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Chen L, Xu Z, Zhang C, Ji Y, Huang X, Yang W, Zhou Z, Wang S, Wang K, Luo B, Wang J. Post-ASPECTS based on hyperdensity in NCCT immediately after thrombectomy is an ultra-early predictor of hemorrhagic transformation and prognosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:887277. [PMID: 36034273 PMCID: PMC9399794 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.887277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and PurposeAlmost half of the patients exhibit futile recanalization after thrombectomy; however, the early postoperative predictors of futile recanalization remain unclear. We analyzed the relationship of post-thrombectomy ASPECTS (Post-ASPECTS) with 90-day prognosis and hemorrhagic transformation (HT).MethodsWe collected data from patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with anterior-circulation large vessel occlusion (ACLVO) who were treated via thrombectomy within 10 h in 3 hospitals. Successful endovascular recanalization was achieved (modified thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia [mTICI] 2b/3). Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) examination was performed immediately (within 1 h) after thrombectomy. Post-ASPECTS were scored based on the brain parenchymal hyperdensity in NCCT according to the ASPECTS scoring method. HT was defined according to the ECASS II classification criteria. Linear correlation, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to determine the influencing factors and best predictive value of 90-day prognosis, 90-day death, and HT.ResultsA total of 231 patients were enrolled. The good prognosis rate, mortality rate, and HT rate were 57.1, 9.5, and 38.3%, respectively. The Post-ASPECTS affected poor prognosis, death, and HT. The best predictive value of Post-ASPECTS for poor prognosis, death, and HT was 7. The specificities of Post-ASPECTS for predicting HT, poor prognosis, and death were 87.6% (AUC, 0.811; P < 0.001), 87.1% (AUC, 0.768; P < 0.001), and 73.7% (AUC, 0.748; P < 0.001), with positive predictive values of 74.2, 75.7, and 21.4%, respectively.ConclusionPost-ASPECTS predicted 90-day prognosis, death, and HT with high specificity and high positive predictive value in patients with AIS with ACLVO. Post-ASPECTS may be an ultra-early predictor of prognosis after thrombectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziqi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Medical Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yachen Ji
- Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xianjun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Shuiping Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Brain Medical Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingye Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jingye Wang
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Rocchi D, Blázquez-Barbadillo C, Agamennone M, Laghezza A, Tortorella P, Vicente-Zurdo D, Rosales-Conrado N, Moyano P, Pino JD, González JF, Menéndez JC. Discovery of 7-aminophenanthridin-6-one as a new scaffold for matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors with multitarget neuroprotective activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:113061. [PMID: 33310289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent hydrolytic enzymes of great biological relevance, and some of them are key to the neuroinflammatory events and the brain damage associated to stroke. Non-zinc binding ligands are an emerging trend in drug discovery programs in this area due to their lower tendency to show off-target effects. 7-Amino-phenanthridin-6-one is disclosed as a new framework able to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases by binding to the distal part of the enzyme S1' site, as shown by computational studies. A kinetic study revealed inhibition to be noncompetitive. Some of the compounds showed some degree of selectivity for the MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymes, which are crucial for brain damage associated to ischemic stroke. Furthermore, some compounds also had a high neuroprotective activity against oxidative stress, which is also very relevant aspect of ischaemic stroke pathogenesis, both decreasing lipid peroxidation and protecting against the oxidative stress-induced reduction in cell viability. One of the compounds, bearing a 2-thienyl substituent at C-9 and a 4-methoxyphenylamino at C-7, had the best-balanced multitarget profile and was selected as a lead on which to base future structural manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Rocchi
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Blázquez-Barbadillo
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariangela Agamennone
- Dipartamento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - David Vicente-Zurdo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Rosales-Conrado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Moyano
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Takarada-Iemata M, Yoshikawa A, Ta HM, Okitani N, Nishiuchi T, Aida Y, Kamide T, Hattori T, Ishii H, Tamatani T, Le TM, Roboon J, Kitao Y, Matsuyama T, Nakada M, Hori O. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 protects blood-brain barrier integrity following cerebral ischemia. Glia 2018; 66:1432-1446. [PMID: 29476556 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following cerebral ischemia is closely related to the infiltration of peripheral cells into the brain, progression of lesion formation, and clinical exacerbation. However, the mechanism that regulates BBB integrity, especially after permanent ischemia, remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that astrocytic N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a differentiation- and stress-associated molecule, may function as a modulator of BBB permeability following ischemic stroke, using a mouse model of permanent cerebral ischemia. Immunohistological analysis showed that the expression of NDRG2 increases dominantly in astrocytes following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Genetic deletion of Ndrg2 exhibited enhanced levels of infarct volume and accumulation of immune cells into the ipsilateral brain hemisphere following ischemia. Extravasation of serum proteins including fibrinogen and immunoglobulin, after MCAO, was enhanced at the ischemic core and perivascular region of the peri-infarct area in the ipsilateral cortex of Ndrg2-deficient mice. Furthermore, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after MCAO markedly increased in Ndrg2-/- mice. In culture, expression and secretion of MMP-3 was increased in Ndrg2-/- astrocytes, and this increase was reversed by adenovirus-mediated re-expression of NDRG2. These findings suggest that NDRG2, expressed in astrocytes, may play a critical role in the regulation of BBB permeability and immune cell infiltration through the modulation of MMP expression following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akifumi Yoshikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hieu Minh Ta
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Nahoko Okitani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Aida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kamide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Thuong Manh Le
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitao
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-Machi, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
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Villalta-Romero F, Borro L, Mandic B, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM, Neshich G, Tasic L. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors for the snake venom metalloprotease BaP1 using in silico and in vitro tests. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2018-2022. [PMID: 28347665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites represent an important public health problem, with a great number of victims with permanent sequelae or fatal outcomes, particularly in rural, agriculturally active areas. The snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are the principal proteins responsible for some clinically-relevant effects, such as local and systemic hemorrhage, dermonecrosis, and myonecrosis. Because of the difficulties in neutralizing them rapidly and locally by antivenoms, the search and design of small molecules as inhibitors of SVMPs are proposed. The Bothrops asper metalloprotease P1 (BaP1) is hereby used as a target protein and by High Throughput Virtual Screening (HTVS) approach, the free access virtual libraries: ZINC, PubChem and ChEMBL, were searched for potent small molecule inhibitors. Results from the aforementioned approaches provided strong evidences on the structural requirements for the efficient BaP1 inhibition such as the presence of the pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione moiety. The two proposed compounds have also shown excellent results in performed in vitro interaction studies against BaP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Villalta-Romero
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Borro
- Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Boris Mandic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jose María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Goran Neshich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), National Center for Agricultural Informatics, Computational Biology Research Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Abdul-Muneer PM, Pfister BJ, Haorah J, Chandra N. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Pathogenesis of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6106-6123. [PMID: 26541883 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Studies revealed that the pathogenesis of TBI involves upregulation of MMPs. MMPs form a large family of closely related zinc-dependent endopeptidases, which are primarily responsible for the dynamic remodulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Thus, they are involved in several normal physiological processes like growth, development, and wound healing. During pathophysiological conditions, MMPs proteolytically degrade various components of ECM and tight junction (TJ) proteins of BBB and cause BBB disruption. Impairment of BBB causes leakiness of the blood from circulation to brain parenchyma that leads to microhemorrhage and edema. Further, MMPs dysregulate various normal physiological processes like angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and also they participate in the inflammatory and apoptotic cascades by inducing or regulating the specific mediators and their receptors. In this review, we explore the roles of MMPs in various physiological/pathophysiological processes associated with neurological complications, with special emphasis on TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Abdul-Muneer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
| | - Bryan J Pfister
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - James Haorah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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6
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Is there new hope for therapeutic matrix metalloproteinase inhibition? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:904-27. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Ström JO, Ingberg E, Theodorsson A, Theodorsson E. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in rat stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 23548160 PMCID: PMC3637133 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though more than 600 stroke treatments have been shown effective in preclinical studies, clinically proven treatment alternatives for cerebral infarction remain scarce. Amongst the reasons for the discrepancy may be methodological shortcomings, such as high mortality and outcome variability, in the preclinical studies. A common approach in animal stroke experiments is that A) focal cerebral ischemia is inflicted, B) some type of treatment is administered and C) the infarct sizes are assessed. However, within this paradigm, the researcher has to make numerous methodological decisions, including choosing rat strain and type of surgical procedure. Even though a few studies have attempted to address the questions experimentally, a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methodology remains. Methods We therefore meta-analyzed data from 502 control groups described in 346 articles to find out how rat strain, procedure for causing focal cerebral ischemia and the type of filament coating affected mortality and infarct size variability. Results The Wistar strain and intraluminal filament procedure using a silicone coated filament was found optimal in lowering infarct size variability. The direct and endothelin methods rendered lower mortality rate, whereas the embolus method increased it compared to the filament method. Conclusions The current article provides means for researchers to adjust their middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) protocols to minimize infarct size variability and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Ström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Ramos-Cejudo J, Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Rodríguez-Frutos B, Expósito Alcaide M, Sánchez-Cabo F, Dopazo A, Díez–Tejedor E. Spatial and temporal gene expression differences in core and periinfarct areas in experimental stroke: a microarray analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52121. [PMID: 23284893 PMCID: PMC3524135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of genes are regulated to promote brain repair following stroke. The thorough analysis of this process can help identify new markers and develop therapeutic strategies. This study analyzes gene expression following experimental stroke. Methodology/Principal Findings A microarray study of gene expression in the core, periinfarct and contralateral cortex was performed in adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 60) after 24 hours (acute phase) or 3 days (delayed stage) of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Independent qRT-PCR validation (n = 12) was performed for 22 of the genes. Functional data were evaluated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The number of genes differentially expressed was 2,612 (24 h) and 5,717 (3 d) in the core; and 3,505 (24 h) and 1,686 (3 d) in the periinfarct area (logFC>|1|; adjP<0.05). Expression of many neurovascular unit development genes was altered at 24 h and 3 d including HES2, OLIG2, LINGO1 and NOGO-A; chemokines like CXCL1 and CXCL12, stress-response genes like HIF-1A, and trophic factors like BDNF or BMP4. Nearly half of the detected genes (43%) had not been associated with stroke previously. Conclusions This comprehensive study of gene regulation in the core and periinfarct areas at different times following permanent MCA occlusion provides new data that can be helpful in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ramos-Cejudo
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Rodríguez-Frutos
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Expósito Alcaide
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez–Tejedor
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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New methodology for the synthesis of thiobarbiturates mediated by manganese(III) acetate. Molecules 2012; 17:4313-25. [PMID: 22491680 PMCID: PMC6268072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17044313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A three step synthesis of various thiobarbiturate derivatives 17–24 was established. The first step is mediated by Mn(OAc)3, in order to generate a carbon-carbon bond between a terminal alkene and malonate. Derivatives 1–8 were obtained in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. This key step allows synthesis of a wide variety of lipophilic thiobarbiturates, which could be tested for their anticonvulsive or anesthesic potential.
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Newby AC. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition therapy for vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 56:232-44. [PMID: 22326338 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are 23 secreted or cell surface proteases that act together and with other protease classes to turn over the extracellular matrix, cleave cell surface proteins and alter the function of many secreted bioactive molecules. In the vasculature MMPs influence the migration proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells, thereby affecting intima formation, atherosclerosis and aneurysms, as substantiated in clinical and mouse knockout and transgenic studies. Prominent counterbalancing roles for MMPs in tissue destruction and repair emerge from these experiments. Naturally occurring tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), pleiotropic mediators such as tetracyclines, chemically-synthesised small molecular weight MMP inhibitors (MMPis) and inhibitory antibodies have all shown effects in animal models of vascular disease but only doxycycline has been evaluated extensively in patients. A limitation of broad specificity MMPis is that they prevent both matrix degradation and tissue repair functions of different MMPs. Hence MMPis with more restricted specificity have been developed and recent studies in models of atherosclerosis accurately replicate the phenotypes of the corresponding gene knockouts. This review documents the established actions of MMPs and their inhibitors in vascular pathologies and considers the prospects for translating these findings into new treatments.
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