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Sarkar P, Huffman KN, Williams T, Deol A, Zorra I, Adam T, Donaldson R, Qureshi U, Gowda K, Galiano RD. Rates of breast reconstruction uptake and attitudes toward breast cancer and survivorship among south asians: A literature review. J Surg Oncol 2024; 129:953-964. [PMID: 38247024 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Our aim in this review was to ascertain rates of breast reconstruction among South Asian patients and identify attitudes towards breast cancer, survivorship, and breast reconstruction. Mastectomy rates for South Asian patients ranged from 52% to 77% and reconstruction following mastectomy varied from 0% to 14%. A negative perception of cancer, fears of social isolation, and taboos around breasts can prevent South Asian women from receiving surgical care after a breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prottusha Sarkar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristin N Huffman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tokoya Williams
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Avneet Deol
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Health & Sciences, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Isabella Zorra
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tarifa Adam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel Donaldson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Umer Qureshi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karan Gowda
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Health & Sciences, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert D Galiano
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Kumar R. Understanding the Rising Breast Cancer Among Young Women: Biological Insights, Projections, and an Opportunity Window Leading up to 2040. Indian J Surg Oncol 2024; 15:1-7. [PMID: 38511023 PMCID: PMC10948683 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-024-01909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women globally, with an increasing incidence of breast cancer in young women in India and worldwide. Despite medical advancements, the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is still high. The emergence of breast cancer in young women is now acknowledged as a distinct entity characterized by unique clinical and biological features and an overall poor prognosis. This article discusses the changing landscape of breast cancer in young women in India and globally, potential examples of the underlying reasons, and possible strategies to start reversing the current upward trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
- Breast Cancer in Young Women Foundation, Denver, CO USA
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics and VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
- Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ USA
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Costa L, Kumar R, Villarreal-Garza C, Sinha S, Saini S, Semwal J, Saxsena V, Zamre V, Chintamani C, Ray M, Shimizu C, Gusic LH, Toi M, Lipton A. Diagnostic delays in breast cancer among young women: An emphasis on healthcare providers. Breast 2024; 73:103623. [PMID: 38219460 PMCID: PMC10826418 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2023.103623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in breast cancer care, breast cancer in young women (BCYW) faces unique challenges, diagnostic delays, and limited awareness in many countries. Here, we discuss the challenges and consequences associated with the delayed diagnosis of BCYW. The consequences of delayed diagnosis in young women - which generally varies among developed, developing, or underdeveloped countries - are severe due to a faster breast tumor growth rate than tumors in older women, also contributing to advanced cancer stages and poorer outcomes. Though there are many underlying reasons for diagnostic delays due to age, the article delves explicitly deep into the diagnostic delay of BCYW, focusing on healthcare providers, potential contributing factors, its consequences, and the urgent need to start minimizing such incidences. The article suggests several strategies to address these issues, including increasing awareness, developing educational programs for healthcare providers to identify signs and symptoms in young women, developing clear diagnostic guidelines, and improving screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Costa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Santa Maria- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Breast Cancer in Young Women Foundation, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Breast Cancer in Young Women Foundation, Denver, CO, USA; Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Cynthia Villarreal-Garza
- Breast Cancer Center, Hospital Zambrano Hellion TecSalud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza Garcia, Mexico; Médicos e Investigadores en la Lucha contra el Cáncer de Mama, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Sunil Saini
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Jayanti Semwal
- Department of Community Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Vartika Saxsena
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Vaishali Zamre
- Breast Cancer Surgery Unit, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute, Delhi, India
| | | | - Mukurdipi Ray
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Insititute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chikako Shimizu
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lejla Hadzikadic Gusic
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Allan Lipton
- Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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4
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Malik M, Valiyaveettil D, Joseph DM. The Growing Burden of Cancer in Adolescent and Young Adults in Asia: A Call to Action. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2024; 13:1-7. [PMID: 37327043 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2023.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent estimates suggest that the lower middle income countries in Asia carry the heaviest burden of cancer among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) (defined as age 15-39 years). A larger proportion of the population in Asia is aged 15-39 compared with the developed countries. This age group is different from the pediatric or the adult group in terms of physical, social, psychological, and financial needs. Cancer incidence, disability, survivorship needs, financial toxicity, psychosocial issues, and so on are underestimated in this group, and available literature is scarce. Global data show an increasing trend of adult-onset cancers such as colorectal, breast, pancreas, and lung in the AYA population. Data suggest that the disease biology and prognosis are different in this group; however, further research is needed. An ESMO/SIOPE/SIOP Asia survey on the care of AYA cancer patients in Asia found a suboptimal availability of AYA specialized centers in the region and identified several unmet needs including lack of training, clinical trials, and high rates of treatment abandonment. There is an urgent need for cancer care systems in Asia to develop specialized services to be able to cater to this growing burden. Training and research in this area also need to be upscaled with the goal of establishing a sustainable infrastructure and quality services to ensure that this vulnerable group receives appropriate care. Management guidelines and national health policies should consider giving special attention to this group as the World Health Assembly reinforces the inclusion of children and adolescents in cancer control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Malik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Deepthi Valiyaveettil
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Deepa M Joseph
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
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Mailankody S, Bajpai J, Arora PR, Sreedharan R, Chitalkar P, Kurkure P, Malhotra H, Parikh FR, Gupta S, Banavali SD. Oncofertility and Pregnancy in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancers: Physicians' Knowledge and Preferences in India. JCO Glob Oncol 2024; 10:e2300205. [PMID: 38207248 DOI: 10.1200/go.23.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The treatment outcomes of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancers have improved with advanced oncology care. Hence, fertility preservation (FP) and post-therapy pregnancies (PTPs) become vital issues. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online survey link with 17 questions regarding oncofertility and PTPs was circulated among oncologists to assess the knowledge, understand the oncofertility care patterns, and seek suggestions to improve oncofertility services. RESULTS The median age of 179 respondents, predominantly medical oncologists (68.7%), was 37 years (IQR, 10; range, 29-74), working in academic centers (39%) having a median experience of 4 years (IQR, 4; range, 1-42); 23 (12.8%) had dedicated AYA cancer units. Although a quarter (19%-24%) of respondents discussed fertility issues in >90% of AYA patients with cancer, only a tenth (8%-11%) refer >90% for FP, with significantly higher (P < .05) discussions and referrals in males and by more experienced oncologists (P < .05). Forty-six (25.6%) were not well versed with international guidelines for FP. Most (122, 68.1%) oncologists knew about the referral path for semen cryopreservation; however, only 46% were knowledgeable about additional complex procedures. One hundred and ten (61.5%) oncologists never or rarely altered the systemic treatment for FP. Prominent barriers to FP were ignorance, lack of collaboration, and fear of delaying cancer treatment. Lead thrust areas identified to improve FP practices are education, and enhanced and affordable access to FP facilities. Seventy-four (41.3%) respondents knew about international guidelines for PTPs; however, only half (20%) of them often monitored fertility outcomes in survivors. Oncologists have conflicting opinions and uncertainties regarding pregnancy safety, assisted reproductive techniques, breastfeeding, and pregnancy outcomes among survivors. CONCLUSION Oncologists are uncertain about the guidelines, FP practices, referral pathways, and PTPs. Multipronged approaches to improve awareness and provision for affordable oncofertility facilities are needed to enhance AYA cancer outcomes in India, which will be applicable to other low- and middle-income countries too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Mailankody
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Jyoti Bajpai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Puneet R Arora
- Center for Infertility and Assisted Reproduction (CIFAR), Gurugram, India
| | | | - Prakash Chitalkar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore, India
| | - Purna Kurkure
- Oncology Collegium, Narayana Health, SRCC Children Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Hemant Malhotra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sri Ram Cancer Center, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College Hospital, Jaipur, India
| | - Firuza R Parikh
- IVF and Reproductive Medicine, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Well Women Centre, HN Reliance Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shripad D Banavali
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Wadasadawala T, Joshi S, Rath S, Popat P, Sahay A, Gulia S, Bhargava P, Krishnamurthy R, Hoysal D, Shah J, Engineer M, Bajpai J, Kothari B, Pathak R, Jaiswal D, Desai S, Shet T, Patil A, Pai T, Haria P, Katdare A, Chauhan S, Siddique S, Vanmali V, Hawaldar R, Gupta S, Sarin R, Badwe R. Tata Memorial Centre Evidence Based Management of Breast cancer. Indian J Cancer 2024; 61:S52-S79. [PMID: 38424682 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_55_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The incidence of breast cancer is increasing rapidly in urban India due to the changing lifestyle and exposure to risk factors. Diagnosis at an advanced stage and in younger women are the most concerning issues of breast cancer in India. Lack of awareness and social taboos related to cancer diagnosis make women feel hesitant to seek timely medical advice. As almost half of women develop breast cancer at an age younger than 50 years, breast cancer diagnosis poses a huge financial burden on the household and impacts the entire family. Moreover, inaccessibility, unaffordability, and high out-of-pocket expenditure make this situation grimmer. Women find it difficult to get quality cancer care closer to their homes and end up traveling long distances for seeking treatment. Significant differences in the cancer epidemiology compared to the west make the adoption of western breast cancer management guidelines challenging for Indian women. In this article, we intend to provide a comprehensive review of the management of breast cancer from diagnosis to treatment for both early and advanced stages from the perspective of low-middle-income countries. Starting with a brief introduction to epidemiology and guidelines for diagnostic modalities (imaging and pathology), treatment has been discussed for early breast cancer (EBC), locally advanced, and MBC. In-depth information on loco-regional and systemic therapy has been provided focusing on standard treatment protocols as well as scenarios where treatment can be de-escalated or escalated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Wadasadawala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shalaka Joshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushmita Rath
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Palak Popat
- Department of Radiology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ayushi Sahay
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Seema Gulia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prabhat Bhargava
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Revathy Krishnamurthy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dileep Hoysal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jessicka Shah
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mitchelle Engineer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Bajpai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhavika Kothari
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rima Pathak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dushyant Jaiswal
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sangeeta Desai
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tanuja Shet
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asawari Patil
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Trupti Pai
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Purvi Haria
- Department of Radiology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aparna Katdare
- Department of Radiology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonal Chauhan
- Department of Radiology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shabina Siddique
- Department of Clinical Research Secretariat, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaibhav Vanmali
- Department of Clinical Research Secretariat, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rohini Hawaldar
- Department of Clinical Research Secretariat, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajiv Sarin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajendra Badwe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Roy P. Breast cancer in young Indian women: factors, challenges in screening, and upcoming diagnostics. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:14409-14427. [PMID: 37552309 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer management for young Indian women are full of challenges. The National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) has predicted that nearly 2,30,000 cases of breast cancer will be reported annually by 2025; with a steady increase in cases of young women (< 45 years of age) with breast cancer. In this review, the available literature is evaluated to understand the various risk factors contributing to the rise in cases of breast cancer in young women in India. Further, the challenges that are faced by the technicians in early diagnosis (e.g., physiology of young breasts, limited trained professionals, and awareness among patients, and cost of the treatment) of breast cancer. This review also focuses on the upcoming diagnostics like serum biomarkers and nanosensors for the early identification of the disease. For better prognosis and to reduce the chances of disease reoccurrence and metastasis, it is important that the disease has to be identified at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Roy
- College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India.
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8
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Wang M, Wang Y, Xie F, Ren H, Chen J, Wang Z. Efficacy of post‑mastectomy radiotherapy in patients with T1‑2N1 breast cancer aged ≤35 years or with a positive HER‑2 status. Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 19:58. [PMID: 37359715 PMCID: PMC10288432 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) is highly recommended for patients with breast cancer with one to three positive nodes; however, there remains some controversy regarding its use. The present retrospective study aimed to explore which patients may be able to avoid PMRT and its associated side effects. A total of 728 patients with T1-2N1 breast cancer who were treated with or without PMRT were included in the present study. The results suggested that PMRT significantly decreased the locoregional recurrence rate (LRR) [hazard ratio (HR)=5.602, 95% confidence interval (CI)=3.139-9.998, P<0.01; 3-year LRR: 4 vs. 17%] and improved overall survival (OS) (HR=0.651, 95% CI=0.437-0.971, P=0.03; 3-year OS: 91 vs. 87%) for patients with T1-2N1 breast cancer. By contrast, PMRT had no significant effect on the distant metastasis (DM) rate (HR=0.691, 95% CI=0.468-1.019, P=0.06; 3-year DM: 10 vs. 15%). Further stratified analysis revealed that PMRT did not reduce the LRR and DM, or improve OS in patients aged ≤35 years or in those with a positive human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) status. The analysis of 438 patients treated with PMRT revealed that patients aged ≤35 years or those with a positive HER-2 status were more likely to experience local recurrence even following PMRT. Thus, the benefits of using PMRT in patients with T1-2N1 breast cancer who are aged ≤35 years or in those with a positive HER-2 status need to be carefully considered. Further studies are required to confirm whether this patient group may be exempted from PMRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincong Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an Central Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Ren
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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9
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Singh S, Saini H, Sharma A, Gupta S, Huddar VG, Tripathi R. Breast cancer: miRNAs monitoring chemoresistance and systemic therapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1155254. [PMID: 37397377 PMCID: PMC10312137 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1155254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With a high mortality rate that accounts for millions of cancer-related deaths each year, breast cancer is the second most common malignancy in women. Chemotherapy has significant potential in the prevention and spreading of breast cancer; however, drug resistance often hinders therapy in breast cancer patients. The identification and the use of novel molecular biomarkers, which can predict response to chemotherapy, might lead to tailoring breast cancer treatment. In this context, accumulating research has reported microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential biomarkers for early cancer detection, and are conducive to designing a more specific treatment plan by helping analyze drug resistance and sensitivity in breast cancer treatment. In this review, miRNAs are discussed in two alternative ways-as tumor suppressors to be used in miRNA replacement therapy to reduce oncogenesis and as oncomirs to lessen the translation of the target miRNA. Different miRNAs like miR-638, miR-17, miR-20b, miR-342, miR-484, miR-21, miR-24, miR-27, miR-23 and miR-200 are involved in the regulation of chemoresistance through diverse genetic targets. For instance, tumor-suppressing miRNAs like miR-342, miR-16, miR-214, and miR-128 and tumor-promoting miRNAs like miR101 and miR-106-25 cluster regulate the cell cycle, apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and other pathways to impart breast cancer drug resistance. Hence, in this review, we have discussed the significance of miRNA biomarkers that could assist in providing novel therapeutic targets to overcome potential chemotherapy resistance to systemic therapy and further facilitate the design of tailored therapy for enhanced efficacy against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Heena Saini
- Integrated translational Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Rog Nidan and Vikriti vigyan (Pathology), All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - V. G. Huddar
- Department of Kaya Chikitsa (Internal Medicine), All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), New Delhi, India
| | - Richa Tripathi
- Integrated translational Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Rog Nidan and Vikriti vigyan (Pathology), All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), New Delhi, India
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10
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Zhu JW, Charkhchi P, Adekunte S, Akbari MR. What Is Known about Breast Cancer in Young Women? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061917. [PMID: 36980802 PMCID: PMC10047861 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women under the age of 40 years worldwide. In addition, the incidence of breast cancer in young women (BCYW) has been rising. Young women are not the focus of screening programs and BC in younger women tends to be diagnosed in more advanced stages. Such patients have worse clinical outcomes and treatment complications compared to older patients. BCYW has been associated with distinct tumour biology that confers a worse prognosis, including poor tumour differentiation, increased Ki-67 expression, and more hormone-receptor negative tumours compared to women >50 years of age. Pathogenic variants in cancer predisposition genes such as BRCA1/2 are more common in early-onset BC compared to late-onset BC. Despite all these differences, BCYW remains poorly understood with a gap in research regarding the risk factors, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Age-specific clinical characteristics or outcomes data for young women are lacking, and most of the standard treatments used in this subpopulation currently are derived from older patients. More age-specific clinical data and treatment options are required. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinicopathologic characteristics, outcomes, treatments, and special considerations of breast cancer in young women. We also underline future directions and highlight areas that require more attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei Zhu
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Parsa Charkhchi
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shadia Adekunte
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
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Paul AM, George B, Saini S, Pillai MR, Toi M, Costa L, Kumar R. Delineation of Pathogenomic Insights of Breast Cancer in Young Women. Cells 2022; 11:1927. [PMID: 35741056 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of breast cancer (BC) in young women (BCYW) aged ≤40 years tends to be poorer than that in older patients due to aggressive phenotypes, late diagnosis, distinct biologic, and poorly understood genomic features of BCYW. Considering the estimated predisposition of only approximately 15% of the BC population to BC-promoting genes, the underlying reasons for an increased occurrence of BCYW, at large, cannot be completely explained based on general risk factors for BC. This underscores the need for the development of next-generation of tissue- and body fluid-based prognostic and predictive biomarkers for BCYW. Here, we identified the genes associated with BCYW with a particular focus on the age, intrinsic BC subtypes, matched normal or normal breast tissues, and BC laterality. In young women with BC, we observed dysregulation of age-associated cancer-relevant gene sets in both cancer and normal breast tissues, sub-sets of which substantially affected the overall survival (OS) or relapse-free survival (RFS) of patients with BC and exhibited statically significant correlations with several gene modules associated with cellular processes such as the stroma, immune responses, mitotic progression, early response, and steroid responses. For example, high expression of COL1A2, COL5A2, COL5A1, NPY1R, and KIAA1644 mRNAs in the BC and normal breast tissues from young women correlated with a substantial reduction in the OS and RFS of BC patients with increased levels of these exemplified genes. Many of the genes upregulated in BCYW were overexpressed or underexpressed in normal breast tissues, which might provide clues regarding the potential involvement of such genes in the development of BC later in life. Many of BCYW-associated gene products were also found in the extracellular microvesicles/exosomes secreted from breast and other cancer cell-types as well as in body fluids such as urine, saliva, breast milk, and plasma, raising the possibility of using such approaches in the development of non-invasive, predictive and prognostic biomarkers. In conclusion, the findings of this study delineated the pathogenomics of BCYW, providing clues for future exploration of the potential predictive and prognostic importance of candidate BCYW molecules and research strategies as well as a rationale to undertake a prospective clinical study to examine some of testable hypotheses presented here. In addition, the results presented here provide a framework to bring out the importance of geographical disparities, to overcome the current bottlenecks in BCYW, and to make the next quantum leap for sporadic BCYW research and treatment.
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12
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Bajpai J, Kashyap L, Vallathol DH, Das A, Singh M, Pathak R, Rath S, Sekar A, Mohanta S, Reddy A, Joshi S, Nandhana R, Ravind R, Wadasadawala T, Nair N, Ghosh J, Parmar V, Gulia S, Desai S, Shet T, Thakur M, Patil A, Sarin R, Gupta S, Badwe R. Outcomes of non-metastatic triple negative breast cancers: Real-world data from a large Indian cohort. Breast 2022; 63:77-84. [PMID: 35334242 PMCID: PMC8942859 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative Breast tumor (TNBC) is an aggressive tumor with sparse data worldwide. Methods We analyzed non-metastatic TNBC from 2013 to 2019 for demographics, practice patterns, and survival by the Kaplan Meir method. Prognostic factors for OS and DFS were evaluated using Cox Proportional Hazard model estimator for univariate and multivariable analysis after checking for collinearity among the variables. Results There were 1297 patients with median age of 38 years; 41 (33.3%) among 123 tested were BRCA-positives. Among these 593 (45.7%) had stage III disease, 1279 (98.6%) were grade III, 165 (13.0%) had peri-nodal extension (PNE), 212 (16.0%) lympho-vascular invasion (LVI), and 21 (1.6%) were metaplastic; 1256 (96.8%) received chemotherapy including 820 (63.2%) neoadjuvant with 306 (40.0%) pCR. Grade ≥3 toxicities occurred in 155 (12.4%) including two deaths and 3 s-primaries. 1234 (95.2%) underwent surgery [722 (55.7%) breast conservations] and 1034 (79.7%) received radiotherapy. At a median follow-up of 54 months, median disease-free (DFS) was 92.2 months and overall survival (OS) was not reached. 5-year estimated DFS and OS was 65.9% and 80.3%. There were 259 (20.0%) failures; predominantly distant (204, 15.7%) - lung (51%), liver (31.8%). In multivariate analysis presence of LVI (HR-2.00, p-0.003), PNE (HR-2.09 p-0.003), older age (HR-1.03, p-0.002) and stage III disease (HR-4.89, p-0.027), were associated with poor OS. Conclusion Relatively large contemporary data of non-metastatic TNBC confirms aggressive biology and predominant advanced stage presentation which adversely affects outcomes. The data strongly indicate the unmet need for early detection to optimize care. TNBC affects young women and majority are locally advanced at presentation. Multimodal management achieves favorable survival with limited resources. Most relapses are at distant visceral sites, outcomes dismal after relapse. Challenges in implementing resource intensive interventions.
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Kumar R, Abreu C, Toi M, Saini S, Casimiro S, Arora A, Paul AM, Velaga R, Rameshwar P, Lipton A, Gupta S, Costa L. Oncobiology and treatment of breast cancer in young women. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:749-770. [PMID: 35488982 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Female breast cancer emerged as the leading cancer type in terms of incidence globally in 2020. Although mortality due to breast cancer has improved during the past three decades in many countries, this trend has reversed in women less than 40 years since the past decade. From the biological standpoint, there is consensus among experts regarding the clinically relevant definition of breast cancer in young women (BCYW), with an age cut-off of 40 years. The idea that breast cancer is an aging disease has apparently broken in the case of BCYW due to the young onset and an overall poor outcome of BCYW patients. In general, younger patients exhibit a worse prognosis than older pre- and postmenopausal patients due to the aggressive nature of cancer subtypes, a high percentage of cases with advanced stages at diagnosis, and a high risk of relapse and death in younger patients. Because of clinically and biologically unique features of BCYW, it is suspected to represent a distinct biologic entity. It is unclear why BCYW is more aggressive and has an inferior prognosis with factors that contribute to increased incidence. However, unique developmental features, adiposity and immune components of the mammary gland, hormonal interplay and crosstalk with growth factors, and a host of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors and cellular regulatory interactions are considered to be the major contributing factors. In the present article, we discuss the status of BCYW oncobiology, therapeutic interventions and considerations, current limitations in fully understanding the basis and underlying cause(s) of BCYW, understudied areas of BCYW research, and postulated advances in the coming years for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India. .,Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA. .,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Catarina Abreu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Santa Maria- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sunil Saini
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sandra Casimiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anshika Arora
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Aswathy Mary Paul
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Ravi Velaga
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Allan Lipton
- Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Luis Costa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Santa Maria- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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Kadam D. Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction: An Exigent Need for the Impetus. Indian J Plast Surg 2022; 55:1-2. [PMID: 35444743 PMCID: PMC9015835 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1747684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kadam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, AJ Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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