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Rudd H, Toborek M. Pitfalls of Antiretroviral Therapy: Current Status and Long-Term CNS Toxicity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070894. [PMID: 35883450 PMCID: PMC9312798 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV can traverse the BBB using a Trojan horse-like mechanism. Hidden within infected immune cells, HIV can infiltrate the highly safeguarded CNS and propagate disease. Once integrated within the host genome, HIV becomes a stable provirus, which can remain dormant, evade detection by the immune system or antiretroviral therapy (ART), and result in rebound viraemia. As ART targets actively replicating HIV, has low BBB penetrance, and exposes patients to long-term toxicity, further investigation into novel therapeutic approaches is required. Viral proteins can be produced by latent HIV, which may play a synergistic role alongside ART in promoting neuroinflammatory pathophysiology. It is believed that the ability to specifically target these proviral reservoirs would be a vital driving force towards a cure for HIV infection. A novel drug design platform, using the in-tandem administration of several therapeutic approaches, can be used to precisely target the various components of HIV infection, ultimately leading to the eradication of active and latent HIV and a functional cure for HIV. The aim of this review is to explore the pitfalls of ART and potential novel therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(305)-243-0230
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2
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Stelmashook EV, Kapkaeva MR, Rozanova NA, Alexandrova OP, Genrikhs EE, Obmolov VV, Novikova SV, Isaev NK. The in vitro Effect of the Neuroinflammation Inducer on Brain Neurovascular Unit Components. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302203019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Hendrickx JO, Martinet W, Van Dam D, De Meyer GRY. Inflammation, Nitro-Oxidative Stress, Impaired Autophagy, and Insulin Resistance as a Mechanistic Convergence Between Arterial Stiffness and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:651215. [PMID: 33855048 PMCID: PMC8039307 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.651215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The average age of the world's elderly population is steadily increasing. This unprecedented rise in the aged world population will increase the prevalence of age-related disorders such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neurodegeneration. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the potential interplay between CVDs and neurodegenerative syndromes, as several vascular risk factors have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Along these lines, arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for both CVD and AD. In this review, we discuss several inflammaging-related disease mechanisms including acute tissue-specific inflammation, nitro-oxidative stress, impaired autophagy, and insulin resistance which may contribute to the proposed synergism between arterial stiffness and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Guido R. Y. De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Lee DS, Kim JE. Regional specific activations of ERK1/2 and CDK5 differently regulate astroglial responses to ER stress in the rat hippocampus following status epilepticus. Brain Res 2021; 1753:147262. [PMID: 33422538 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers the regional specific astroglial responses to status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity). However, the epiphenomena/downstream effecters for ER stress and the mechanism of ER stress signaling in astroglial apoptosis have not been fully understood. In the present study, tunicamycin-induced ER stress resulted in reactive astrogliosis-like events showing astroglial hypertrophy with the elevated extracellular signal-activated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) phosphorylations in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. However, tunicamycin increased CDK5, but not ERK1/2, phosphorylation in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Roscovitine (a CDK5 inhibitor) suppressed the effect of tunicamycin in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the CA1 region, while U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) reversed it in the CA1 region. Salubrinal (an ER stress inhibitor) abrogated activations of ERK1/2 and CDK5, and attenuated reactive astrogliosis in the CA1 region and astroglial apoptosis in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus following status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity). These findings indicate that ER stress may induce reactive astrogliosis via ERK1/2-mediated CDK5 activation in the CA1 region. In the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, however, ER stress may participate in astroglial apoptosis through ERK1/2-independent CDK5 activation following SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Shin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 24252, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 24252, South Korea.
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Fu J, Tao T, Li Z, Chen Y, Li J, Peng L. The roles of ER stress in epilepsy: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110658. [PMID: 32841895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsies are a diverse group of neurological disorders, which are characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. Although a wide range of pathogenic mechanisms such as alterations in ion channels, inflammation and neuronal loss have been reported to be implicated in the epileptogenesis, the underlying pathogenesis of epilepsy remains unclear currently. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is regarded as a condition that unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER lumen. Excessive or prolonged ER stress causes the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) to buffer ER stress and restore ER homeostasis. Increasing evidence has indicated dysregulated ER stress during epileptogenesis, which may participate in various pathological processes associated with epilepsy. In this present review, we summarized recent advances in the involvement of ER stress in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Additionally, the antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects of interventions targeting ER stress were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zuoxiao Li
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Jinglun Li
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Lilei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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HIV Associated Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155306. [PMID: 32722629 PMCID: PMC7432359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although retroviral therapy (ART) has changed the HIV infection from a fatal event to a chronic disease, treated HIV patients demonstrate high prevalence of HIV associated comorbidities including cardio/cerebrovascular diseases. The incidence of stroke in HIV infected subjects is three times higher than that of uninfected controls. Several clinical and postmortem studies have documented the higher incidence of ischemic stroke in HIV infected patients. The etiology of stroke in HIV infected patients remains unknown; however, several factors such as coagulopathies, opportunistic infections, vascular abnormalities, atherosclerosis and diabetes can contribute to the pathogenesis of stroke. In addition, chronic administration of ART contributes to the increased risk of stroke in HIV infected patients. Concurrently, experimental studies in murine model of ischemic stroke demonstrated that HIV infection worsens stroke outcome, increases blood brain barrier permeability and increases neuroinflammation. Additionally, residual HIV viral proteins, such as Trans-Activator of Transcription, glycoprotein 120 and Negative regulatory factor, contribute to the pathogenesis. This review presents comprehensive information detailing the risk factors contributing to ischemic stroke in HIV infected patients. It also outlines experimental evidence demonstrating the impact of HIV infection on stroke outcomes, in addition to possible novel therapeutic approaches to improve these outcomes.
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Zhang S, Hu X, Guo S, Shi L, He Q, Zhang P, Yu S, Zhao R. Myricetin ameliorated ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain endothelial permeability by improvement of eNOS uncoupling and activation eNOS/NO. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 140:62-72. [PMID: 31130510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been considered as a major pathological change in stroke. eNOS/NO play a key role in maintain BBB function. Myricetin is one of the common flavones widely exists in food and fruit, show certain protective effect on the brain function. This experiment establishes oxygeneglucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) brain cell model. The regulated effects of Myricetin on BBB function, eNOS/NO and eNOS uncoupling were evaluated. To investigate the molecular mechanism, Akt and Nrf2 inhibitor were also used. The result showed that Myricetin could significantly decreased the enhancement of endothelial permeability and inflammation in OGD/R model, in addition regulated eNOS/NO pathway. The regulate effect in endothelial permeability and eNOS activity by Myricetin were both decreased when combined with Akt inhibitor or Nrf2 inhibitor, and was abrogated when combined with Akt and Nrf2 inhibitor simultaneously. The regulated effect on eNOS uncoupling by Myricetin were abrogated when combined with Nrf2 inhibitor, but not with Akt inhibitor. In conclusion, Myricetin showed significant protect effect on ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain endothelial permeability, and related to simultaneously regulated Akt pathway and improvement of eNOS uncoupling through Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xuehui Hu
- Department of Nursing, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shun Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - ShiQiang Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Chen Z, Guo H, Lu Z, Sun K, Jin Q. Hyperglycemia aggravates spinal cord injury through endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated neuronal apoptosis, gliosis and activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108672. [PMID: 30784940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia has been shown to influence prognostic outcome of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the corresponding mechanism is not very clear. AIM This study is expected to explore the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in hyperglycemia aggravated SCI. METHODS Hyperglycemia was established in rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin. SCI was performed at the T10 of spinal cord through weight dropping. ER stress was suppressed by oral gavage of 4-PBA. ER stress, histological change of the injured spinal cords, neuronal apoptosis, demyelination, glial proliferation, inflammatory factor production, blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) permeability, TJ (Occludin, Claudin5) and AJ (β-catenin, P120) protein degradation, and locomotor recovery were determined using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, HE staining, Evan's Blue assay, BBB scores and inclined plane test, respectively. In vitro, rat spinal cord neurons cells (RSCNCs) and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (RCMECs) were stimulated with high glucose (HG) and/or thapsigargin (TG). The effects of HG and/or TG on RSCNCs apoptosis, and AJ and TJ expression by RCMECs were evaluated with flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Hyperglycemic rats exhibited enhanced ER stress, increased neuronal apoptosis, aggravated demyelination, increased glial proliferation and inflammatory factors secretion, more serious BSCB disruption and disturbed locomotor recovery. ER stress inhibition alleviated hyperglycemia induced adverse effect on neuronal apoptosis and BSCB permeability, whereas showed little influence on glial activation and inflammation. CONCLUSION ER stress was aggravated in hyperglycemic rats after SCI, and subsequently promoted neuronal apoptosis and BSCB disruption in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Haohui Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhidong Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Kening Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Qunhua Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
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Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:157-172. [PMID: 30456443 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is often caused by infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic double-stranded DNA virus. HSE infection always impacts the temporal and frontal lobes or limbic system, leading to edema, hemorrhage, and necrotic changes in the brain parenchyma. Additionally, patients often exhibit severe complications following antiviral treatment, including dementia and epilepsy. HSE is further associated with disruptions to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists of microvascular endothelial cells, tight junctions, astrocytes, pericytes, and basement membranes. Following an HSV-1 infection, changes in BBB integrity and permeability can result in increased movement of viruses, immune cells, and/or cytokines into the brain parenchyma. This leads to an enhanced inflammatory response in the central nervous system and further damage to the brain. Thus, it is important to protect the BBB from pathogens to reduce brain damage from HSE. Here, we discuss HSE and the normal structure and function of the BBB. We also discuss growing evidence indicating an association between BBB breakdown and the pathogenesis of HSE, as well as future research directions and potential new therapeutic targets. Graphical Abstract During herpes simplex encephalitis, the functions and structures of each composition of BBB have been altered by different factors, thus the permeability and integrity of BBB have been broken. The review aim to explore the potential mechanisms and factors in the process, probe the next research targets and new therapeutic targets.
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Wang F, Cao Y, Ma L, Pei H, Rausch WD, Li H. Dysfunction of Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells: Prelude to Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:376. [PMID: 30505270 PMCID: PMC6250852 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, memory loss, and thinking or speech problems. VaD is usually caused by cerebrovascular disease, during which, cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CECs) are vulnerable. CEC dysfunction occurs before the onset of VaD and can eventually lead to dysregulation of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier damage, followed by the activation of glia and inflammatory environment in the brain. White matter, neuronal axons, and synapses are compromised in this process, leading to cognitive impairment. The present review summarizes the mechanisms underlying CEC impairment during hypoperfusion and pathological role of CECs in VaD. Through the comprehensive examination and summarization, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) signaling pathway, and CEC-derived caveolin-1 (CAV-1) are proposed to serve as targets of new drugs for the treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolf Dieter Rausch
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Vargas-Sánchez K, Mogilevskaya M, Rodríguez-Pérez J, Rubiano MG, Javela JJ, González-Reyes RE. Astroglial role in the pathophysiology of status epilepticus: an overview. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26954-26976. [PMID: 29928494 PMCID: PMC6003549 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus is a medical emergency with elevated morbidity and mortality rates, and represents a leading cause of epilepsy-related deaths. Though status epilepticus can occur at any age, it manifests more likely in children and elderly people. Despite the common prevalence of epileptic disorders, a complete explanation for the mechanisms leading to development of self-limited or long lasting seizures (as in status epilepticus) are still lacking. Apart from neurons, research evidence suggests the involvement of immune and glial cells in epileptogenesis. Among glial cells, astrocytes represent an ideal target for the study of the pathophysiology of status epilepticus, due to their key role in homeostatic balance of the central nervous system. During status epilepticus, astroglial cells are activated by the presence of cytokines, damage associated molecular patterns and reactive oxygen species. The persistent activation of astrocytes leads to a decrease in glutamate clearance with a corresponding accumulation in the synaptic extracellular space, increasing the chance of neuronal excitotoxicity. Moreover, major alterations in astrocytic gap junction coupling, inflammation and receptor expression, facilitate the generation of seizures. Astrocytes are also involved in dysregulation of inhibitory transmission in the central nervous system and directly participate in ionic homeostatic alterations during status epilepticus. In the present review, we focus on the functional and structural changes in astrocytic activity that participate in the development and maintenance of status epilepticus, with special attention on concurrent inflammatory alterations. We also include potential astrocytic treatment targets for status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - John Rodríguez-Pérez
- Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María G Rubiano
- Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José J Javela
- Grupo de Clínica y Salud Mental, Programa de Psicología, Universidad Católica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E González-Reyes
- Universidad del Rosario, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Bogotá, Colombia
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Stachowicz A, Olszanecki R, Suski M, Wiśniewska A, Kuś K, Białas M, Jawień J, Korbut R. Quantitative proteomics reveals decreased expression of major urinary proteins in the liver of apoE/eNOS-DKO mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:711-719. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Stachowicz
- Chair of Pharmacology; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - Maciej Suski
- Chair of Pharmacology; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Wiśniewska
- Chair of Pharmacology; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kuś
- Chair of Pharmacology; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - Magdalena Białas
- Chair of Pathomorphology; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - Jacek Jawień
- Chair of Pharmacology; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - Ryszard Korbut
- Chair of Pharmacology; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
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Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Preserves the Integrity of Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier in Diabetic Rats Subjected to Spinal Cord Injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7661. [PMID: 28794417 PMCID: PMC5550423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) plays significance roles in recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI), and diabetes mellitus (DM) impairs endothelial cell function and integrity of BSCS. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs in the early stages of SCI and affects prognosis and cell survival. However, the relationship between ER stress and the integrity of BSCB in diabetic rats after SCI remains unclear. Here we observed that diabetic rats showed increased extravasation of Evans Blue (EB) dye, and loss of endothelial cells and pericytes 1 day after SCI compared to non-diabetic rats. Diabetes was also shown to induce activation of ER stress. Similar effects were observed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ER stress inhibitor lowered the adverse effect of diabetes on SCI, reduced EB dye extravasation, and limited the loss of endothelial cells and pericytes. Moreover, 4-PBA treatment partially reversed the degradation of tight junction and adherens junction both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, diabetes exacerbates the disruption of BSCB after SCI via inducing ER stress, and inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA may play a beneficial role on the integrity of BSCB in diabetic SCI rats, leading to improved prognosis.
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14
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Jung J, Michalak M, Agellon LB. Endoplasmic Reticulum Malfunction in the Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:220. [PMID: 28487627 PMCID: PMC5403925 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases often have multifactorial causes and are progressive diseases. Some are inherited while others are acquired, and both vary greatly in onset and severity. Impaired endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis, involving Ca2+ signaling, protein synthesis, processing, trafficking, and degradation, is now recognized as a key risk factor in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Lipidostasis involves lipid synthesis, quality control, membrane assembly as well as sequestration of excess lipids or degradation of damaged lipids. Proteostasis and lipidostasis are maintained by interconnected pathways within the cellular reticular network, which includes the ER and Ca2+ signaling. Importantly, lipidostasis is important in the maintenance of membranes and luminal environment that enable optimal protein processing. Accumulating evidence suggest that the loss of coordinate regulation of proteostasis and lipidostasis has a direct and negative impact on the health of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill UniversitySte. Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
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15
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Antiretroviral Treatment with Efavirenz Disrupts the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Increases Stroke Severity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39738. [PMID: 28008980 PMCID: PMC5180178 DOI: 10.1038/srep39738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of antiretroviral drugs (ARVd) changed the prognosis of HIV infection from a deadly disease to a chronic disease. However, even with undetectable viral loads, patients still develop a wide range of pathologies, including cerebrovascular complications and stroke. It is hypothesized that toxic side effects of ARVd may contribute to these effects. To address this notion, we evaluated the impact of several non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI; Efavirenz, Etravirine, Rilpivirine and Nevirapine) on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and their impact on severity of stroke. Among studied drugs, Efavirenz, but not other NNRTIs, altered claudin-5 expression, increased endothelial permeability, and disrupted the blood-brain barrier integrity. Importantly, Efavirenz exposure increased the severity of stroke in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Taken together, these results indicate that selected ARVd can exacerbate HIV-associated cerebrovascular pathology. Therefore, careful consideration should be taken when choosing an anti-retroviral therapy regimen.
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