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Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Fallahi Nezhad F, Binazadeh M, Dehdashtijahromi M, Omidifar N, Ghahramani Y, Lai CW, Chiang WH, Gholami A. Innovative Metal-Organic Frameworks for Targeted Oral Cancer Therapy: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4685. [PMID: 37444999 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have proven to be very effective carriers for drug delivery in various biological applications. In recent years, the development of hybrid nanostructures has made significant progress, including developing an innovative MOF-loaded nanocomposite with a highly porous structure and low toxicity that can be used to fabricate core-shell nanocomposites by combining complementary materials. This review study discusses using MOF materials in cancer treatment, imaging, and antibacterial effects, focusing on oral cancer cells. For patients with oral cancer, we offer a regular program for accurately designing and producing various anticancer and antibacterial agents to achieve maximum effectiveness and the lowest side effects. Also, we want to ensure that the anticancer agent works optimally and has as few side effects as possible before it is tested in vitro and in vivo. It is also essential that new anticancer drugs for cancer treatment are tested for efficacy and safety before they go into further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Fallahi Nezhad
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Binazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Milad Dehdashtijahromi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Yasamin Ghahramani
- Associate Professor of Endodontics Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry Oral and Dental Disease Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71956-15787, Iran
| | - Chin Wei Lai
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
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Oruganti L, Meriga B. Plant Polyphenolic Compounds Potentiates Therapeutic Efficiency of Anticancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs: A Review. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:246-252. [PMID: 32767950 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200807115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific research continues to develop more efficacious drugs to treat and cure cancer, the dreadful disease threatening the human race. Chemotherapy is an essential means in cancer therapy, however, plant drugs having pharmacological safety, can be used alone or as additions to current chemotherapeutic agents to enhance therapeutic efficacy and minimize chemotherapyinduced adverse effects. OBJECTIVE A combination therapy where the synergistic effect on multiple targets is possible has gained significance because a one-drug one-target approach fails to yield the desired therapeutic effect. Therefore, a detailed description of important plant polyphenolic compounds with anticancer activity and their role in potentiating chemotherapeutic efficiency of existing anticancer drugs is provided in this review. Systematically screening combinations of active pharmaceutical ingredients for potential synergy with plant compounds may be especially valuable in cancer therapy. METHODS We extensively have gone through reviews and research articles available in the literature. We made use of databases such as Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, Science Direct, etc. The following keywords were used in our literature search: "Chemotherapy, drug development, cancer drugs, plant-derived polyphenolics, synergistic studies, combination therapy, diagnosis and genetics." CONCLUSION Systematic research studies on screening combinations of plant phytochemicals with potential chemotherapeutic pharmaceuticals shed light on their synergistic effects, mechanisms of actions paving the way to develop more efficient anticancer therapeutics to treat and cure the cancer menace, to nullify chemotherapy-induced adverse effects and our review substantially contributes in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokanatha Oruganti
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Culture & Molecular Biology Lab, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Balaji Meriga
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Culture & Molecular Biology Lab, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
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Bahuguna A, Singh A, Kumar P, Dhasmana D, Krishnan V, Garg N. Bisindolemethane derivatives as highly potent anticancer agents: Synthesis, medicinal activity evaluation, cell-based compound discovery, and computational target predictions. Comput Biol Med 2020; 116:103574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Karimabad MN, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A, Darekordi A, Hajizadeh MR, Hassanshahi G. Molecular Targets, Anti-cancer Properties and Potency of Synthetic Indole-3-carbinol Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:540-554. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181116120145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The indole-3-carbinol (I3C) displays anti-cancer/proliferative activities against human cancer cells. Cellular proliferation is an event associated with the progress and its continuation. This manifest is described by variation in expression and/or functions of genes that are related with cell cycle relevant proteins. The constitutive activation of several signal transduction pathways stimulates cells proliferation as well. The immediate stages in cancer development are accompanied by a fibrogenic response and the progression of the hypoxic environment is in favor of survival and proliferatory functions of cancer stem cells. A main part for prevention of in cancer cells death may manifest through altering cell metabolism. Cellular proliferation and metastasis are reported to be supported with increased generation of responsible hormones (in hormone dependent malignancies), and further promotion the angiogenesis, with epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This may be facilitated by progression of autophagy phenomenon, as well as via taking cues from neighboring stromal cells. Several signaling pathways in association with various factors specific for cellular viability, including hypoxia inducible factor 1, NF-κB, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1), phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, Wnt, cell cycle related protein, with androgen and estrogen receptor signaling are reported to be inhibited by I3C. These evidences, in association with bioinformatics data represent very important information for describing signaling pathways in parallel with molecular targets that may serve as markers for early diagnosis and/or critical targets for designing and development of novel therapeutic regimes alone or combined with drugs, to prevent tumor formation and further progression. In particular, I3C and DIM have been extensively investigated for their importance against numbers human cancers both in vitro and in vivo. We aimed the present manuscript, current study, to review anticancer properties and the miscellaneous mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenicity in an in-depth study for broadening the I3C treating marvel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Noroozi Karimabad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahmoodi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolah Jafarzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Darekordi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Hajizadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Gallego A, Metón I, Baanante IV, Ouazzani J, Adelin E, Palazon J, Bonfill M, Moyano E. Viability-reducing activity of Coryllus avellana L. extracts against human cancer cell lines. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:565-572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Liu D, Yan L, Wang L, Tai W, Wang W, Yang C. Genistein enhances the effect of cisplatin on the inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cell growth in vitro and in vivo.. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2806-2810. [PMID: 25364470 PMCID: PMC4214458 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cisplatin (DDP) has been reported to be a promising antitumor therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the effectiveness of the treatment remains limited due to an inherent tumor resistance to DDP. Genistein (GEN) is an abundant, naturally occurring isoflavonoid found in soy products that has been demonstrated to increase the anti-neoplastic activity of certain chemotherapy drugs in multiple tumor types. In the present study, DDP in combination with GEN was selected as a potential treatment to suppress tumor growth and simultaneously reduce the doses of the two drugs required for the treatment of NSCLC. Cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and receptor signaling assays were conducted. In the in vivo study, DDP and GEN, either alone or in combination, were used to treat a xenograft model of the A549 cells. It was found that the combination of low concentrations of DDP and GEN induced significantly greater growth inhibition (P<0.01) and increased apoptosis in the A549 cells compared with either agent alone. In addition, DDP in combination with GEN could significantly suppress tumor growth in vivo compared with either agent alone. Combination treatment significantly suppresses constitutive phosphorylation of AKT and phosphoinositide-3 kinase, which may contribute to the inhibition of tumor growth. Overall, the present data suggested that GEN can increase the anti-neoplastic activity of DDP and that a combination of GEN and DDP is a potential drug candidate for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Weicheng Tai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Weili Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Changbin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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Zhang WW, Feng Z, Narod SA. Multiple therapeutic and preventive effects of 3,3'-diindolylmethane on cancers including prostate cancer and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. J Biomed Res 2014; 28:339-48. [PMID: 25332705 PMCID: PMC4197384 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.28.20140008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables belong to the plant family that has flowers with four equal-sized petals in the pattern of a crucifer cross. These vegetables are an abundant source of dietary phytochemicals, including glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM). By 2013, the total number of natural glucosinolates that have been documented is estimated to be 132. Recently, cruciferous vegetable intake has garnered great interest for its multiple health benefits such as anticancer, antiviral infections, human sex hormone regulation, and its therapeutic and preventive effects on prostate cancer and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). DIM is a hydrolysis product of glucosinolates and has been used in various trials. This review is to provide an insight into the latest developments of DIM in treating or preventing both prostate cancer and HGPIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Weiben Zhang
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Steven A Narod
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Women's College Hospital, Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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Vander Broek R, Snow GE, Chen Z, Van Waes C. Chemoprevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Oral Oncol 2013; 50:930-41. [PMID: 24177052 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors regulate cellular processes such as inflammation and cell survival. The NF-κB pathway is often activated with development and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). As such, NF-κB represents an attractive target for chemoprevention. HNSCC involves progression of lesions from premalignant to malignant, providing a window of opportunity for intervention with chemopreventive agents. Appropriate chemopreventive agents should be inexpensive, nontoxic, and target important pathways involved in the development of HNSCC. Several such agents that inhibit the NF-κB pathway have been investigated in HNSCC. Retinoids have been studied most extensively but have shown limited potential in human trials. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and PI3K-mTOR inhibitors may benefit a subset of patients. Other agents such as green tea extract and curcumin are appealing because they are generally regarded as safe. In contrast, there is evidence that Vitamin E supplementation may actually increase mortality of cancer patients. Repurposed drugs such as cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and antidiabetic drugs are an emerging area of interest. Future research to develop agents with lower toxicity and higher specificity for the NF-κB pathway, and to target these therapies to individual patient genetic signatures should help to increase the utility of chemoprevention in HSNCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vander Broek
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States; Medical Research Scholars Program, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Grace E Snow
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States; Medical Research Scholars Program, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.
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Li Y, Kong D, Ahmad A, Bao B, Sarkar FH. Antioxidant function of isoflavone and 3,3'-diindolylmethane: are they important for cancer prevention and therapy? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:139-50. [PMID: 23391445 PMCID: PMC3689155 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress has been mechanistically linked with aging and chronic diseases, including cancer. In fact, oxidative stress status, chronic disease-related inflammation, and cancer occurred in the aging population are tightly correlated. It is well known that the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays important roles in oxidative stress, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Therefore, targeting NF-κB is an important preventive or therapeutic strategy against oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer. RECENT ADVANCES A variety of natural compounds has been found to reduce oxidative stress through their antioxidant activity. Among them, isoflavone, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), and its in vivo dimeric compound 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) have shown their promising effects on the inhibition of NF-κB with corresponding reduction of oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES It has been found that isoflavone, I3C, and DIM could inhibit cancer development and progression by regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways that are related to oxidative stress and significantly deregulated in cancer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The antioxidative and anticancer effects of these natural agents make them strong candidates for chemoprevention and/or therapy against human malignancies. However, more clinical trials are needed to evaluate the effects of isoflavone and DIM for the prevention of cancer development and also for the treatment of cancer either alone or in combination with conventional cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Aravindan S, Natarajan M, Herman TS, Awasthi V, Aravindan N. Molecular basis of 'hypoxic' breast cancer cell radio-sensitization: phytochemicals converge on radiation induced Rel signaling. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:46. [PMID: 23452621 PMCID: PMC3599951 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneously distributed hypoxic areas are a characteristic property of locally advanced breast cancers (BCa) and generally associated with therapeutic resistance, metastases, and poor patient survival. About 50% of locally advanced BCa, where radiotherapy is less effective are suggested to be due to hypoxic regions. In this study, we investigated the potential of bioactive phytochemicals in radio-sensitizing hypoxic BCa cells. METHODS Hypoxic (O2-2.5%; N2-92.5%; CO2-5%) MCF-7 cells were exposed to 4 Gy radiation (IR) alone or after pretreatment with Curcumin (CUR), curcumin analog EF24, neem leaf extract (NLE), Genistein (GEN), Resveratrol (RES) or raspberry extract (RSE). The cells were examined for inhibition of NFκB activity, transcriptional modulation of 88 NFκB signaling pathway genes, activation and cellular localization of radio-responsive NFκB related mediators, eNos, Erk1/2, SOD2, Akt1/2/3, p50, p65, pIκBα, TNFα, Birc-1, -2, -5 and associated induction of cell death. RESULTS EMSA revealed that cells exposed to phytochemicals showed complete suppression of IR-induced NFκB. Relatively, cells exposed EF24 revealed a robust inhibition of IR-induced NFκB. QPCR profiling showed induced expression of 53 NFκB signaling pathway genes after IR. Conversely, 53, 50, 53, 53, 53 and 53 of IR-induced genes were inhibited with EF24, NLE, CUR, GEN, RES and RSE respectively. In addition, 25, 29, 24, 16, 11 and 21 of 35 IR-suppressed genes were further inhibited with EF24, NLE, CUR, GEN, RES and RSE respectively. Immunoblotting revealed a significant attenuating effect of IR-modulated radio-responsive eNos, Erk1/2, SOD2, Akt1/2/3, p50, p65, pIκBα, TNFα, Birc-1, -2 and -5 with EF24, NLE, CUR, GEN, RES or RSE. Annexin V-FITC staining showed a consistent and significant induction of IR-induced cell death with these phytochemicals. Notably, EF24 robustly conferred IR-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data identifies the potential hypoxic cell radio-sensitizers and further implies that the induced radio-sensitization may be exerted by selectively targeting IR-induced NFκB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeja Aravindan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Qian X, Song JM, Melkamu T, Upadhyaya P, Kassie F. Chemoprevention of lung tumorigenesis by intranasally administered diindolylmethane in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:841-9. [PMID: 23239747 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The main reasons for the failure of most chemopreventive agents during clinical trials are poor in vivo bioavailability and dose-limiting side effects. One potential approach to surmount these problems in lung cancer chemoprevention trials could be direct delivery of agents into the pulmonary tissue. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of intranasally delivered bio-response diindolylmethane (BRD) against 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in mice. Mice treated with NNK (two doses of 50mg/kg at an interval of a week, intraperitoneal) developed 16.3±2.9 lung tumors per mouse. Post-carcinogen administration of BRD, via intranasal instillation, for 24 weeks, twice a week, at a dose of 2mg per mouse (0.6mg pure diindolylmethane per mouse) reduced the lung tumor multiplicity to 4.6±2.2 tumors per mouse (72% reduction). Likewise, large tumors (>1mm) were almost completely abolished and multiplicities of tumors with a size of 0.5-1mm were reduced by 74%. Tumor volume was also reduced by 82%. Further studies using an in vitro model of lung tumorigenesis showed that BRD exhibited pronounced antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in premalignant and malignant bronchial cells but only minimal effects in parental immortalized cells through, at least in part, suppression of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. These results showed the potent lung tumor inhibitory activities of low doses of BRD given via intranasal instillation and, therefore, intranasal delivery of BRD holds a great promise for lung cancer chemoprevention in subjects at high risk to develop lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Qian
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Haq S, Ali S, Mohammad R, Sarkar FH. The complexities of epidemiology and prevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23202913 PMCID: PMC3497287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131012556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer epidemiology and prevention is one of the most well studied fields today. The more we can understand about the incidence and pathogenesis of this disease, the better we will be able to prevent it. Effective prevention strategies can decrease the mortality rate of cancer significantly; this is why it is important to delineate the underlying causes. It has been well recognized that genetic mutations, sporadic or hereditary, may lead to increased chance of tumorigenesis. Detecting genetic mutations can lead to the identification of high-risk individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes, which may assist in devising prevention strategies. Further, environmental factors are known to play important roles in epidemiology and suggest prevention tools that could be implemented to reduce cancer incidence and subsequent cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. Chemoprevention has been tried in colon cancer and is finding new advancements in other carcinomas as well. Out of many environmental cancer preventive agents, the most notable developments are the identification of the role of vitamins E, vitamin D and folic acid. Increased consumption of these vitamins has shown to be inversely correlated with cancer risk. This review will highlight important aspects of cancer epidemiology in the most aggressive carcinomas of the gastrointestinal system focusing on colorectal adenocarcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Additionally, some of the well-known and evolving aspects of epidemiology of colorectal and pancreatic cancer along with current and new prevention strategies will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Haq
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Shadan Ali
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mails: (S.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Ramzi Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mails: (S.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mails: (S.A.); (R.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-313-576-8327; Fax: +1-313-576-8389
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Soubani O, Ali AS, Logna F, Ali S, Philip PA, Sarkar FH. Re-expression of miR-200 by novel approaches regulates the expression of PTEN and MT1-MMP in pancreatic cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1563-71. [PMID: 22637745 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is often activated and expressed in tumor cells with significant invasive properties, and is associated with poor prognosis of patients. This could partly be due to deregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) which regulates the expression of MT1-MMP and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) contributing to tumor invasion and metastasis. We initially compared the expression profile of miR-200 family, PTEN and MT1-MMP expression in six pancreatic cancer (PC) cell lines by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. We found loss of expression of miR-200a, b and c in chemo-resistant PC cell lines, which was correlated with loss of PTEN and over-expression of MT1-MMP. Based on our initial findings, we chose BxPC-3, MIAPaCa-2 and MIAPaCa-2-GR cells for further mechanistic studies We assessed the effect of two separate novel agents CDF (a synthetic analog of curcumin) and BR-DIM (a natural agent) on PC cells. The expression of miR-200 family and PTEN was significantly re-expressed whereas the expression of MT1-MMP was down-regulated by CDF and BR-DIM treatment. Forced over-expression or silencing of miR-200c, followed by either CDF or BR-DIM treatment of MIAPaCa-2 cells, altered the morphology of cells, wound-healing capacity, colony formation and the expression of MT1-MMP and PTEN. These results provide strong experimental evidence showing that the loss of miR-200 family and PTEN expression and increased level of MT1-MMP leads to aggressive behavior of PC cells, which could be attenuated through re-expression of miR-200c by CDF and/or BR-DIM treatment, suggesting that these agents could be useful for PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Soubani
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Wu TC, Yang YC, Huang PR, Wen YD, Yeh SL. Genistein enhances the effect of trichostatin A on inhibition of A549 cell growth by increasing expression of TNF receptor-1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:247-54. [PMID: 22626855 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that genistein enhances apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells induced by trichostatin A (TSA). The precise molecular mechanism underlying the effect of genistein, however, remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether genistein enhances the anti-cancer effect of TSA through up-regulation of TNF receptor-1 (TNFR-1) death receptor signaling. We incubated A549 cells with TSA (50 ng/mL) alone or in combination with genistein and then determined the mRNA and protein expression of TNFR-1 as well as the activation of downstream caspases. Genistein at 5 and 10 μM significantly enhanced the TSA-induced decrease in cell number and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The combined treatment significantly increased mRNA and protein expression of TNFR-1 at 6 and 12h, respectively, compared with that of the control group; while TSA alone had no effect. TSA in combination with 10 μM of genistein increased TNFR-1 mRNA and protein expression by about 70% and 40%, respectively. The underlying mechanism for this effect of genistein may be partly associated with the estrogen receptor pathway. The combined treatment also increased the activation of caspase-3 and -10 as well as p53 protein expression in A549 cells. The enhancing effects of genistein on the TSA-induced decrease in cell number and on the expression of caspase-3 in A549 cells were suppressed by silencing TNFR-1 expression. These data demonstrated that the upregulation of TNFR-1 death receptor signaling plays an important role, at least in part, in the enhancing effect of genistein on TSA-induced apoptosis in A549 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chin Wu
- Chest Clinic, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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15
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Apigenin induces apoptosis via tumor necrosis factor receptor- and Bcl-2-mediated pathway and enhances susceptibility of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1081-91. [PMID: 22554915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apigenin, a natural plant flavone, may have chemopreventive and therapeutic potentials for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer. Nevertheless, the anti-tumor effect of apigenin on human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is not fully understood. METHODS The antioxidant capacity and protective effects of apigenin against oxidative stress in murine normal embryonic liver BNLCL2 cells are examined. Cell viability, morphologic change, clonogenic survival, cell cycle distribution, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione formation, and death receptors- and Bcl-2-mediated caspase pathways of HNSCC SCC25 cells and A431 cells with apigenin are investigated. RESULTS Apigenin inhibits the growth of SCC25 and A431 cells and induces cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Apigenin has an antioxidant capacity as well as the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. It protects BNLCL2 cells against oxidative damage, and is potentially able to prevent cancer. Apigenin increases intracellular ROS levels and reduces levels of glutathione; it also induces cell apoptosis via tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAIL-R)-, and Bcl-2-mediated caspase-dependent cell death pathways in SCC25 cells. The combination of apigenin with 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) or cisplatin induces the dramatic death of SCC25 cells. CONCLUSIONS Apigenin induces SCC25 cell apoptosis via the up-regulation of both TNF-R and TRAIL-R signaling pathways, and has a synergistic effect on the inhibition of cell proliferation in combination with 5-Fu or cisplatin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These analytical findings suggest that apigenin may be a good therapeutic agent against HNSCC cells.
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16
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Synergistic inhibitory effects by the combination of gefitinib and genistein on NSCLC with acquired drug-resistance in vitro and in vivo. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:4971-9. [PMID: 22160570 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, most patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors eventually progress because of an acquired resistance mutation, T790M, in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Thus, it is important to identify a new drug to reduce resistance. The aim of this study was to test whether genistein combined with gefitinib is effective against NSCLC in a cell line carrying T790M, and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. The human lung cancer cell line H1975 was used as an in vitro and in vivo model. Cells were treated with gefitinib, genistein, or a combination at a range of concentrations. Cell proliferation was calculated to assess the anticancer effects of the compounds in vitro. Flow cytometry and Western blotting were employed to determine the inhibitory effects on proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. The in vivo effects of the compounds were examined using a xenografted nude mouse model for validation. Gefitinib together with genistein enhanced both growth inhibition and apoptosis; however, the greatest synergistic effect was observed at low concentrations. p-EGFR, p-Akt, and p-mTOR expressions in vitro were reduced more by the combined use of the drugs, whereas caspase-3 and PARP activities were increased. Significantly more tumor growth inhibition was detected following combination treatment in the in vivo model. These findings suggest that genistein enhanced the antitumor effects of gefitinib in a NSCLC cell line carrying the T790M mutation. This synergistic activity may be due to increased inhibition of the downstream molecular and pro-apoptotic effects of EGFR.
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17
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Wei WT, Chen H, Wang ZH, Ni ZL, Liu HB, Tong HF, Guo HC, Liu DL, Lin SZ. Enhanced antitumor efficacy of gemcitabine by evodiamine on pancreatic cancer via regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 8:1-14. [PMID: 22211100 PMCID: PMC3226028 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine has therapeutic potential against cancers. This study was designed to investigate whether combination therapy with gemcitabine and evodiamine enhanced antitumor efficacy in pancreatic cancer. In vitro application of the combination therapy triggered significantly higher frequency of pancreatic cancer cells apoptosis, inhibited the activities of PI3K, Akt, PKA, mTOR and PTEN, and decreased the activation of NF-κB and expression of NF-κB-regulated products. In vivo application of the combination therapy induced significant enhancement of tumor cell apoptosis, reductions in tumor volume, and inhibited activation of mTOR and PTEN. In conclusion, evodiamine can augment the therapeutic effect of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer through direct or indirect negative regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tian Wei
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Ahmad A, Sakr WA, Rahman KW. Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of cell death induction by indole compounds. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2955-74. [PMID: 24212940 PMCID: PMC3759180 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3032955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole compounds, obtained from cruciferous vegetables, are well-known for their anti-cancer properties. In particular, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its dimeric product, 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), have been widely investigated for their effectiveness against a number of human cancers in vitro as well as in vivo. These compounds are effective inducers of apoptosis and the accumulating evidence documenting their ability to modulate multiple cellular signaling pathways is a testimony to their pleiotropic behavior. Here we attempt to update current understanding on the various mechanisms that are responsible for the apoptosis-inducing effects by these compounds. The significance of apoptosis-induction as a desirable attribute of anti-cancer agents such as indole compounds cannot be overstated. However, an equally intriguing property of these compounds is their ability to sensitize cancer cells to standard chemotherapeutic agents. Such chemosensitizing effects of indole compounds can potentially have major clinical implications because these non-toxic compounds can reduce the toxicity and drug-resistance associated with available chemotherapies. Combinational therapy is increasingly being realized to be better than single agent therapy and, through this review article, we aim to provide a rationale behind combination of natural compounds such as indoles with conventional therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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19
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Banerjee S, Kong D, Wang Z, Bao B, Hillman GG, Sarkar FH. Attenuation of multi-targeted proliferation-linked signaling by 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM): from bench to clinic. Mutat Res 2011; 728:47-66. [PMID: 21703360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence provide credible support in favor of the potential role of bioactive products derived from ingesting cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower and cabbage. Among many compounds, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) is generated in the acidic environment of the stomach following dimerization of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) monomers present in these classes of vegetables. Both I3C and DIM have been investigated for their use in preventing, inhibiting, and reversing the progression of cancer - as a chemopreventive agent. In this review, we summarize an updated, wide-ranging pleiotropic anti-tumor and biological effects elicited by DIM against tumor cells. It is unfeasible to point one single target as basis of cellular target of action of DIM. We emphasize key cellular and molecular events that are effectively modulated in the direction of inducing apoptosis and suppressing cell proliferation. Collectively, DIM orchestrates signaling through Ah receptor, NF-κB/Wnt/Akt/mTOR pathways impinging on cell cycle arrest, modulation of key cytochrome P450 enzymes, altering angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and epigenetic behavior of cancer cells. The ability of DIM to selectively induce tumor cells to undergo apoptosis has been observed in preclinical models, and thus it has been speculated in improving the therapeutic efficacy of other anticancer agents that have diverse molecular targets. Consequently, DIM has moved through preclinical development into Phase I clinical trials, thereby suggesting that DIM could be a promising and novel agent either alone or as an adjunct to conventional therapeutics such as chemo-radio and targeted therapies. An important development has been the availability of DIM formulation with superior bioavailability for humans. Therefore, DIM appears to be a promising chemopreventive agent or chemo-radio-sensitizer for the prevention of tumor recurrence and/or for the treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Gilda G Hillman
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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20
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Ahmad A, Sakr WA, Rahman KW. Role of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Signaling in Anticancer Properties of Indole Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Banerjee S, Kong D, Azmi AS, Wang Z, Ahmad A, Sethi S, Sarkar FH. Restoring sensitivity to oxaliplatin by a novel approach in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:1240-50. [PMID: 20824697 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (OxP) has been used in combination therapy with gemcitabine for the treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC), but the beneficial effect was marginal, which is believed to be due to de novo and acquired drug resistance of PC. Here, we report our in vitro and in vivo preclinical evidence in support of chemosensitization of drug-resistant cells by a nontoxic chemopreventive agent (genistein). Genistein pretreatment together with low concentration of OxP showed significant reduction in cell viability and colony formation concomitant with increased apoptosis (p < 0.01), which was highly synergistic. Drug resistance of PC is allegedly linked with both constitutive and OxP-induced activation of NF-κB, and we found that inactivation of (nuclear factor kappa B) NF-κB by genistein before treatment of cells with OxP was required for cell killing, which was consistent with the downregulation of NF-κB and its downstream antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2, XIAPs and survivin). Most importantly, our in vivo experiments using orthotopic mouse model showed significant reduction in tumor size (p < 0.01) and reduction of locoregional lymph node metastasis by combination treatment. These results were also consistent with inactivation of NF-κB and the downregulation of NF-κB downstream genes, decreased proliferation marker (Ki-67) and increased apoptosis (TUNEL) in tumor remnants, all of which was consistent with in vitro findings. From these results, we conclude that genistein sensitizes drug-resistant PC to OxP, which is mechanistically linked with inactivation of NF-κB signaling, resulting in greater antitumor effects, and thus our data suggest that this approach could be useful in improving the treatment outcome for patients diagnosed with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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22
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Azmi AS, Philip PA, Zafar SF, Sarkar FH, Mohammad RM. PAR-4 as a possible new target for pancreatic cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:611-20. [PMID: 20426700 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.487066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a deadly disease that is intractable to currently available treatment regimens. Although well described in different tumors types, the importance of apoptosis inducer prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) in PC has not been appreciated. PC is an oncogenic kras driven disease, which is known to downregulate Par-4. Therefore, this review highlights its significance and builds a strong case supporting the role of Par-4 as a possible therapeutic target in PC. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Literature-based evidence spanning the last 15 years on Par-4 and its significance in PC. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review provides comprehensive knowledge of the significance of Par-4 and its association with kras status in PC, along with the crosstalk with crucial resistance and survival molecules NF-kappaB and Bcl-2 that ultimately are responsible for the overall poor outcome of different therapeutic approaches in this disease. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Par-4 holds promise as a potential therapeutic target that can be induced by chemopreventive agents and small-molecule inhibitors either alone or in combination with standard chemotherapeutics leading to selective apoptosis in PC cells. It also acts as a chemosensitizer and therefore warrants further clinical investigations in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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23
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Dihydroartemisinin inactivates NF-kappaB and potentiates the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2010; 293:99-108. [PMID: 20137856 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is currently the best known chemotherapeutic option available for pancreatic cancer, but the tumor returns de novo with acquired resistance over time, which becomes a major issue for all gemcitabine-related chemotherapies. In this study, for the first time, we demonstrated that dihydroartemisinin (DHA) enhances gemcitabine-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in both BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cell lines in vitro. The mechanism is at least partially due to DHA deactivates gemcitabine-induced NF-kappaB activation, so as to decrease tremendously the expression of its target gene products, such as c-myc, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL. In our in vivo studies, gemcibabine also manifested remarkably enhanced anti-tumor effect when combined with DHA, as manifested by significantly increased apoptosis, as well as decreased Ki-67 index, NF-kappaB activity and its related gene products, and predictably, significantly reduced tumor volume. We concluded that inhibition of gemcitabine-induced NF-kappaB activation is one of the mechanisms that DHA dramatically promotes its anti-tumor effect on pancreatic cancer.
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