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Pace SA, Myers B. Hindbrain Adrenergic/Noradrenergic Control of Integrated Endocrine and Autonomic Stress Responses. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad178. [PMID: 38015813 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Hindbrain adrenergic/noradrenergic nuclei facilitate endocrine and autonomic responses to physical and psychological challenges. Neurons that synthesize adrenaline and noradrenaline target hypothalamic structures to modulate endocrine responses while descending spinal projections regulate sympathetic function. Furthermore, these neurons respond to diverse stress-related metabolic, autonomic, and psychosocial challenges. Accordingly, adrenergic and noradrenergic nuclei are integrative hubs that promote physiological adaptation to maintain homeostasis. However, the precise mechanisms through which adrenaline- and noradrenaline-synthesizing neurons sense interoceptive and exteroceptive cues to coordinate physiological responses have yet to be fully elucidated. Additionally, the regulatory role of these cells in the context of chronic stress has received limited attention. This mini-review consolidates reports from preclinical rodent studies on the organization and function of brainstem adrenaline and noradrenaline cells to provide a framework for how these nuclei coordinate endocrine and autonomic physiology. This includes identification of hindbrain adrenaline- and noradrenaline-producing cell groups and their role in stress responding through neurosecretory and autonomic engagement. Although temporally and mechanistically distinct, the endocrine and autonomic stress axes are complementary and interconnected. Therefore, the interplay between brainstem adrenergic/noradrenergic nuclei and peripheral physiological systems is necessary for integrated stress responses and organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Pace
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Brent Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Domingues RR, Wiltbank MC, Hernandez LL. The antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac®) modulates estrogen signaling in the uterus and alters estrous cycles in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 559:111783. [PMID: 36198363 PMCID: PMC10038119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are the most used antidepressants. However, up to 80% of women taking SSRI suffer from sexual dysfunction. We investigated the effects of fluoxetine (Prozac®) (low and high dose, n = 6-7/group) on reproductive function and the regulation of the estrous cycle. All mice treated with high dose of fluoxetine had interruption of estrous cycles within a few days after onset of treatment. When treated for 14 days, mice in the high dose group had fewer CL, often lack of any CL, and antral follicles. Uterine expression of estrogen receptor alpha, G-protein coupled estrogen receptor, and steroidogenesis enzymes were upregulated in the high dose group. Nevertheless, decreased expression of connexin 43 and alkaline phosphatase and increased expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 and monoamine oxidase A are consistent with decreased estrogen signaling and the decreased uterine weight. Taken together, fluoxetine modulates estrogen synthesis/signaling and dysregulates estrous cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R Domingues
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Milo C Wiltbank
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Ybañez‐Julca RO, Asunción‐Alvarez D, Palacios J, Nwokocha CR. Maca extracts and estrogen replacement therapy in ovariectomized rats exposed at high altitude. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:88-95. [PMID: 33488288 PMCID: PMC7812464 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and herbal remedies are often used to alleviate menopausal symptoms, but their effects and efficacy at high altitudes presents with several uncertainties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether pre-treatment with maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) improved the tolerance to high altitude on an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model at sea level. METHOD The animals were treated with 17β-estradiol (200 µg/kg; E2), red and black maca (1.5 g/kg) for 28 days and exposed at high altitude or sea level. RESULT Our findings showed that red and black maca extracts significantly (P < .001) reduced the MDA level in OVX rat serum under hypoxia in a similar way to E2. Red and black maca extracts had similar effects with E2, by significantly (P < .001) reversing and increasing the ovariectomized induced decrease in cornified endometrial cell number. Under hypoxic conditions, the black maca (P < .05) and E2 (P < .01) increased the uterine weight in OVX rats. Finally, E2 alone significantly recovered the frequency of the uterine contractile response. CONCLUSION Aqueous extract of L. meyenii partially protects the reproductive function in hypobaric hypoxic environment, through the recovery of the cornified endometrial cells and uterine weight in a menopausal model of OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto O. Ybañez‐Julca
- Laboratorio de FarmacologíaFacultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad Nacional de TrujilloTrujilloPerú
| | - Daniel Asunción‐Alvarez
- Laboratorio de FarmacologíaFacultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad Nacional de TrujilloTrujilloPerú
| | - Javier Palacios
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica AplicadaFacultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Arturo PratIquiqueChile
| | - Chukwuemeka R. Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of Medical SciencesThe University of the West IndiesKingstonJamaica
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Clark KA, Jacob EB, Mohankumar P, Mohankumar SM. Leptin and HPA axis activity in diabetic rats: Effects of adrenergic agonists. Brain Res 2019; 1707:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gilbreath ET, Jaganathan L, Subramanian M, Balasubramanian P, Linning KD, MohanKumar SMJ, MohanKumar PS. Chronic estrogen affects TIDA neurons through IL-1β and NO: effects of aging. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:157-167. [PMID: 30400030 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Women are chronically exposed to estrogens through oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy or environmental estrogens. We hypothesized that chronic exposure to low levels of estradiol-17β (E2) can induce inflammatory and degenerative changes in the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) system leading to reduced dopamine synthesis and hyperprolactinemia. Young (Y; 3–4 months) and middle-aged (MA; 10–12 months) Sprague-Dawley rats that were intact or ovariectomized (OVX) were either sham-implanted or implanted with a slow-release E2 pellet (20 ng E2/day for 90 days). To get mechanistic insight, adult 3- to 4-month-old WT, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) knockout (KO) mice were subjected to a similar treatment. Hypothalamic areas corresponding to the TIDA system were analyzed. E2 treatment increased IL-1β protein and nitrate levels in the arcuate nucleus of intact animals (Y and MA). Nitration of tyrosine hydroxylase in the median eminence increased with E2 treatment in both intact and OVX animals. There was no additional effect of age. This was accompanied by a reduction in dopamine levels and an increase in prolactin in intact animals. E2 treatment increased nitrate and reduced dopamine levels in the hypothalamus and increased serum prolactin in WT mice. In contrast, the effect of E2 on nitrate levels was blocked in IL-1R KO mice and the effect on dopamine and prolactin were blocked in iNOS KO animals. Taken together, these results show that chronic exposure to low levels of E2 decreases TIDA activity through a cytokine-nitric oxide-mediated pathway leading to hyperprolactinemia and that aging could promote these degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony T Gilbreath
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Lakshmikripa Jaganathan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Katrina D Linning
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sheba M J MohanKumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Puliyur S MohanKumar
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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ThyagaRajan S, Hima L, Pratap UP, Priyanka HP, Vasantharekha R. Estrogen-induced neuroimmunomodulation as facilitator of and barrier to reproductive aging in brain and lymphoid organs. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 95:6-12. [PMID: 29477446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive aging in females is marked by alterations in gonadal hormones, estrogen and progesterone, that facilitate cessation of reproductive cycles and onset of female-specific diseases such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, hormone-dependent cancers, and osteoporosis. Bidirectional communication between the three homeostatic systems, nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system, is essential for the maintenance of health and any dysfunction in the cross-talk promotes the development of diseases and cancer. The pleiotropic effects of estrogen on neural-immune interactions may promote either neuroprotection or inflammatory conditions depending on the site of action, dose and duration of treatment, type of estrogen receptors and its influence on intracellular signaling pathways, etc. Our studies involving treatment of early middle-aged female rats with low and high doses of estrogen and examining the brain areas, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes revealed that estrogen-induced changes in neural-immune interactions are markedly affected in thymus followed by spleen and lymph nodes while it confers neuroprotection in the brain areas. These alterations are determined by antioxidant enzyme status, growth factors, intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell survival and inflammation, and metabolic enzymes and thus, may regulate the various stages in female reproductive aging. It is imperative that detailed longitudinal studies are carried out to understand the mechanisms of neuroendocrine-immune interactions in reproductive aging to facilitate healthy aging and for the development of better treatment strategies for female-specific diseases.
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Pratap UP, Sharma HR, Mohanty A, Kale P, Gopinath S, Hima L, Priyanka HP, ThyagaRajan S. Estrogen upregulates inflammatory signals through NF-κB, IFN-γ, and nitric oxide via Akt/mTOR pathway in the lymph node lymphocytes of middle-aged female rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:591-598. [PMID: 26440402 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The alterations in the secretion of sex steroids, especially estrogen, in females throughout reproductive life and its decline with age alters the functions of the neuroendocrine-immune network and renders them susceptible to age-related diseases and cancers. This study investigates the mechanisms of estrogen-induced alterations in cell-mediated immune and inflammatory responses in the lymphocytes from lymph nodes (axillary and inguinal) of ovariectomized (OVX) middle-aged female rats. Ovariectomized middle-aged (MA) Sprague-Dawley female rats (n=8) were implanted with 17β-estradiol (E2) 30-day release pellets (0.6 and 300μg). At the end of the treatment period, lymph nodes (axillary and inguinal) were isolated and examined for serum 17β-estradiol, lymphoproliferation, cytokine production, expression of p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-IκB-α and p-NF-κB (p50 and p65), extent of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO) production, cytochrome c oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. There was an OVX-related decline in serum 17β-estradiol level, Con A-induced lymphoproliferation, p-Akt and p-mTOR expression, and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity. E2 supplementation increased serum 17β-estradiol level, lymphoproliferation, expression of p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-IκB-α and p-NF-κB (p50 and p65), lipid peroxidation, IFN-γ, TNF-α, ROS and NO production, while it decreased IL-6 production. E2 mediates inflammatory responses by increasing the levels of NO and TNF-α by up regulating IFN-γ and simultaneously promotes aging through the generation of free radicals as reflected by increased lipid peroxidation and ROS production in lymph nodes. These findings may have wide implications to immunity and inflammatory disorders including autoimmune diseases predominantly prevalent in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday P Pratap
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Himanshu R Sharma
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aparna Mohanty
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prathamesh Kale
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Gopinath
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lalgi Hima
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hannah P Priyanka
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan ThyagaRajan
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kale P, Mohanty A, Patil A, Mishra M, Pratap UP, Priyanka HP, Thyagarajan S. Estrogen modulates neural–immune interactions through intracellular signaling pathways and antioxidant enzyme activity in the spleen of middle-aged ovariectomized female rats. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 267:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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