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Adaptor Protein Complex 1 Sigma 3 Is Highly Expressed in Glioma and Could Enhance Its Progression. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5086236. [PMID: 34367317 PMCID: PMC8346305 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5086236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Glioma is the widely occurring deadly neoplasm induced by glial cell canceration in the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. The function of AP1S3 is special in numerous diseases, but its exact role in glioma remains unknown. Methods Bioinformatics analysis was performed at the beginning. Based on TCGA database, differentially expressed genes were obtained. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis is performed by STRING. The annotation, visualization, and synthesis (DAVID) discovery database program was used for gene ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. The Kaplan-Meier curve was plotted to determine the prognostic value of AP1S3 Also, in vitro experiments were conducted in our research. Results 4370 differentially expressed genes were identified. 215 key genes were screened by protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis; AP1S3 had a higher degree. The top five enriched pathways related to AP1S3 contain protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), extracellular matrix receptor (ECM receptor) interaction, focal adhesion, advanced glycation end product (AGE) receptor for AGE (RAGE) signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and mRNA surveillance pathway. Additionally, the AP1S3 level was dramatically upregulated in glioblastoma (GBM) samples, but greatly reduced in low-grade glioma (LGG) samples when compared to that in normal tissues. The Kaplan-Meier curve data showed that AP1S3 was closely related to the disease-free survival (DFS) of glioma. Our data suggested that the expression of AP1S3 was increased in glioma in comparison with normal tissues, in line with the data of clinical samples. What was more, our data demonstrated that the reduction of AP1S3 in glioma cells could result in the inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Conclusion Collectively, our results implied that AP1S3 was a promising biomarker of glioma diagnosis and displayed as an oncogene in glioma.
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Schier LA, Spector AC. The Functional and Neurobiological Properties of Bad Taste. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:605-663. [PMID: 30475657 PMCID: PMC6442928 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gustatory system serves as a critical line of defense against ingesting harmful substances. Technological advances have fostered the characterization of peripheral receptors and have created opportunities for more selective manipulations of the nervous system, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying taste-based avoidance and aversion remain poorly understood. One conceptual obstacle stems from a lack of recognition that taste signals subserve several behavioral and physiological functions which likely engage partially segregated neural circuits. Moreover, although the gustatory system evolved to respond expediently to broad classes of biologically relevant chemicals, innate repertoires are often not in register with the actual consequences of a food. The mammalian brain exhibits tremendous flexibility; responses to taste can be modified in a specific manner according to bodily needs and the learned consequences of ingestion. Therefore, experimental strategies that distinguish between the functional properties of various taste-guided behaviors and link them to specific neural circuits need to be applied. Given the close relationship between the gustatory and visceroceptive systems, a full reckoning of the neural architecture of bad taste requires an understanding of how these respective sensory signals are integrated in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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Dong N, Senzel A, Li K, Lu TZ, Guo CH, Aleksic M, Feng ZP. MEN1 Tumor Suppressor Gene is Required for Long-term Memory Formation in an Aversive Operant Conditioning Model of Lymnaea stagnalis. Neuroscience 2018; 379:22-31. [PMID: 29496634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent transcription factors critically coordinate the gene expression program underlying memory formation. The tumor suppressor gene, MEN1, encodes a ubiquitously expressed transcription regulator required for synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity in invertebrate and vertebrate central neurons. In this study, we investigated the role of MEN1 in long-term memory (LTM) formation in an aversive operant conditioning paradigm in the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis). We demonstrated that LTM formation is associated with an increased expression of MEN1 coinciding with an up-regulation of creb1 gene expression. In vivo knockdown of MEN1 prevented LTM formation and conditioning-induced changes in neuronal activity in the identified pacemaker neuron RPeD1. Our findings suggest the involvement of a new pathway in LTM consolidation that requires MEN1-mediated gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Dong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anthony Senzel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kathy Li
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tom Z Lu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cong-Hui Guo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mila Aleksic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Mishra R, Manchanda S, Gupta M, Kaur T, Saini V, Sharma A, Kaur G. Tinospora cordifolia ameliorates anxiety-like behavior and improves cognitive functions in acute sleep deprived rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25564. [PMID: 27146164 PMCID: PMC4857086 DOI: 10.1038/srep25564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) leads to the spectrum of mood disorders like anxiety, cognitive dysfunctions and motor coordination impairment in many individuals. However, there is no effective pharmacological remedy to negate the effects of SD. The current study examined whether 50% ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) can attenuate these negative effects of SD. Three groups of adult Wistar female rats - (1) vehicle treated-sleep undisturbed (VUD), (2) vehicle treated-sleep deprived (VSD) and (3) TCE treated-sleep deprived (TSD) animals were tested behaviorally for cognitive functions, anxiety and motor coordination. TSD animals showed improved behavioral response in EPM and NOR tests for anxiety and cognitive functions, respectively as compared to VSD animals. TCE pretreatment modulated the stress induced-expression of plasticity markers PSA-NCAM, NCAM and GAP-43 along with proteins involved in the maintenance of LTP i.e., CamKII-α and calcineurin (CaN) in hippocampus and PC regions of the brain. Interestingly, contrary to VSD animals, TSD animals showed downregulated expression of inflammatory markers such as CD11b/c, MHC-1 and cytokines along with inhibition of apoptotic markers. This data suggests that TCE alone or in combination with other memory enhancing agents may help in managing sleep deprivation associated stress and improving cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Mishra
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Shaffi Manchanda
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Muskan Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Taranjeet Kaur
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Vedangana Saini
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Anuradha Sharma
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
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Role of glutamate receptors of central and basolateral amygdala nuclei on retrieval and reconsolidation of taste aversive memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 111:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Activation of efferents from the basolateral amygdala during the retrieval of conditioned taste aversion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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He Z, Cui L, He B, Ferguson SA, Paule MG. A common genetic mechanism underlying susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder. World J Neurol 2013; 3:14-24. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v3.i3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be determined in part by aberrant microtubule-associated protein tau expression in neurons of critical brain structures. The following lines of evidence support this hypothesis. First, epidemiologic data suggest the involvement of genetic factors in the susceptibility to PTSD. Second, the common features of both abnormal tau expression and PTSD include amygdalar and hippocampal atrophy, upregulation of norepinephrine biosynthetic capacity in the surviving locus coeruleus neurons and dysfunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptors. Finally, our experiments using rTg4510 mice, a model that over-expresses human mutant tau and develops age-dependent tauopathy, demonstrate that these animals display circling behavior thought to be related to states of anxiety. To detect the potential molecular mechanisms underlying PTSD episodes, laser-assisted/capture microdissection can be used with microarray analysis as an alternative approach to identify changes in gene expression in excitatory and/or inhibitory neurons in critical brain structures (i.e., hippocampus and amygdala) in response to the onset of PTSD.
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Hayes DJ, Northoff G. Common brain activations for painful and non-painful aversive stimuli. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:60. [PMID: 22676259 PMCID: PMC3464596 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of potentially harmful stimuli is necessary for the well-being and self-preservation of all organisms. However, the neural substrates involved in the processing of aversive stimuli are not well understood. For instance, painful and non-painful aversive stimuli are largely thought to activate different neural networks. However, it is presently unclear whether there is a common aversion-related network of brain regions responsible for the basic processing of aversive stimuli. To help clarify this issue, this report used a cross-species translational approach in humans (i.e. meta-analysis) and rodents (i.e. systematic review of functional neuroanatomy). RESULTS Animal and human data combined to show a core aversion-related network, consisting of similar cortical (i.e. MCC, PCC, AI, DMPFC, RTG, SMA, VLOFC; see results section or abbreviation section for full names) and subcortical (i.e. Amyg, BNST, DS, Hab, Hipp/Parahipp, Hyp, NAc, NTS, PAG, PBN, raphe, septal nuclei, Thal, LC, midbrain) regions. In addition, a number of regions appeared to be more involved in pain-related (e.g. sensory cortex) or non-pain-related (e.g. amygdala) aversive processing. CONCLUSIONS This investigation suggests that aversive processing, at the most basic level, relies on similar neural substrates, and that differential responses may be due, in part, to the recruitment of additional structures as well as the spatio-temporal dynamic activity of the network. This network perspective may provide a clearer understanding of why components of this circuit appear dysfunctional in some psychiatric and pain-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada
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Panguluri SK, Kuwabara N, Kang Y, Cooper N, Lundy RF. Conditioned taste aversion dependent regulation of amygdala gene expression. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:996-1006. [PMID: 22119580 PMCID: PMC3260345 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present experiments investigated gene expression in the amygdala following contingent taste/LiCl treatment that supports development of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). The use of whole genome chips and stringent data set filtering led to the identification of 168 genes regulated by CTA compared to non-contingent LiCl treatment that does not support CTA learning. Seventy-six of these genes were eligible for network analysis. Such analysis identified "behavior" as the top biological function, which was represented by 15 of the 76 genes. These genes included several neuropeptides, G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, kinases, and phosphatases. Subsequent qRT-PCR analyses confirmed changes in mRNA expression for 5 of 7 selected genes. We were able to demonstrate directionally consistent changes in protein level for 3 of these genes; insulin 1, oxytocin, and major histocompatibility complex class I-C. Behavioral analyses demonstrated that blockade of central insulin receptors produced a weaker CTA that was less resistant to extinction. Together, these results support the notion that we have identified downstream genes in the amygdala that contribute to CTA learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva K. Panguluri
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville KY
| | - Nobuyuki Kuwabara
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville KY
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Nigel Cooper
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville KY
| | - Robert F. Lundy
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville KY
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Kwon B, Houpt TA. Mitogen-activated protein kinase in the amygdala plays a critical role in lithium chloride-induced taste aversion learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97:132-9. [PMID: 22085719 PMCID: PMC3532514 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the brain is necessary for the formation of a variety of memories including conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. However, the functional role of MAPK activation in the amygdala during lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced CTA learning has not been established. In the present study, we investigated if local microinjection of SL327, a MAPK kinase inhibitor, into the rat amygdala could alleviate LiCl-induced CTA learning. Our results revealed that acute administration of a high dose of LiCl (0.15M, 12 ml/kg, i.p.) rapidly increased the level of phosphorylated MAPK (pMAPK)-positive cells in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of rats as measured by immunohistochemistry. Local microinjection of SL327 (1 μg/0.5 μl/hemisphere) into the CeA 10 min before LiCl administration decreased both the strength of LiCl-induced CTA paired with 0.125% saccharin and the level of LiCl-induced pMAPK-positive cells in the CeA, but not in the NTS. Our data suggest that the intracellular signaling cascade of the MAPK pathway in the CeA plays a critical role in the processing of visceral information induced by LiCl for CTA learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsup Kwon
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
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Hayes DJ, Northoff G. Identifying a network of brain regions involved in aversion-related processing: a cross-species translational investigation. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:49. [PMID: 22102836 PMCID: PMC3215229 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect and respond appropriately to aversive stimuli is essential for all organisms, from fruit flies to humans. This suggests the existence of a core neural network which mediates aversion-related processing. Human imaging studies on aversion have highlighted the involvement of various cortical regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, while animal studies have focused largely on subcortical regions like the periaqueductal gray and hypothalamus. However, whether and how these regions form a core neural network of aversion remains unclear. To help determine this, a translational cross-species investigation in humans (i.e., meta-analysis) and other animals (i.e., systematic review of functional neuroanatomy) was performed. Our results highlighted the recruitment of the anterior cingulate cortex, the anterior insula, and the amygdala as well as other subcortical (e.g., thalamus, midbrain) and cortical (e.g., orbitofrontal) regions in both animals and humans. Importantly, involvement of these regions remained independent of sensory modality. This study provides evidence for a core neural network mediating aversion in both animals and humans. This not only contributes to our understanding of the trans-species neural correlates of aversion but may also carry important implications for psychiatric disorders where abnormal aversive behavior can often be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Kimbrough A, Kwon B, Eckel LA, Houpt TA. Systemic 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine induces conditioned flavor aversion and c-Fos in the visceral neuraxis. Learn Mem 2011; 18:292-5. [PMID: 21498563 DOI: 10.1101/lm.2176611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) is often used in studies of adult neurogenesis and olfactory learning, but it can also have toxic effects on highly proliferative tissue. We found that pairing Kool-Aid flavors with acute systemic injections of BrdU induced strong conditioned flavor aversions. Intermittent injections during Kool-Aid-glucose conditioning interfered with learning of a conditioned flavor-nutrient preference. Acute injection of BrdU also elevated plasma corticosterone levels and induced c-Fos in the visceral neuraxis. Thus, acute or intermittent systemic injections of BrdU (50-200 mg/kg) have aversive effects that may interfere with learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kimbrough
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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Kwon B, Houpt TA. Phospho-acetylation of histone H3 in the amygdala after acute lithium chloride. Brain Res 2010; 1333:36-47. [PMID: 20346924 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute injection of a high dose of lithium chloride (LiCl) increases c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). We investigated if LiCl-induced c-Fos expression in the CeA is correlated with histone acetylation and phospho-acetylation. Chromatin modifications such as acetylation and phosphorylation are necessary for optimal gene expression, and gene expression may be increased by inhibiting the activity of histone deacetylases. LiCl (0.15 M, 12 ml/kg, i.p.) highly increased the levels of acetylation and phospho-acetylation of histone H3 in the CeA. The time course of these increases closely corresponded to and preceded the time course of c-Fos induction. Moreover, LiCl-induced c-Fos was co-localized with phospho-acetylated histone H3 in a majority of c-Fos-positive cells in the CeA. Systemic administration of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate (NaB; 0.3 M, 0.4 g/kg, i.p.), significantly increased the levels of LiCl-induced c-Fos and phospho-acetylated histone H3 in the CeA. NaB also enhanced conditioned taste aversion learning induced by pairing saccharin consumption with LiCl injection, by making the conditioned taste aversion more resistant to extinction. These results suggest that LiCl-induced c-Fos expression may be regulated by modification of histone H3, especially phospho-acetylation, in the CeA. Furthermore, the level of phospho-acetylation of histone H3, c-Fos induction, and amygdalar-dependent taste aversion learning is constrained by endogenous histone deacetylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsup Kwon
- Department of Biological Science and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Rapanelli M, Lew SE, Frick LR, Zanutto BS. Plasticity in the rat prefrontal cortex: linking gene expression and an operant learning with a computational theory. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8656. [PMID: 20111591 PMCID: PMC2810321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity in the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC) of rodents or lateral prefrontal cortex in non human primates (lPFC), plays a key role neural circuits involved in learning and memory. Several genes, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element binding (CREB), Synapsin I, Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII), activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), c-jun and c-fos have been related to plasticity processes. We analysed differential expression of related plasticity genes and immediate early genes in the mPFC of rats during learning an operant conditioning task. Incompletely and completely trained animals were studied because of the distinct events predicted by our computational model at different learning stages. During learning an operant conditioning task, we measured changes in the mRNA levels by Real-Time RT-PCR during learning; expression of these markers associated to plasticity was incremented while learning and such increments began to decline when the task was learned. The plasticity changes in the lPFC during learning predicted by the model matched up with those of the representative gene BDNF. Herein, we showed for the first time that plasticity in the mPFC in rats during learning of an operant conditioning is higher while learning than when the task is learned, using an integrative approach of a computational model and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Rapanelli
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET), Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kwon B, Houpt TA. A combined method of laser capture microdissection and X-Gal histology to analyze gene expression in c-Fos-specific neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 186:155-64. [PMID: 19925827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
c-Fos is a member of the activator protein 1 family that regulates transcription of target genes. c-Fos is transiently induced in specific regions of the brain after a variety of external stimuli including learning and memory formation. Analysis of gene expression in c-Fos-expressing cells of the brain may help identify target genes that play important roles in synaptic strength or neuronal morphology. In the present study, we developed a combined method of laser capture microdissection and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoly-beta-D-galactopyranosidase (X-Gal) histology to analyze gene expression in stimulus-induced c-Fos-positive cells. Using transgenic mice carrying a c-fos-lacZ fusion gene, c-Fos-positive cells were easily identified by measuring of beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) activity. To establish the fidelity of the reporter transgene, the time course of endogenous c-Fos and the c-fos-lacZ transgene expression in the amygdala induced by LiCl administration was investigated by immunohistochemistry and X-Gal staining. LiCl increased the numbers of c-Fos- and beta-Gal-positive cells in the central and basolateral amygdala of the transgenic mice. To ensure that RNA was preserved in X-Gal stained tissue sections, different fixations were examined, with the conclusion that ethanol fixation was best for both RNA preservation and X-Gal staining quality. Finally, in combining X-Gal staining, single-cell LCM and RT-PCR, we confirmed mRNA expression of endogenous c-fos and beta-actin genes in LiCl-induced beta-Gal-positive cells in the CeA, cortex and hippocampus. Combining LCM and transgenic reporter genes provides a powerful tool with which to investigate tissue- or cell-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsup Kwon
- Department of Biological Science and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Rapanelli M, Frick LR, Zanutto BS. Differential gene expression in the rat hippocampus during learning of an operant conditioning task. Neuroscience 2009; 163:1031-8. [PMID: 19632308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changes in transcription levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding (CREB), Synapsin I, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII), activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), c-jun and c-fos have been associated to several learning paradigms in different brain areas. In this study, we measured mRNA expression in the hippocampus by real time (RT)-PCR mRNA levels of BDNF, CREB, Synapsin I, CamKII, Arc, c-jun and c-fos, during learning and operant conditioning task. Experimental groups were as follows: control (C, the animals never left the bioterium), when the animals reached 50-65% of the expected response (Incompletely Trained, IT), when animals reached 100% of the expected response with a latency time lower than 5 s (Trained, Tr), Box Control of Incompletely Trained (BCIT), animals spent the same time as the IT in the operant conditioning box and Box Control of Trained (BCTr) animals spent the same time as the Tr in the operant conditioning box. All rats were killed at the same time by cervical dislocation 15 min after training and hippocampi were removed and processed. We found increments of mRNA levels of most genes (BDNF, CREB, Synapsin I, Arc, c-jun and c-fos) in IT and Tr groups compared to their box controls, but increments in Tr were smaller compared with IT. These results describe a differential gene expression in the rat hippocampus when the animals are learning and when animals have already learned. Taking together the results presented herein with the known functions of these genes, we propose a link between changes in gene expression in the hippocampus and different degrees of cellular activation and plasticity during learning of an operant conditioning task.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rapanelli
- IBYME-CONICET, Laboratorio de Biologia del Comportamiento, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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