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Grigson PS, Hobkirk AL, Grigson PS, Hobkirk AL. Addiction III: From mouse to man. Brain Res Bull 2023; 193:22-26. [PMID: 36464128 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sue Grigson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA.
| | - Andrea L Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, USA.
| | - Patricia Sue Grigson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
| | - Andrea L Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
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2
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McFalls AJ, Jenney C, Stanford RS, Woodward E, Hajnal A, Grigson PS, Vrana KE. Greater avoidance of a saccharin cue paired with passive delivery of heroin is associated with a select increase in expression of CRFR2 and CRFbp in the hippocampus in rats. Brain Res Bull 2022; 191:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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McFalls AJ, Imperio CG, Woodward E, Krikorian C, Stoltsfus B, Wronowski B, Grigson PS, Freeman WM, Vrana KE. An RNA-seq study of the mPFC of rats with different addiction phenotypes. Brain Res Bull 2022; 191:107-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Acute treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, reduces cue- and drug-induced fentanyl seeking in rats. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:155-162. [PMID: 36031011 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder that has severe negative impacts on the individual, the family, and the community at large. In 2021, opioids contributed to nearly 70% of all drug overdose deaths in the United States. This rise in opioid related deaths coincides with a significant rise in the use of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid that is 150 times more potent than morphine. Furthermore, this overdose trend has spared no demographic and costs the nation an estimated $51.2 billion annually. Thus, it is imperative to better understand the underlying mechanisms of OUD in an effort to identify new treatment targets. Using animal models, studies have shown that rats readily self-administer heroin and increase seeking following exposure to cues for drug, the drug itself, or stress. We have shown that treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, liraglutide, can reduce heroin taking and seeking behavior in rats. Therefore, using our rodent model, we established a fentanyl self-administration paradigm to test whether acute treatment with the GLP-1R agonist also can reduce fentanyl seeking in fentanyl experienced rats. The results showed that rats readily self-administer fentanyl (2.5 ug/kg) intravenously, with marked individual differences in drug taking behavior. As with other drugs of abuse tested, rats exhibited high seeking behavior when challenged with a drug-related cue or, after a period of extinction, the drug itself. Here, acute treatment with the GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide (0.3mg/kg s.c.), was found to attenuate both cue-induced fentanyl seeking and drug-induced reinstatement of fentanyl seeking with the same efficacy as the currently approved partial opioid agonist, buprenorphine. Taken together, these data suggest that a known satiety signal, GLP-1, may serve as an effective non-opioid alternative for the treatment of OUD.
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5
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Neurochemical and Hormonal Contributors to Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Compulsive sexual behavior disorder has been recently included in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), and the possible contribution of neurochemical and hormonal factors have been reported. However, relatively little is known concerning the neurobiology underlying this disorder. The aim of this article is to review and discuss published findings in the area.
Recent Findings
Evidence suggests that the neuroendocrine systems are involved in the pathophysiology of compulsive sexual behavior. The hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis, the hypothalamus-pituitary–gonadal axis, and the oxytocinergic system have been implicated.
Summary
Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact involvement of neuroendocrine and hormonal systems in compulsive sexual behavior disorder. Prospective longitudinal studies are particularly needed, especially those considering co-occurring psychiatric disorders and obtaining hormonal assessments in experimental circumstances with appropriate control groups.
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Engin E. GABA A receptor subtypes and benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1060949. [PMID: 36713896 PMCID: PMC9879605 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines have been in use for over half a century. While they remain highly prescribed, their unfavorable side-effect profile and abuse liability motivated a search for alternatives. Most of these efforts focused on the development of benzodiazepine-like drugs that are selective for specific GABAA receptor subtypes. While there is ample evidence that subtype-selective GABAA receptor ligands have great potential for providing symptom relief without typical benzodiazepine side-effects, it is less clear whether subtype-selective targeting strategies can also reduce misuse and abuse potential. This review focuses on the three benzodiazepine properties that are relevant to the DSM-5-TR criteria for Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorder, namely, reinforcing properties of benzodiazepines, maladaptive behaviors related to benzodiazepine use, and benzodiazepine tolerance and dependence. We review existing evidence regarding the involvement of different GABAA receptor subtypes in each of these areas. The reviewed studies suggest that α1-containing GABAA receptors play an integral role in benzodiazepine-induced plasticity in reward-related brain areas and might be involved in the development of tolerance and dependence to benzodiazepines. However, a systematic comparison of the contributions of all benzodiazepine-sensitive GABAA receptors to these processes, a mechanistic understanding of how the positive modulation of each receptor subtype might contribute to the brain mechanisms underlying each of these processes, and a definitive answer to the question of whether specific chronic modulation of any given subtype would result in some or all of the benzodiazepine effects are currently lacking from the literature. Moreover, how non-selective benzodiazepines might lead to the maladaptive behaviors listed in DSM and how different GABAA receptor subtypes might be involved in the development of these behaviors remains unexplored. Considering the increasing burden of benzodiazepine abuse, the common practice of benzodiazepine misuse that leads to severe dependence, and the current efforts to generate side-effect free benzodiazepine alternatives, there is an urgent need for systematic, mechanistic research that provides a better understanding of the brain mechanisms of benzodiazepine misuse and abuse, including the involvement of specific GABAA receptor subtypes in these processes, to establish an informed foundation for preclinical and clinical efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Engin
- Stress Neurobiology Laboratory, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Lueptow LM, Shashkova EC, Miller MG, Evans CJ, Cahill CM. Insights into the Neurobiology of Craving in Opioid Use Disorder. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 10:378-387. [PMID: 33424457 DOI: 10.1007/s40140-020-00420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Opioids remain the most potent form of pain relief currently available, yet have a high abuse liability. Here we discuss underlying neurobiological changes in Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) that likely contribute to drug craving, which in turn drives continued drug use and relapse. Recent findings Craving has emerged as a strong indicator in drug-seeking and relapse. Studies have demonstrated a number of allostatic changes in circuitry that facilitate learning of drug-stimuli relationships, thereby augmenting cue-triggered drug use and relapse. Summary This review will focus on key neurobiological changes in underlying circuitry observed during the initial and continued exposure to opioids that result in an increase in neural-reactivity to drug-related intrinsic and extrinsic drug cues, and to enhanced learning of drug-context correlations. This sensitized learning state may be an indication of the underlying framework that drives craving and ultimately, motivates increased salience of drug cues and drives drug-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Lueptow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Psychology at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Shashkova
- Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Margaret G Miller
- Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christopher J Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Brockway DF, Crowley NA. Turning the 'Tides on Neuropsychiatric Diseases: The Role of Peptides in the Prefrontal Cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:588400. [PMID: 33192369 PMCID: PMC7606924 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.588400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in technology have enabled researchers to probe the brain with the greater region, cell, and receptor specificity. These developments have allowed for a more thorough understanding of how regulation of the neurophysiology within a region is essential for maintaining healthy brain function. Stress has been shown to alter the prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning, and evidence links functional impairments in PFC brain activity with neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, a growing body of literature highlights the importance of neuropeptides in the PFC to modulate neural signaling and to influence behavior. The converging evidence outlined in this review indicates that neuropeptides in the PFC are specifically impacted by stress, and are found to be dysregulated in numerous stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders including substance use disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. This review explores how neuropeptides in the PFC function to regulate the neural activity, and how genetic and environmental factors, such as stress, lead to dysregulation in neuropeptide systems, which may ultimately contribute to the pathology of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota F Brockway
- Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Nicole A Crowley
- Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Barrow TM, Byun HM, Li X, Smart C, Wang YX, Zhang Y, Baccarelli AA, Guo L. The effect of morphine upon DNA methylation in ten regions of the rat brain. Epigenetics 2018; 12:1038-1047. [PMID: 29111854 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1398296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is one of the most effective analgesics in medicine. However, its use is associated with the development of tolerance and dependence. Recent studies demonstrating epigenetic changes in the brain after exposure to opiates have provided insight into mechanisms possibly underlying addiction. In this study, we sought to identify epigenetic changes in ten regions of the rat brain following acute and chronic morphine exposure. We analyzed DNA methylation of six nuclear-encoded genes implicated in brain function (Bdnf, Comt, Il1b, Il6, Nr3c1, and Tnf) and three mitochondrially-encoded genes (Mtco1, Mtco2, and Mtco3), and measured global 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) levels. We observed differential methylation of Bdnf and Il6 in the pons, Nr3c1 in the cerebellum, and Il1b in the hippocampus in response to acute morphine exposure (all P value < 0.05). Chronic exposure was associated with differential methylation of Bdnf and Comt in the pons, Nr3c1 in the hippocampus and Il1b in the medulla oblongata (all P value < 0.05). Global 5mC levels significantly decreased in the superior colliculus following both acute and chronic morphine exposure, and increased in the hypothalamus following chronic exposure. Chronic exposure was also associated with significantly increased global 5hmC levels in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, but significantly decreased in the midbrain. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, highly localized epigenetic changes in the rat brain following acute and chronic morphine exposure. Further work is required to elucidate the potential role of these changes in the formation of tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Barrow
- a Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4HH , United Kingdom
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- b Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , MA 02115 , USA
| | - Xinyan Li
- c King's Lab , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Chris Smart
- d Institute of Neuroscience , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE4 5LP , United Kingdom.,e Northumberland Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE3 3XT , United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- c King's Lab , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Yacong Zhang
- f Department of Occupational & Environmental Health , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- b Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , MA 02115 , USA
| | - Liqiong Guo
- f Department of Occupational & Environmental Health , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
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Jenney CB, Dasalla J, Grigson PS. Female rats exhibit less avoidance than male rats of a cocaine-, but not a morphine-paired, saccharin cue. Brain Res Bull 2017; 138:80-87. [PMID: 28899794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rats avoid intake of an otherwise palatable taste cue when paired with drugs of abuse (Grigson and Twining, 2002). In male rats, avoidance of drug-paired taste cues is associated with conditioned blunting of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (Grigson and Hajnal, 2007), conditioned elevation in circulating corticosterone (Gomez et al., 2000), and greater avoidance of the drug-paired cue predicts greater drug-taking (Grigson and Twining, 2002). While female rats generally are more responsive to drug than male rats, in this self-administration model, female rats consume more of a cocaine-paired saccharin cue and take less drug than males (Cason and Grigson, 2013). What is not known, however, is whether the same is true when a saccharin cue predicts availability of an opiate, particularly when the amount of drug experienced is held constant via passive administration by the experimenter. Here, avoidance of a saccharin cue was evaluated following pairings with experimenter delivered cocaine or morphine in male and female rats. Results showed that males and females avoided intake of a taste cue when paired with experimenter administered morphine or cocaine, and individual differences emerged whereby some male and female rats exhibited greater avoidance of the drug-paired cue than others. Female rats did not drink more of the saccharin cue than males when paired with morphine in Experiment 1, however, they did drink more of the saccharin cue than male rats when paired with cocaine in Experiment 2. While no pattern with estrous cycle emerged, avoidance of the cocaine-paired cue, like avoidance of a morphine-paired cue (Gomez et al., 2000), was associated with a conditioned elevation in corticosterone in both male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Jenney
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Nutrition and Foods Program, School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States
| | - Jinju Dasalla
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Patricia S Grigson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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Jokinen J, Boström AE, Chatzittofis A, Ciuculete DM, Öberg KG, Flanagan JN, Arver S, Schiöth HB. Methylation of HPA axis related genes in men with hypersexual disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 80:67-73. [PMID: 28319850 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypersexual Disorder (HD) defined as non-paraphilic sexual desire disorder with components of compulsivity, impulsivity and behavioral addiction, and proposed as a diagnosis in the DSM 5, shares some overlapping features with substance use disorder including common neurotransmitter systems and dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. In this study, comprising 67 HD male patients and 39 male healthy volunteers, we aimed to identify HPA-axis coupled CpG-sites, in which modifications of the epigenetic profile are associated with hypersexuality. The genome-wide methylation pattern was measured in whole blood using the Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip, measuring the methylation state of over 850K CpG sites. Prior to analysis, the global DNA methylation pattern was pre-processed according to standard protocols and adjusted for white blood cell type heterogeneity. We included CpG sites located within 2000bp of the transcriptional start site of the following HPA-axis coupled genes: Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein (CRHBP), corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1), corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2), FKBP5 and the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1). We performed multiple linear regression models of methylation M-values to a categorical variable of hypersexuality, adjusting for depression, dexamethasone non-suppression status, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire total score and plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6. Of 76 tested individual CpG sites, four were nominally significant (p<0.05), associated with the genes CRH, CRHR2 and NR3C1. Cg23409074-located 48bp upstream of the transcription start site of the CRH gene - was significantly hypomethylated in hypersexual patients after corrections for multiple testing using the FDR-method. Methylation levels of cg23409074 were positively correlated with gene expression of the CRH gene in an independent cohort of 11 healthy male subjects. The methylation levels at the identified CRH site, cg23409074, were significantly correlated between blood and four different brain regions. CRH is an important integrator of neuroendocrine stress responses in the brain, with a key role in the addiction processes. Our results show epigenetic changes in the CRH gene related to hypersexual disorder in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Andreas Chatzittofis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - John N Flanagan
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Arver
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Grigson PS. Addiction: A preclinical and clinical analysis. Brain Res Bull 2016; 123:1-4. [PMID: 27005437 PMCID: PMC5676458 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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