regions (midfrontal, inferior temporal, angular, calcarine, and hippocampal cortices), as 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, and 4 = very severe. Because severity was related across regions (all r(s) > 0.63), and almost all persons had some CAA, we averaged regional CAA scores and created class variable predictors for no-to-minimal (<0.5), mild-to-moderate (0.5-2.5) and moderate-to-very severe CAA (>2.5). RESULTS CAA was very common (84.9%; 94 had no-to-minimal, 233 mild-to-moderate, and 76 moderate-to-very severe disease) and was related to AD pathology (r(s) = 0.68). In linear regression analyses controlling for age, sex, education, AD pathology, infarcts, and Lewy bodies, moderate-to-very severe CAA was associated with lower perceptual speed (p = 0.012) and episodic memory (p = 0.047), but not semantic memory, working memory, visuospatial skills, or a composite of all cognitive measures. No associations of mild-to-moderate CAA with cognition were found. Dementia did not modify these findings. INTERPRETATION CAA pathology is very common in older community-dwelling persons and is associated with AD pathology. Moderate-to-very severe CAA, but not mild-to-moderate CAA, is associated with lower performance in specific cognitive domains, most notably perceptual speed, separately from the effect of AD pathology.
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Chronic cigarette smoking: implications for neurocognition and brain neurobiology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:3760-91. [PMID: 21139859 PMCID: PMC2996190 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7103760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the substantial volume of research on the general health consequences associated with chronic smoking, little research has been specifically devoted to the investigation of its effects on human neurobiology and neurocognition. This review summarizes the peer-reviewed literature on the neurocognitive and neurobiological implications of chronic cigarette smoking in cohorts that were not seeking treatment for substance use or psychiatric disorders. Studies that specifically assessed the neurocognitive or neurobiological (with emphasis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance-based neuroimaging studies) consequences of chronic smoking are highlighted. Chronic cigarette smoking appears to be associated with deficiencies in executive functions, cognitive flexibility, general intellectual abilities, learning and/or memory processing speed, and working memory. Chronic smoking is related to global brain atrophy and to structural and biochemical abnormalities in anterior frontal regions, subcortical nuclei and commissural white matter. Chronic smoking may also be associated with an increased risk for various forms of neurodegenerative diseases. The existing literature is limited by inconsistent accounting for potentially confounding biomedical and psychiatric conditions, focus on cross-sectional studies with middle aged and older adults and the absence of studies concurrently assessing neurocognitive, neurobiological and genetic factors in the same cohort. Consequently, the mechanisms promoting the neurocognitive and neurobiological abnormalities reported in chronic smokers are unclear. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if the smoking-related neurobiological and neurocognitive abnormalities increase over time and/or show recovery with sustained smoking cessation.
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Kuzyk A, Kastyak M, Agrawal V, Gallant M, Sivakumar G, Rak M, Del Bigio MR, Westaway D, Julian R, Gough KM. Association among amyloid plaque, lipid, and creatine in hippocampus of TgCRND8 mouse model for Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31202-7. [PMID: 20682779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.142174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregation in the brain is a characteristic feature of Alzheimer disease (AD). Previously, we reported the discovery of focally elevated creatine deposits in brain tissue from TgCRND8 mice, which express double mutant (K670N/M671L and V717F) amyloid protein precursor. In this study, frozen hippocampal tissue sections from 5-, 8-, 11-, 14-, and 17-month old TgCRND8 and littermate control mice were examined with Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy to explore the distribution of lipid, creatine, and dense core plaque deposits. Lipid distribution throughout the hippocampus was similar in transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg littermates at all ages. Dense core plaques were always found to lie within a thin (30-50 μm) lipid envelope, confirmed by imaging through serial sections. Creatine deposits were found in all TgCRND8 mice; the extent of deposition increased with age. Minor creatine deposits appeared in the oldest littermate controls. Distribution in the serial sections showed moderate correlation between layers, slightly disturbed by the freeze/thaw process. Creatine deposits in Tg mice were not specifically co-localized with plaques or lipid halos. The dimension of the lipid envelope is comparable with that of the diffuse halo of nonaggregated amyloid, implying a dynamic association in vivo, postulated to have a significant role in the evolving neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kuzyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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Gazdzinski S, Millin R, Kaiser LG, Durazzo TC, Mueller SG, Weiner MW, Meyerhoff DJ. BMI and neuronal integrity in healthy, cognitively normal elderly: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:743-8. [PMID: 19816410 PMCID: PMC2847061 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies associated excess body weight with brain structural alterations, poorer cognitive function, and lower prefrontal glucose metabolism. We found that higher BMI was related to lower concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA, a marker of neuronal integrity) in a healthy middle-aged cohort, especially in frontal lobe. Here, we evaluated whether NAA was also associated with BMI in a healthy elderly cohort. We used 4 Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) data from 23 healthy, cognitively normal elderly participants (69.4 +/- 6.9 years; 12 females) and measured concentrations of NAA, glutamate (Glu, involved in cellular metabolism), choline-containing compounds (Cho, involved in membrane metabolism), and creatine (Cr, involved in high-energy metabolism) in anterior (ACC) and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC). After adjustment for age, greater BMI was related to lower NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho ratios (beta < -0.56, P < 0.008) and lower Glu/Cr and Glu/Cho ratios (beta < -0.46, P < 0.02) in ACC. These associations were not significant in PCC (beta > -0.36, P > 0.09). The existence of an association between NAA and BMI in ACC but not in PCC is consistent with our previous study in healthy middle-aged individuals and with reports of lower frontal glucose metabolism in young healthy individuals with elevated BMI. Taken together, these results provide evidence that elevated BMI is associated with neuronal abnormalities mostly in frontal brain regions that subserve higher cognitive functions and impulse control. Future studies need to evaluate whether these metabolite abnormalities are involved in the development and maintenance of weight problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gazdzinski
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Deary IJ, Penke L, Johnson W. The neuroscience of human intelligence differences. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:201-11. [PMID: 20145623 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience is contributing to an understanding of the biological bases of human intelligence differences. This work is principally being conducted along two empirical fronts: genetics--quantitative and molecular--and brain imaging. Quantitative genetic studies have established that there are additive genetic contributions to different aspects of cognitive ability--especially general intelligence--and how they change through the lifespan. Molecular genetic studies have yet to identify reliably reproducible contributions from individual genes. Structural and functional brain-imaging studies have identified differences in brain pathways, especially parieto-frontal pathways, that contribute to intelligence differences. There is also evidence that brain efficiency correlates positively with intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Kochunov P, Coyle T, Lancaster J, Robin DA, Hardies J, Kochunov V, Bartzokis G, Stanley J, Royall D, Schlosser AE, Null M, Fox PT. Processing speed is correlated with cerebral health markers in the frontal lobes as quantified by neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2010; 49:1190-9. [PMID: 19796691 PMCID: PMC2789896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored relationships between decline in cognitive processing speed (CPS) and change in frontal lobe MRI/MRS-based indices of cerebral integrity in 38 healthy adults (age 57-90 years). CPS was assessed using a battery of four timed neuropsychological tests: Grooved Pegboard, Coding, Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Category Fluency (Fruits and Furniture). The neuropsychological tests were factor analyzed to extract two components of CPS: psychomotor (PM) and psychophysical (PP). MRI-based indices of cerebral integrity included three cortical measurements per hemisphere (GM thickness, intergyral and sulcal spans) and two subcortical indices (fractional anisotropy (FA), measured using track-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and the volume of hyperintense WM (HWM)). MRS indices included levels of choline-containing compounds (GPC+PC), phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr+Cr), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA), measured bilaterally in the frontal WM bundles. A substantial fraction of the variance in the PM-CPS (58%) was attributed to atrophic changes in frontal WM, observed as increases in sulcal span, declines in FA values and reductions in concentrations of NAA and choline-containing compounds. A smaller proportion (20%) of variance in the PP-CPS could be explained by bilateral increases in frontal sulcal span and increases in HWM volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kochunov
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Research Imaging Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284, USA.
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Roche RAP, Mullally SL, McNulty JP, Hayden J, Brennan P, Doherty CP, Fitzsimons M, McMackin D, Prendergast J, Sukumaran S, Mangaoang MA, Robertson IH, O'Mara SM. Prolonged rote learning produces delayed memory facilitation and metabolic changes in the hippocampus of the ageing human brain. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:136. [PMID: 19930568 PMCID: PMC2784789 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated rehearsal is one method by which verbal material may be transferred from short- to long-term memory. We hypothesised that extended engagement of memory structures through prolonged rehearsal would result in enhanced efficacy of recall and also of brain structures implicated in new learning. Twenty-four normal participants aged 55-70 (mean = 60.1) engaged in six weeks of rote learning, during which they learned 500 words per week every week (prose, poetry etc.). An extensive battery of memory tests was administered on three occasions, each six weeks apart. In addition, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to measure metabolite levels in seven voxels of interest (VOIs) (including hippocampus) before and after learning. RESULTS Results indicate a facilitation of new learning that was evident six weeks after rote learning ceased. This facilitation occurred for verbal/episodic material only, and was mirrored by a metabolic change in left posterior hippocampus, specifically an increase in NAA/(Cr+Cho) ratio. CONCLUSION Results suggest that repeated activation of memory structures facilitates anamnesis and may promote neuronal plasticity in the ageing brain, and that compliance is a key factor in such facilitation as the effect was confined to those who engaged fully with the training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard AP Roche
- School of Psychology & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Dept of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sinéad L Mullally
- School of Psychology & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jonathan P McNulty
- School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Judy Hayden
- School of Psychology & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul Brennan
- Dept of Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Colin P Doherty
- Dept of Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mary Fitzsimons
- Dept of Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Deirdre McMackin
- St Patrick's Hospital, PO Box 136, James's St, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Julie Prendergast
- Dept of Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sunita Sukumaran
- Dept of Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Ian H Robertson
- School of Psychology & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shane M O'Mara
- School of Psychology & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Ozturk A, Degaonkar M, Matson MA, Wells CT, Mahone EM, Horská A. Proton MR spectroscopy correlates of frontal lobe function in healthy children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30:1308-14. [PMID: 19357380 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuroimaging methods have been used to improve our understanding of the topographic organization of the brain. In our study, proton (1)H-MR spectroscopic imaging was used to evaluate frontal lobe function. The goal was to determine the relationship between neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe function and levels of a surrogate neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), in typically developing healthy children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-one healthy children (25 girls; 6.2-18.3 years of age; mean age, 12.3 +/- 3.6 years) were examined. All children completed a neuropsychological assessment including measures of attention, executive function, memory, language, and visual and motor skills. (1)H-MR spectroscopic imaging was performed by using a multisection spin-echo sequence at 1.5T. General linear model analysis of covariance was used to examine the relationship between the neuropsychological test scores and NAA/creatine (Cr) ratios, controlling for age and sex. RESULTS A positive relationship between frontal lobe white matter NAA/Cr ratio and performance on 2 neuropsychological tests associated with frontal lobe function was detected. The Purdue Pegboard right-hand scores were higher with increasing NAA/Cr in the left frontal white matter (P = .047), and Stanford-Binet-IV "Bead Memory" scores improved with increasing NAA/Cr ratio in the right frontal white matter (P = .032). CONCLUSIONS An association between frontal white matter NAA/Cr ratios and 1) measures of manual speed and dexterity, and 2) visual working memory was detected. Our data may provide a quantitative basis for assessment of frontal lobe impairments in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ozturk
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Karl A, Werner A. The use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in PTSD research--meta-analyses of findings and methodological review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:7-22. [PMID: 19559046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Different neuroimaging techniques provided evidence for structural and functional brain alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Due to technical improvements, especially concerning localization techniques and more reliable analysis methods, one technique, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS), has increasingly become of interest because it allows further insight into metabolic mechanisms that may contribute to these alterations. The aim of this article is, therefore, to review recent studies utilizing (1)H-MRS of the hippocampus and other brain structures in PTSD. Using meta-analytic methods, we attempted to answer the question if PTSD, as compared to different types of control samples, is accompanied by altered neurometabolite ratios and concentrations in the tissue of different brain regions. A second intent was to review methodological aspects to advise on a minimal standard for reliable results with respect to the application of (1)H-MRS in PTSD. Finally, we discussed the implications of the findings with respect to current PTSD models and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Karl
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK.
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Jung RE, Gasparovic C, Chavez RS, Caprihan A, Barrow R, Yeo RA. Imaging intelligence with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. INTELLIGENCE 2009; 37:192-198. [PMID: 19936275 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is a technique for the assay of brain neurochemistry in vivo. N-acetylaspartate (NAA), the most prominent metabolite visible within the (1)H-MRS spectrum, is found primarily within neurons. The current study was designed to further elucidate NAA-cognition relationships, particularly whether such relationships are moderated by sex, or tissue type (gray or white matter). We administered standard measures of intelligence to 63 young, healthy subjects and obtained spectroscopic imaging data within a slab of tissue superior to the lateral ventricles. We found that lower NAA within right anterior gray matter predicted better performance VIQ (F=6.83, p=.011, r(2)=.10), while higher NAA within the right posterior gray matter region predicted better PIQ (F=8.175, p=.006, r(2)=.12). These findings add to the small but growing body of literature linking brain biochemistry to intelligence in normal healthy subjects using (1)H-MRSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex E Jung
- The Mental Illness and Neuroscience Discovery (MIND) Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Okuda DT, Srinivasan R, Oksenberg JR, Goodin DS, Baranzini SE, Beheshtian A, Waubant E, Zamvil SS, Leppert D, Qualley P, Lincoln R, Gomez R, Caillier S, George M, Wang J, Nelson SJ, Cree BAC, Hauser SL, Pelletier D. Genotype-Phenotype correlations in multiple sclerosis: HLA genes influence disease severity inferred by 1HMR spectroscopy and MRI measures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 132:250-9. [PMID: 19022862 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*1501 allele. Here we show a clear association between DRB1*1501 carrier status and four domains of disease severity in an investigation of genotype-phenotype associations in 505 robust, clinically well characterized MS patients evaluated cross-sectionally: (i) a reduction in the N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) concentration within normal appearing white matter (NAWM) via (1)HMR spectroscopy (P = 0.025), (ii) an increase in the volume of white matter (WM) lesions utilizing conventional anatomical MRI techniques (1,127 mm(3); P = 0.031), (iii) a reduction in normalized brain parenchymal volume (nBPV) (P = 0.023), and (iv) impairments in cognitive function as measured by the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT-3) performance (Mean Z Score: DRB1*1501+: 0.110 versus DRB1*1501-: 0.048; P = 0.004). In addition, DRB1*1501+ patients had significantly more women (74% versus 63%; P = 0.009) and a younger mean age at disease onset (32.4 years versus 34.3 years; P = 0.025). Our findings suggest that DRB1*1501 increases disease severity in MS by facilitating the development of more T2-foci, thereby increasing the potential for irreversible axonal compromise and subsequent neuronal degeneration, as suggested by the reduction of NAA concentrations in NAWM, ultimately leading to a decline in brain volume. These structural aberrations may explain the significant differences in cognitive performance observed between DRB1*1501 groups. The overall goal of a deep phenotypic approach to MS is to develop an array of meaningful biomarkers to monitor the course of the disease, predict future disease behaviour, determine when treatment is necessary, and perhaps to more effectively recommend an available therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Okuda
- UCSF Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117, USA
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Salem DB, Walker PM, Bejot Y, Aho SL, Tavernier B, Rouaud O, Ricolfi F, Brunotte F. N-Acetylaspartate/Creatine and Choline/Creatine Ratios in the Thalami, Insular Cortex and White Matter as Markers of Hypertension and Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:1851-7. [DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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