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Hoffman LJ, Foley JM, Leong JK, Sullivan-Toole H, Elliott BL, Olson IR. An in vivo Dissection, and Analysis of Socio-Affective Symptoms related to Cerebellum-Midbrain Reward Circuitry in Humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.29.560239. [PMID: 38798382 PMCID: PMC11118266 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Emerging research in non-human animals implicates cerebellar projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in appetitive behaviors, but these circuits have not been characterized in humans. Here, we mapped cerebello-VTA white-matter connectivity in humans using probabilistic tractography on diffusion imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. We uncovered the topographical organization of these connections by separately tracking from parcels of cerebellar lobule VI, crus I/II, vermis, paravermis, and cerebrocerebellum. Results revealed that connections from the cerebellum to the VTA predominantly originate in the right hemisphere, interposed nucleus, and paravermal cortex, and terminate mostly ipsilaterally. Paravermal crus I sends the most connections to the VTA compared to other lobules. We discovered a medial-to-lateral gradient of connectivity, such that the medial cerebellum has the highest connectivity with the VTA. Individual differences in microstructure were associated with measures of negative affect and social functioning. By splitting the tracts into quarters, we found that the socio-affective effects were driven by the third quarter of the tract, corresponding to the point at which the fibers leave the deep nuclei. Taken together, we produced detailed maps of cerebello-VTA structural connectivity for the first time in humans and established their relevance for trait differences in socio-affective regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Hoffman
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia M. Foley
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josiah K. Leong
- University of Arkansas, Department of Psychological Science, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Holly Sullivan-Toole
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blake L. Elliott
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ingrid R. Olson
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Langlois ET, Bennequin D, de Marco G. Role of the Cerebellum in the Construction of Functional and Geometrical Spaces. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01693-y. [PMID: 38625534 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The perceptual and motor systems appear to have a set of movement primitives that exhibit certain geometric and kinematic invariances. Complex patterns and mental representations can be produced by (re)combining some simple motor elements in various ways using basic operations, transformations, and respecting a set of laws referred to as kinematic laws of motion. For example, point-to-point hand movements are characterized by straight hand paths with single-peaked-bell-shaped velocity profiles, whereas hand speed profiles for curved trajectories are often irregular and more variable, with speed valleys and inflections extrema occurring at the peak curvature. Curvature and speed are generically related by the 2/3 power law. Mathematically, such laws can be deduced from a combination of Euclidean, affine, and equi-affine geometries, whose neural correlates have been partially detected in various brain areas including the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. The cerebellum has been found to play an important role in the control of coordination, balance, posture, and timing over the past years. It is also assumed that the cerebellum computes forward internal models in relationship with specific cortical and subcortical brain regions but its motor relationship with the perceptual space is unclear. A renewed interest in the geometrical and spatial role of the cerebellum may enable a better understanding of its specific contribution to the action-perception loop and behavior's adaptation. In this sense, we complete this overview with an innovative theoretical framework that describes a possible implementation and selection by the cerebellum of geometries adhering to different mathematical laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Torkhani Langlois
- LINP2, UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, 200 avenue de la République, Nanterre, 92000, France
| | - Daniel Bennequin
- Equipe Géométrie et Dynamique, Paris-Cité, UFR de Mathématiques, Bâtiment Sophie Germain, 8 place Aurélie Nemours, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Giovanni de Marco
- LINP2, UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, 200 avenue de la République, Nanterre, 92000, France.
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Tariciotti L, Mattioli L, Viganò L, Gallo M, Gambaretti M, Sciortino T, Gay L, Conti Nibali M, Gallotti A, Cerri G, Bello L, Rossi M. Object-oriented hand dexterity and grasping abilities, from the animal quarters to the neurosurgical OR: a systematic review of the underlying neural correlates in non-human, human primate and recent findings in awake brain surgery. Front Integr Neurosci 2024; 18:1324581. [PMID: 38425673 PMCID: PMC10902498 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2024.1324581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The sensorimotor integrations subserving object-oriented manipulative actions have been extensively investigated in non-human primates via direct approaches, as intracortical micro-stimulation (ICMS), cytoarchitectonic analysis and anatomical tracers. However, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying complex motor behaviors is yet to be fully integrated in brain mapping paradigms and the consistency of these findings with intraoperative data obtained during awake neurosurgical procedures for brain tumor removal is still largely unexplored. Accordingly, there is a paucity of systematic studies reviewing the cross-species analogies in neural activities during object-oriented hand motor tasks in primates and investigating the concordance with intraoperative findings during brain mapping. The current systematic review was designed to summarize the cortical and subcortical neural correlates of object-oriented fine hand actions, as revealed by fMRI and PET studies, in non-human and human primates and how those were translated into neurosurgical studies testing dexterous hand-movements during intraoperative brain mapping. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched. Original articles were included if they: (1) investigated cortical activation sites on fMRI and/or PET during grasping task; (2) included humans or non-human primates. A second query was designed on the databases above to collect studies reporting motor, hand manipulation and dexterity tasks for intraoperative brain mapping in patients undergoing awake brain surgery for any condition. Due to the heterogeneity in neurosurgical applications, a qualitative synthesis was deemed more appropriate. Results We provided an updated overview of the current state of the art in translational neuroscience about the extended frontoparietal grasping-praxis network with a specific focus on the comparative functioning in non-human primates, healthy humans and how the latter knowledge has been implemented in the neurosurgical operating room during brain tumor resection. Discussion The anatomical and functional correlates we reviewed confirmed the evolutionary continuum from monkeys to humans, allowing a cautious but practical adoption of such evidence in intraoperative brain mapping protocols. Integrating the previous results in the surgical practice helps preserve complex motor abilities, prevent long-term disability and poor quality of life and allow the maximal safe resection of intrinsic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tariciotti
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mattioli
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Viganò
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Gallo
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Gambaretti
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Sciortino
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gay
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Conti Nibali
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Gallotti
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cerri
- MoCA Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bello
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Tacyildiz AE, Bilgin B, Gungor A, Ucer M, Karadag A, Tanriover N. Dentate Nucleus: Connectivity-Based Anatomic Parcellation Based on Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Projections. World Neurosurg 2021; 152:e408-e428. [PMID: 34062299 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Projections from the dentate nucleus (DN) follow a certain organized course to upper levels. Crossing and noncrossing fibers of the dentatorubrothalamic (DRT) tract terminate in the red nucleus and thalamus and have various connections throughout the cerebral cortex. We aimed to establish the microsurgical anatomy of the DN in relation to its efferent connections to complement the increased recognition of its surgical importance and also to provide an insight into the network-associated symptoms related to lesions and microsurgery in and around the region. METHODS The cerebellum, DN, and superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) en route to red nucleus were examined through fiber dissections from the anterior, posterior, and lateral sides to define the connections of the DN and its relationships with adjacent neural structures. RESULTS The DN was anatomically divided into 4 areas based on its relation to the SCP; the lateral major, lateral anterosuperior, posteromedial, and anteromedial compartments. Most of the fibers originating from the lateral compartments were involved in the decussation of the SCP. The ventral fibers originating from the lateral anterosuperior compartment were exclusively involved in the decussation. The fibers from the posteromedial compartment ascended ipsilaterally and decussated, whereas most anteromedial fibers ascended ipsilaterally and did not participate in the decussation. CONCLUSIONS Clarifying the anatomofunctional organization of the DN in relation to the SCP could improve microneurosurgical results by reducing the complication rates during infratentorial surgery in and around the nucleus. The proposed compartmentalization would be a major step forward in this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Emre Tacyildiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karabuk Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Karabuk, Turkey; Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berra Bilgin
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abuzer Gungor
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Umraniye Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Ucer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Karadag
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Tanriover
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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5
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Errante A, Ziccarelli S, Mingolla G, Fogassi L. Grasping and Manipulation: Neural Bases and Anatomical Circuitry in Humans. Neuroscience 2021; 458:203-212. [PMID: 33516776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence suggests a significant contribution of several brain areas, including subdivisions of the parietal and the premotor cortex, during the processing of different components of hand and arm movements. Many investigations improved our knowledge about the neural processes underlying the execution of reaching and grasping actions, while few studies have directly investigated object manipulation. Most studies on the latter topic concern the use of tools to achieve specific goals. Yet, there are very few studies on pure manipulation performed in order to explore and recognize objects, as well as on manipulation performed with a high level of manual dexterity. Another dimension that is quite neglected by the available studies on grasping and manipulation is, on the one hand, the contribution of the subcortical nodes, first of all the basal ganglia and cerebellum, to these functions, and, on the other hand, recurrent connections of these structures with cortical areas. In the first part, we have reviewed the parieto-premotor and subcortical circuits underlying reaching and grasping in humans, with a focus on functional neuroimaging data. Then, we have described the main structures recruited during object manipulation. We have also reported the contribution of recent structural connectivity techniques whereby the cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical connections of grasping-related and manipulation-related areas in the human brain can be determined. Based on our review, we have concluded that studies on cortical and subcortical circuits involved in grasping and manipulation might be promising to provide new insights about motor learning and brain plasticity in patients with motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Errante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Settimio Ziccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Gloria Mingolla
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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6
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Activation of cerebellum and basal ganglia during the observation and execution of manipulative actions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12008. [PMID: 32686738 PMCID: PMC7371896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on action observation mostly described the activation of a network of cortical areas, while less investigation focused specifically on the activation and role of subcortical nodes. In the present fMRI study, we investigated the recruitment of cerebellum and basal ganglia during the execution and observation of object manipulation performed with the right hand. The observation conditions consisted in: (a) observation of manipulative actions; (b) observation of sequences of random finger movements. In the execution conditions, participants had to perform the same actions or movements as in (a) and (b), respectively. The results of conjunction analysis showed significant shared activations during both observation and execution of manipulation in several subcortical structures, including: (1) cerebellar lobules V, VI, crus I, VIIIa and VIIIb (bilaterally); (2) globus pallidus, bilaterally, and left subthalamic nucleus; (3) red nucleus (bilaterally) and left thalamus. These findings support the hypothesis that the action observation/execution network also involves subcortical structures, such as cerebellum and basal ganglia, forming an integrated network. This suggests possible mechanisms, involving these subcortical structures, underlying learning of new motor skills, through action observation and imitation.
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MRI features suggestive of gadolinium retention do not correlate with Expanded Disability Status Scale worsening in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroradiology 2019; 61:155-162. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-018-02150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Wei P, Bao R, Lv Z, Jing B. Weak but Critical Links between Primary Somatosensory Centers and Motor Cortex during Movement. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:1. [PMID: 29387003 PMCID: PMC5776089 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor performance is improved by stimulation of the agonist muscle during movement. However, related brain mechanisms remain unknown. In this work, we perform a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in 21 healthy subjects under three different conditions: (1) movement of right ankle alone; (2) movement and simultaneous stimulation of the agonist muscle; or (3) movement and simultaneous stimulation of a control area. We constructed weighted brain networks for each condition by using functional connectivity. Network features were analyzed using graph theoretical approaches. We found that: (1) the second condition evokes the strongest and most widespread brain activations (5147 vs. 4419 and 2320 activated voxels); and (2) this condition also induces a unique network layout and changes hubs and the modular structure of the brain motor network by activating the most “silent” links between primary somatosensory centers and the motor cortex, particularly weak links from the thalamus to the left primary motor cortex (M1). Significant statistical differences were found when the strength values of the right cerebellum (P < 0.001) or the left thalamus (P = 0.006) were compared among the three conditions. Over the years, studies reported a small number of projections from the thalamus to the motor cortex. This is the first work to present functions of these pathways. These findings reveal mechanisms for enhancing motor function with somatosensory stimulation, and suggest that network function cannot be thoroughly understood when weak ties are disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxu Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixue Bao
- Beijing Boai Hospital, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Jing
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Benagiano V, Rizzi A, Lorusso L, Flace P, Saccia M, Cagiano R, Ribatti D, Roncali L, Ambrosi G. The functional anatomy of the cerebrocerebellar circuit: A review and new concepts. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:769-789. [PMID: 29238972 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrocerebellar circuit is a feedback circuit that bidirectionally connects the neocortex and the cerebellum. According to the classic view, the cerebrocerebellar circuit is specifically involved in the functional regulation of the motor areas of the neocortex. In recent years, studies carried out in experimental animals by morphological and physiological methods, and in humans by magnetic resonance imaging, have indicated that the cerebrocerebellar circuit is also involved in the functional regulation of the nonmotor areas of the neocortex, including the prefrontal, associative, sensory and limbic areas. Moreover, a second type of cerebrocerebellar circuit, bidirectionally connecting the hypothalamus and the cerebellum, has been detected, being specifically involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic functions. This review analyzes the morphological features of the centers and pathways of the cerebrocerebellar circuits, paying particular attention to their organization in different channels, which separately connect the cerebellum with the motor areas and nonmotor areas of the neocortex, and with the hypothalamus. Actually, a considerable amount of new data have led, and are leading, to profound changes on the views on the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the cerebrocerebellar circuits, so much they may be now considered to be essential for the functional regulation of many neocortex areas, perhaps all, as well as of the hypothalamus and of the limbic system. Accordingly, clinical studies have pointed out an involvement of the cerebrocerebellar circuits in the pathophysiology of an increasing number of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Benagiano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Rizzi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Lorusso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Flace
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Saccia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cagiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Institute 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Roncali
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Glauco Ambrosi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Wang Y, Chen ZP, Zhuang QX, Zhang XY, Li HZ, Wang JJ, Zhu JN. Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Cerebellar Motor Control and Ataxia. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2661-2669.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Alahmadi AAS, Pardini M, Samson RS, Friston KJ, Toosy AT, D'Angelo E, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM. Cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei mirror cortical force-related-BOLD responses: Beyond all (linear) expectations. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2566-2579. [PMID: 28240422 PMCID: PMC5413835 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the BOLD response and an applied force was quantified in the cerebellum using a power grip task. To investigate whether the cerebellum responds in an on/off way to motor demands or contributes to motor responses in a parametric fashion, similarly to the cortex, five grip force levels were investigated under visual feedback. Functional MRI data were acquired in 13 healthy volunteers and their responses were analyzed using a cerebellum-optimized pipeline. This allowed us to evaluate, within the cerebellum, voxelwise linear and non-linear associations between cerebellar activations and forces. We showed extensive non-linear activations (with a parametric design), covering the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum with a BOLD-force relationship that is region-dependent. Linear responses were mainly located in the anterior lobe, similarly to the cortex, where linear responses are localized in M1. Complex responses were localized in the posterior lobe, reflecting its key role in attention and executive processing, required during visually guided movement. Given the highly organized responses in the cerebellar cortex, a key question is whether deep cerebellar nuclei show similar parametric effects. We found positive correlations with force in the ipsilateral dentate nucleus and negative correlations on the contralateral side, suggesting a somatotopic organization of the dentate nucleus in line with cerebellar and cortical areas. Our results confirm that there is cerebellar organization involving all grey matter structures that reflect functional segregation in the cortex, where cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei contribute to complex motor tasks with different BOLD response profiles in relation to the forces. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2566-2579, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A S Alahmadi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Pardini
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rebecca S Samson
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed T Toosy
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Brain Connectivity Centre, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.,Brain MRI 3T Mondino Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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Cerebellar-M1 Connectivity Changes Associated with Motor Learning Are Somatotopic Specific. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2377-2386. [PMID: 28137969 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2511-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the functions of the cerebellum in motor learning is to predict and account for systematic changes to the body or environment. This form of adaptive learning is mediated by plastic changes occurring within the cerebellar cortex. The strength of cerebellar-to-cerebral pathways for a given muscle may reflect aspects of cerebellum-dependent motor adaptation. These connections with motor cortex (M1) can be estimated as cerebellar inhibition (CBI): a conditioning pulse of transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the cerebellum before a test pulse over motor cortex. Previously, we have demonstrated that changes in CBI for a given muscle representation correlate with learning a motor adaptation task with the involved limb. However, the specificity of these effects is unknown. Here, we investigated whether CBI changes in humans are somatotopy specific and how they relate to motor adaptation. We found that learning a visuomotor rotation task with the right hand changed CBI, not only for the involved first dorsal interosseous of the right hand, but also for an uninvolved right leg muscle, the tibialis anterior, likely related to inter-effector transfer of learning. In two follow-up experiments, we investigated whether the preparation of a simple hand or leg movement would produce a somatotopy-specific modulation of CBI. We found that CBI changes only for the effector involved in the movement. These results indicate that learning-related changes in cerebellar-M1 connectivity reflect a somatotopy-specific interaction. Modulation of this pathway is also present in the context of interlimb transfer of learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Connectivity between the cerebellum and motor cortex is a critical pathway for the integrity of everyday movements and understanding the somatotopic specificity of this pathway in the context of motor learning is critical to advancing the efficacy of neurorehabilitation. We found that adaptive learning with the hand affects cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity, not only for the trained hand, but also for an untrained leg muscle, an effect likely related to intereffector transfer of learning. Furthermore, we introduce a novel method to measure cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity during movement preparation. With this technique, we show that, outside the context of learning, modulation of cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity is somatotopically specific to the effector being moved.
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Alahmadi AAS, Pardini M, Samson RS, D'Angelo E, Friston KJ, Toosy AT, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM. Differential involvement of cortical and cerebellar areas using dominant and nondominant hands: An FMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:5079-100. [PMID: 26415818 PMCID: PMC4737094 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor fMRI studies, comparing dominant (DH) and nondominant (NDH) hand activations have reported mixed findings, especially for the extent of ipsilateral (IL) activations and their relationship with task complexity. To date, no study has directly compared DH and NDH activations using an event-related visually guided dynamic power-grip paradigm with parametric (three) forces (GF) in healthy right-handed subjects. We implemented a hierarchical statistical approach aimed to: (i) identify the main effect networks engaged when using either hand; (ii) characterise DH/NDH responses at different GFs; (iii) assess contralateral (CL)/IL-specific and hemisphere-specific activations. Beyond confirming previously reported results, this study demonstrated that increasing GF has an effect on motor response that is contextualised also by the use of DH or NDH. Linear analysis revealed increased activations in sensorimotor areas, with additional increased recruitments of subcortical and cerebellar areas when using the NDH. When looking at CL/IL-specific activations, CL sensorimotor areas and IL cerebellum were activated with both hands. When performing the task with the NDH, several areas were also recruited including the CL cerebellum. Finally, there were hand-side-independent activations of nonmotor-specific areas in the right and left hemispheres, with the right hemisphere being involved more extensively in sensori-motor integration through associative areas while the left hemisphere showing greater activation at higher GF. This study shows that the functional networks subtending DH/NDH power-grip visuomotor functions are qualitatively and quantitatively distinct and this should be taken into consideration when performing fMRI studies, particularly when planning interventions in patients with specific impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A S Alahmadi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, University College London (UCL), Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rebecca S Samson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Imaging Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed T Toosy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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14
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Abnormal cerebellar functional MRI connectivity in patients with paediatric multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015; 22:292-301. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458515592191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We investigated resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the cerebellar dentate nuclei in paediatric MS patients and its correlations with clinical, neuropsychological and structural MRI measures. Methods: RSFC analysis was performed using a seed-region correlation approach and SPM8 from 48 paediatric MS patients and 27 matched healthy controls. Results: In both groups, dentate nuclei RSFC was significantly correlated with RSFC of several cerebellar and extra-cerebellar brain regions. Compared with healthy controls, paediatric MS patients had reduced RSFC between the right dentate nuclei and the bilateral caudate nuclei and left thalamus as well as increased RSFC between the right dentate nuclei and the left precentral and postcentral gyri. Cognitively impaired patients showed a reduced RSFC between the dentate nuclei and bilateral regions located in the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes. Decreased RSFC was correlated with longer disease duration and higher T2 lesion volumes, whereas increased RSFC correlated with shorter disease duration, lower T2 lesion volume and a better motor performance. Conclusions: Modifications of cerebellar RSFC occur in paediatric MS and are influenced by the duration of the disease and brain focal lesions. Decreased RSFC may reflect early maladaptive plasticity contributing to cognitive impairment.
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Balser N, Lorey B, Pilgramm S, Naumann T, Kindermann S, Stark R, Zentgraf K, Williams AM, Munzert J. The influence of expertise on brain activation of the action observation network during anticipation of tennis and volleyball serves. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:568. [PMID: 25136305 PMCID: PMC4117995 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In many daily activities, and especially in sport, it is necessary to predict the effects of others' actions in order to initiate appropriate responses. Recently, researchers have suggested that the action–observation network (AON) including the cerebellum plays an essential role during such anticipation, particularly in sport expert performers. In the present study, we examined the influence of task-specific expertise on the AON by investigating differences between two expert groups trained in different sports while anticipating action effects. Altogether, 15 tennis and 16 volleyball experts anticipated the direction of observed tennis and volleyball serves while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The expert group in each sport acted as novice controls in the other sport with which they had only little experience. When contrasting anticipation in both expertise conditions with the corresponding untrained sport, a stronger activation of AON areas (SPL, SMA), and particularly of cerebellar structures, was observed. Furthermore, the neural activation within the cerebellum and the SPL was linearly correlated with participant's anticipation performance, irrespective of the specific expertise. For the SPL, this relationship also holds when an expert performs a domain-specific anticipation task. Notably, the stronger activation of the cerebellum as well as of the SMA and the SPL in the expertise conditions suggests that experts rely on their more fine-tuned perceptual-motor representations that have improved during years of training when anticipating the effects of others' actions in their preferred sport. The association of activation within the SPL and the cerebellum with the task achievement suggests that these areas are the predominant brain sites involved in fast motor predictions. The SPL reflects the processing of domain-specific contextual information and the cerebellum the usage of a predictive internal model to solve the anticipation task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Balser
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Britta Lorey
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany ; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pilgramm
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Naumann
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Stark
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Karen Zentgraf
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany ; Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - A Mark Williams
- Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University London London, UK
| | - Jörn Munzert
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
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16
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Wesley MJ, Bickel WK. Remember the future II: meta-analyses and functional overlap of working memory and delay discounting. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:435-48. [PMID: 24041504 PMCID: PMC3943930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that working memory training decreased the discounting of future rewards in stimulant addicts without affecting a go/no-go task. While a relationship between delay discounting and working memory is consistent with other studies, the unique brain regions of plausible causality between these two abilities have yet to be determined. Activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses were performed on foci from studies of delay discounting (DD = 449), working memory (WM = 452), finger tapping (finger tapping = 450), and response inhibition (RI = 450). Activity maps from relatively less (finger tapping) and more (RI) demanding executive tasks were contrasted with maps of DD and WM. Overlap analysis identified unique functional coincidence between DD and WM. The anterior cingulate cortex was engaged by all tasks. Finger tapping largely engaged motor-related brain areas. In addition to motor-related areas, RI engaged frontal brain regions. The right lateral prefrontal cortex was engaged by RI, DD, and WM and was contrasted out of overlap maps. A functional cluster in the posterior portion of the left lateral prefrontal cortex emerged as the largest location of unique overlap between DD and WM. A portion of the left lateral prefrontal cortex is a unique location where delay discounting and working memory processes overlap in the brain. This area, therefore, represents a therapeutic target for improving behaviors that rely on the integration of the recent past with the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wesley
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA,Addiction Recovery Research Center,Human Neuroimaging Laboratory
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA,Addiction Recovery Research Center
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17
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Balser N, Lorey B, Pilgramm S, Stark R, Bischoff M, Zentgraf K, Williams AM, Munzert J. Prediction of human actions: expertise and task-related effects on neural activation of the action observation network. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:4016-34. [PMID: 24453190 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The action observation network (AON) is supposed to play a crucial role when athletes anticipate the effect of others' actions in sports such as tennis. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore whether motor expertise leads to a differential activation pattern within the AON during effect anticipation and whether spatial and motor anticipation tasks are associated with a differential activation pattern within the AON depending on participant expertise level. Expert (N=16) and novice (N=16) tennis players observed video clips depicting forehand strokes with the instruction to either indicate the predicted direction of ball flight (spatial anticipation) or to decide on an appropriate response to the observed action (motor anticipation). The experts performed better than novices on both tennis anticipation tasks, with the experts showing stronger neural activation in areas of the AON, namely, the superior parietal lobe, the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the cerebellum. When novices were contrasted with experts, motor anticipation resulted in stronger activation of the ventral premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the superior parietal lobe than spatial anticipation task did. In experts, the comparison of motor and spatial anticipation revealed no increased activation. We suggest that the stronger activation of areas in the AON during the anticipation of action effects in experts reflects their use of the more fine-tuned motor representations they have acquired and improved during years of training. Furthermore, results suggest that the neural processing of different anticipation tasks depends on the expertise level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Balser
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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18
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Di Mauro M, Li Volsi G, Licata F. Noradrenergic control of neuronal firing in cerebellar nuclei: modulation of GABA responses. THE CEREBELLUM 2013; 12:350-61. [PMID: 23096094 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of noradrenaline (NA) on inhibitory responses to gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurones of the deep cerebellar nuclei were studied in vivo in rats, using extracellular single-unit recordings and microiontophoretic drug application. NA application altered GABA-evoked responses in 95 % of the neurones tested, but the effects differed between nuclei. Application of NA depressed GABA responses in the medial (MN) and posterior interpositus (PIN) nuclei, but enhanced GABA responses in the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIN). Comparable proportions of enhancing (57 %) and depressive (43 %) effects were found in the lateral nucleus (LN). The alpha2 noradrenergic receptor agonist clonidine mimicked the depressive effect of NA on GABA responses in MN and PIN and its enhancing effects in AIN and LN, while the alpha2 antagonist yohimbine partially blocked these effects. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and antagonist timolol respectively induced and partially blocked enhancements of GABA responses in all nuclei except for LN, where isoproterenol had a weak depressive effect. It is concluded that NA modulates GABA responses by acting on both alpha2 and beta receptors. Activation of these receptors appears to be synergistic in the AIN and opposite in the remaining deep nuclei. These results support the hypothesis that the noradrenergic system participates in all the regulatory functions involving the cerebellum in a specific and differential manner, and suggest that any change in NA content, as commonly observed in ageing or stress, could influence cerebellar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, Catania, Italy
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19
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Christensen MS, Ehrsson HH, Nielsen JB. Seeing or moving in parallel: the premotor cortex does both during bimanual coordination, while the cerebellum monitors the behavioral instability of symmetric movements. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:101-15. [PMID: 23839488 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The underlying neural mechanisms of a perceptual bias for in-phase bimanual coordination movements are not well understood. In the present study, we measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy subjects during a task, where subjects performed bimanual index finger adduction-abduction movements symmetrically or in parallel with real-time congruent or incongruent visual feedback of the movements. One network, consisting of bilateral superior and middle frontal gyrus and supplementary motor area (SMA), was more active when subjects performed parallel movements, whereas a different network, involving bilateral dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), primary motor cortex, and SMA, was more active when subjects viewed parallel movements while performing either symmetrical or parallel movements. Correlations between behavioral instability and brain activity were present in right lateral cerebellum during the symmetric movements. These findings suggest the presence of different error-monitoring mechanisms for symmetric and parallel movements. The results indicate that separate areas within PMd and SMA are responsible for both perception and performance of ongoing movements and that the cerebellum supports symmetric movements by monitoring deviations from the stable coordination pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schram Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Economou A, Katsetos CD. Patterns of cognitive and fine motor deficits in a case of Dandy-Walker continuum. J Child Neurol 2012; 27:930-7. [PMID: 22241712 DOI: 10.1177/0883073811429500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar vermian hypoplasia in the context of Dandy-Walker complex is a relatively common disorder associated with a variety of cognitive and behavioral deficits in addition to impairment in motor control. Few studies, however, have examined the neuropsychological profiles of children with isolated hypoplasias of the cerebellum. Herein, we report a 6-year-old girl with Dandy-Walker continuum presenting with mild mental retardation and an inability to produce intelligible speech, despite adequate comprehension of single items and simple instructions. She was able to articulate vowels but not consonants, and fine motor function was deficient. Visual memory was intact for single items but not for multiple items, and visuospatial perception was impaired. An inability to form intelligible speech is not typically reported in cases of isolated vermian hypoplasia. The case extends our knowledge of the phenotypes associated with cerebellar hypoplasia and its relation to fine motor and articulatory control.
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21
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Moser E, Stahlberg F, Ladd ME, Trattnig S. 7-T MR--from research to clinical applications? NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:695-716. [PMID: 22102481 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Over 20,000 MR systems are currently installed worldwide and, although the majority operate at magnetic fields of 1.5 T and below (i.e. about 70%), experience with 3-T (in high-field clinical diagnostic imaging and research) and 7-T (research only) human MR scanners points to a future in functional and metabolic MR diagnostics. Complementary to previous studies, this review attempts to provide an overview of ultrahigh-field MR research with special emphasis on emerging clinical applications at 7 T. We provide a short summary of the technical development and the current status of installed MR systems. The advantages and challenges of ultrahigh-field MRI and MRS are discussed with special emphasis on radiofrequency inhomogeneity, relaxation times, signal-to-noise improvements, susceptibility effects, chemical shifts, specific absorption rate and other safety issues. In terms of applications, we focus on the topics most likely to gain significantly from 7-T MR, i.e. brain imaging and spectroscopy and musculoskeletal imaging, but also body imaging, which is particularly challenging. Examples are given to demonstrate the advantages of susceptibility-weighted imaging, time-of-flight MR angiography, high-resolution functional MRI, (1)H and (31)P MRSI in the human brain, sodium and functional imaging of cartilage and the first results (and artefacts) using an eight-channel body array, suggesting future areas of research that should be intensified in order to fully explore the potential of 7-T MR systems for use in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Moser
- Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Hemi- and monoataxia in cerebellar hemispheres and peduncles stroke lesions: topographical correlations. THE CEREBELLUM 2012; 11:917-24. [PMID: 22351351 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Limb ataxia of sudden onset is due to a vascular lesion in either the cerebellum or the brainstem (posterior circulation, PC, territory). This sign can involve both the upper and the lower limb (hemiataxia) or only one limb (monoataxia). The topographical correlates of limb ataxia have been studied only in brainstem strokes. Therefore, it is not yet known whether this sign is useful to localize the lesion within the entire cerebellar system, both the cerebellar hemisphere and the cerebellar brainstem pathways. Limb ataxia was semi-quantified according to the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale in 92 consecutive patients with acute PC stroke. Limb ataxia was present in 70 patients. Four topographical patterns based on magnetic resonance imaging findings were identified: picaCH pattern (posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarct); scaCH pattern (superior cerebellar artery infarct); CH/CP pattern (infarct involving both the cerebellum and the brainstem cerebellar pathways); and CP pattern (infarct involving the brainstem cerebellar pathways). Hemiataxia was present in (47/70; 67.1%) and monoataxia in (23/70; 32.9%) of patients. Monoataxia involved the upper limb in (19/70; 27.1%) and the lower limb in (4/70; 5.7%) of patients. Limb ataxia usually localized the lesion ipsilaterally (picaCH, scaCH, CH/CP, and CP patterns involving the medulla and sometimes the pons) (53/70; 75.7%), but it might be due also to contralateral (CP pattern involving the pons or midbrain) (16/70; 22.9%) or bilateral lesions (1/70). Limb ataxia usually localizes the lesion ipsilaterally but the infarct might be sometimes contralateral. The occurrence of monoataxia may suggest that the cerebellar system is somatotopically organized.
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23
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Küper M, Thürling M, Stefanescu R, Maderwald S, Roths J, Elles HG, Ladd ME, Diedrichsen J, Timmann D. Evidence for a motor somatotopy in the cerebellar dentate nucleus--an FMRI study in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:2741-9. [PMID: 21938757 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous anatomical studies in monkeys have shown that forelimb motor representation is located caudal to hindlimb representation within the dorso-rostral dentate nucleus. Here we investigate human dentate nucleus motor somatotopy by means of ultra-highfield (7 T) functional magnetic brain imaging (fMRI). Twenty five young healthy males participated in the study. Simple finger and foot movement tasks were performed to identify dentate nucleus motor areas. Recently developed normalization procedures for group analyses were used for the cerebellar cortex and the cerebellar dentate nucleus. Cortical activations were in good accordance with the known somatotopy of the human cerebellar cortex. Dentate nucleus activations following motor tasks were found in particular in the ipsilateral dorso-rostral nucleus. Activations were also present in other parts of the nucleus including the contralateral side, and there was some overlap between the body part representations. Within the ipsilateral dorso-rostral dentate, finger activations were located caudally compared to foot movement-related activations in fMRI group analysis. Likewise, the centre of gravity (COG) for the finger activation was more caudal than the COG of the foot activation across participants. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on the x, y, and z coordinates of the COG indicated that this difference was significant (P = 0.043). These results indicate that in humans, the lower and upper limbs are arranged rostro-caudally in the dorsal aspect of the dentate nucleus, which is consistent with studies in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Küper
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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24
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Diedrichsen J, Maderwald S, Küper M, Thürling M, Rabe K, Gizewski E, Ladd M, Timmann D. Imaging the deep cerebellar nuclei: A probabilistic atlas and normalization procedure. Neuroimage 2011; 54:1786-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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25
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Küper M, Dimitrova A, Thürling M, Maderwald S, Roths J, Elles HG, Gizewski ER, Ladd ME, Diedrichsen J, Timmann D. Evidence for a motor and a non-motor domain in the human dentate nucleus--an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2010; 54:2612-22. [PMID: 21081171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dum and Strick (J. Neurophysiol. 2003; 89, 634-639) proposed a division of the cerebellar dentate nucleus into a "motor" and "non-motor" area based on anatomical data in the monkey. We asked the question whether motor and non-motor domains of the dentate can be found in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Therefore dentate activation was compared in motor and cognitive tasks. Young, healthy participants were tested in a 1.5 T MRI scanner. Data from 13 participants were included in the final analysis. A block design was used for the experimental conditions. Finger tapping of different complexities served as motor tasks, while cognitive testing included a verbal working memory and a visuospatial task. To further confirm motor-related dentate activation, a simple finger movement task was tested in a supplementary experiment using ultra-highfield (7 T) fMRI in 23 participants. For image processing, a recently developed region of interest (ROI) driven normalization method of the deep cerebellar nuclei was used. Dorso-rostral dentate nucleus activation was associated with motor function, whereas cognitive tasks led to prominent activation of the caudal nucleus. The visuospatial task evoked activity bilaterally in the caudal dentate nucleus, whereas verbal working memory led to activation predominantly in the right caudal dentate. These findings are consistent with Dum and Strick's anatomical findings in the monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Küper
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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26
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Delayed-onset oromandibular dystonia after a cerebellar hemorrhagic stroke. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:623-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Küper M, Thürling M, Maderwald S, Ladd ME, Timmann D. Structural and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Cerebellar Nuclei. THE CEREBELLUM 2010; 11:314-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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The human dentate nucleus: a complex shape untangled. Neuroscience 2010; 167:965-8. [PMID: 20223281 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dentate nucleus is the largest single structure linking the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. The peculiar shape and large size of the human dentate nucleus have sparked a number of theories about the role of the cerebellum in human evolution. Some of the proposed ideas could be explored by comparative studies of humans and apes, but comparative studies are hindered because of the complex three dimensional shape of the human dentate. Here we present a 3D model based on a quantitative reconstruction of the human dentate; this model can facilitate comparative studies. The dentate nucleus has been partitioned into dorsal and ventral lamellae based on sheet thickness. Our data show that the thicker ventral lamella occupies a distinctly smaller portion of the human dentate than previously hypothesized. Within the dorsal lamella there is a medial to lateral increase in depth of dentate folds. However, the dorsal lamella retains a thin sheet thickness unlike the macrogyric ventral lamella, in which sheet thickness is increased. The appearance of larger folds laterally reflects the emergence of secondary folds that could encompass the projection of the cerebellar hemispheres, minimizing convergence of different corticonuclear microzones. Thus, the unique feature of the hominoid dentate is the development of a large surface area and an expansion of its mediolateral width. We propose that this is to allow for a large number of independent corticonuclear modules that can modulate an equal large number of sequential motor acts.
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29
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Keisker B, Hepp-Reymond MC, Blickenstorfer A, Meyer M, Kollias SS. Differential force scaling of fine-graded power grip force in the sensorimotor network. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:2453-65. [PMID: 19172654 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Force scaling in the sensorimotor network during generation and control of static or dynamic grip force has been the subject of many investigations in monkeys and human subjects. In human, the relationship between BOLD signal in cortical and subcortical regions and force still remains controversial. With respect to grip force, the modulation of the BOLD signal has been mostly studied for forces often reaching high levels while little attention has been given to the low range for which electrophysiological neuronal correlates have been demonstrated. We thus conducted a whole-brain fMRI study on the control of fine-graded force in the low range, using a power grip and three force conditions in a block design. Participants generated on a dynamometer visually guided repetitive force pulses (ca. 0.5 Hz), reaching target forces of 10%, 20%, and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction. Regions of interest analysis disclosed activation in the entire cortical and subcortical sensorimotor network and significant force-related modulation in several regions, including primary motor (M1) and somatosensory cortex, ventral premotor and inferior parietal areas, and cerebellum. The BOLD signal, however, increased monotonically with force only in contralateral M1 and ipsilateral anterior cerebellum. The remaining regions were activated with force in various nonlinear manners, suggesting that other factors such as visual input, attention, and muscle recruitment also modulate the BOLD signal in this visuomotor task. These findings demonstrate that various regions of the sensorimotor network participate differentially in the production and control of fine-graded grip forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Keisker
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Functional Imaging of the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei: A Review. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 9:22-8. [PMID: 19513801 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-009-0119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sugihara I, Fujita H, Na J, Quy PN, Li BY, Ikeda D. Projection of reconstructed single Purkinje cell axons in relation to the cortical and nuclear aldolase C compartments of the rat cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 2009; 512:282-304. [PMID: 19003905 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the overall topography of the cerebellar corticonuclear projection formed by Purkinje cell (PC) axons has been described, only a few studies have dealt with the organization of this projection at the level of individual PC axons. Thus, we reconstructed 65 single PC axons that were labeled with biotinylated dextran amine in the rat. We then analyzed the relationship between the projections of these PCs and the compartmentalization of the cerebellar cortex and nuclei based on the topography of olivocerebellar projection and aldolase C expression in PCs. After giving rise to short local recurrent collaterals near the soma, a PC axon formed a terminal arbor in a specific small area in the cerebellar nuclei (CN). The terminal arbors of vermal PCs were spread more widely than those of hemispheric PCs and sometimes extended to extracerebellar targets. PCs located in any of the aldolase C-positive (Groups I and II) and -negative (Groups III and IV) stripes consistently projected to the caudoventral and rostrodorsal parts of the CN, respectively, precisely in accordance with the compartmentalization of the cortex and nuclei. Mediolateral segregation and rostrocaudal convergence were seen between projections of separate PCs in a single aldolase C compartment. The results revealed a tight link between the projection patterns of individual PC axons, the topography of the olivocerebellar pathway, and the aldolase C expression pattern. Their overall correspondence seems to reflect a basic aspect of cerebellar organization, although some area-dependent variation in the relationship of these three entities was also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Sugihara
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Gazzola V, Keysers C. The observation and execution of actions share motor and somatosensory voxels in all tested subjects: single-subject analyses of unsmoothed fMRI data. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:1239-55. [PMID: 19020203 PMCID: PMC2677653 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neuroimaging studies of the mirror neuron system (MNS) examine if certain voxels in the brain are shared between action observation and execution (shared voxels, sVx). Unfortunately, finding sVx in standard group analyses is not a guarantee that sVx exist in individual subjects. Using unsmoothed, single-subject analyses we show sVx can be reliably found in all 16 investigated participants. Beside the ventral premotor (BA6/44) and inferior parietal cortex (area PF) where mirror neurons (MNs) have been found in monkeys, sVx were reliably observed in dorsal premotor, supplementary motor, middle cingulate, somatosensory (BA3, BA2, and OP1), superior parietal, middle temporal cortex and cerebellum. For the premotor, somatosensory and parietal areas, sVx were more numerous in the left hemisphere. The hand representation of the primary motor cortex showed a reduced BOLD during hand action observation, possibly preventing undesired overt imitation. This study provides a more detailed description of the location and reliability of sVx and proposes a model that extends the original idea of the MNS to include forward and inverse internal models and motor and sensory simulation, distinguishing the MNS from a more general concept of sVx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gazzola
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Dalal SS, Guggisberg AG, Edwards E, Sekihara K, Findlay AM, Canolty RT, Berger MS, Knight RT, Barbaro NM, Kirsch HE, Nagarajan SS. Five-dimensional neuroimaging: localization of the time-frequency dynamics of cortical activity. Neuroimage 2008; 40:1686-700. [PMID: 18356081 PMCID: PMC2426929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical oscillations across human brain regions remain poorly understood because of a lack of adequately validated methods for reconstructing such activity from noninvasive electrophysiological data. In this paper, we present a novel adaptive spatial filtering algorithm optimized for robust source time-frequency reconstruction from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) data. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated with simulated sources and is also applied to real MEG data from a self-paced finger movement task. The algorithm reliably reveals modulations both in the beta band (12-30 Hz) and high gamma band (65-90 Hz) in sensorimotor cortex. The performance is validated by both across-subjects statistical comparisons and by intracranial electrocorticography (ECoG) data from two epilepsy patients. Interestingly, we also reliably observed high frequency activity (30-300 Hz) in the cerebellum, although with variable locations and frequencies across subjects. The proposed algorithm is highly parallelizable and runs efficiently on modern high-performance computing clusters. This method enables the ultimate promise of MEG and EEG for five-dimensional imaging of space, time, and frequency activity in the brain and renders it applicable for widespread studies of human cortical dynamics during cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarang S Dalal
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA
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