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Spatial tracking of individual fluid dispersed particles via Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14350. [PMID: 32873832 PMCID: PMC7463031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for the spatial tracking of individual particles, dispersed in a fluid host, via Raman spectroscopy. The effect of moving a particle upon the intensity of different bands within its Raman spectrum is first established computationally through a scattering matrix method. By comparing an experimental spectrum to the computational analysis, we show that the position of the particle can be obtained. We apply this method to the specific cases of molybdenum disulfide and graphene oxide particles, dispersed in a nematic liquid crystal, and contained within a microfluidic channel. By considering the ratio and difference between the intensities of the two Raman bands of molybdenum disulfide and graphene oxide, we demonstrate that an accurate position can be obtained in two dimensions.
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Shankles PG, Timm AC, Doktycz MJ, Retterer ST. Fabrication of nanoporous membranes for tuning microbial interactions and biochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. B, NANOTECHNOLOGY & MICROELECTRONICS : MATERIALS, PROCESSING, MEASUREMENT, & PHENOMENA : JVST B 2015; 33:06FM03. [PMID: 26543684 PMCID: PMC4617741 DOI: 10.1116/1.4932671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
New strategies for combining conventional photo- and soft-lithographic techniques with high-resolution patterning and etching strategies are needed in order to produce multiscale fluidic platforms that address the full range of functional scales seen in complex biological and chemical systems. The smallest resolution required for an application often dictates the fabrication method used. Micromachining and micropowder blasting yield higher throughput, but lack the resolution needed to fully address biological and chemical systems at the cellular and molecular scales. In contrast, techniques such as electron beam lithography or nanoimprinting allow nanoscale resolution, but are traditionally considered costly and slow. Other techniques such as photolithography or soft lithography have characteristics between these extremes. Combining these techniques to fabricate multiscale or hybrid fluidics allows fundamental biological and chemical questions to be answered. In this study, a combination of photolithography and electron beam lithography are used to produce two multiscale fluidic devices that incorporate porous membranes into complex fluidic networks in order to control the flow of energy, information, and materials in chemical form. In the first device, materials and energy were used to support chemical reactions. A nanoporous membrane fabricated with e-beam lithography separates two parallel, serpentine channels. Photolithography was used to pattern microfluidic channels around the membrane. The pores were written at 150 nm and reduced in size with silicon dioxide deposition from plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition. Using this method, the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane can be adapted to the system of interest. In the second approach, photolithography was used to fabricate 200 nm thin pores. The pores confined microbes and allowed energy replenishment from a media perfusion channel. The same device can be used for study of intercellular communication via the secretion and uptake of signal molecules. Pore size was tested with 750 nm fluorescent polystyrene beads and fluorescein dye. The 200 nm polydimethylsiloxane pores were shown to be robust enough to hold 750 nm beads while under pressure, but allow fluorescein to diffuse across the barrier. Further testing showed that extended culture of bacteria within the chambers was possible. These two examples show how lithographically defined porous membranes can be adapted to two unique situations and used to tune the flow of chemical energy, materials, and information within a microfluidic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Shankles
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; The Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; and The Bredesen Center, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Andrea C Timm
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Mitchel J Doktycz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; The Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; and The Bredesen Center, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Scott T Retterer
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; The Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; and The Bredesen Center, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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Shankles PG, Timm AC, Doktycz MJ, Retterer ST. Fabrication of nanoporous membranes for tuning microbial interactions and biochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. B, NANOTECHNOLOGY & MICROELECTRONICS : MATERIALS, PROCESSING, MEASUREMENT, & PHENOMENA : JVST B 2015. [PMID: 26543684 DOI: 10.1116/1.4932155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
New strategies for combining conventional photo- and soft-lithographic techniques with high-resolution patterning and etching strategies are needed in order to produce multiscale fluidic platforms that address the full range of functional scales seen in complex biological and chemical systems. The smallest resolution required for an application often dictates the fabrication method used. Micromachining and micropowder blasting yield higher throughput, but lack the resolution needed to fully address biological and chemical systems at the cellular and molecular scales. In contrast, techniques such as electron beam lithography or nanoimprinting allow nanoscale resolution, but are traditionally considered costly and slow. Other techniques such as photolithography or soft lithography have characteristics between these extremes. Combining these techniques to fabricate multiscale or hybrid fluidics allows fundamental biological and chemical questions to be answered. In this study, a combination of photolithography and electron beam lithography are used to produce two multiscale fluidic devices that incorporate porous membranes into complex fluidic networks in order to control the flow of energy, information, and materials in chemical form. In the first device, materials and energy were used to support chemical reactions. A nanoporous membrane fabricated with e-beam lithography separates two parallel, serpentine channels. Photolithography was used to pattern microfluidic channels around the membrane. The pores were written at 150 nm and reduced in size with silicon dioxide deposition from plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition. Using this method, the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane can be adapted to the system of interest. In the second approach, photolithography was used to fabricate 200 nm thin pores. The pores confined microbes and allowed energy replenishment from a media perfusion channel. The same device can be used for study of intercellular communication via the secretion and uptake of signal molecules. Pore size was tested with 750 nm fluorescent polystyrene beads and fluorescein dye. The 200 nm polydimethylsiloxane pores were shown to be robust enough to hold 750 nm beads while under pressure, but allow fluorescein to diffuse across the barrier. Further testing showed that extended culture of bacteria within the chambers was possible. These two examples show how lithographically defined porous membranes can be adapted to two unique situations and used to tune the flow of chemical energy, materials, and information within a microfluidic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Shankles
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; The Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; and The Bredesen Center, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Andrea C Timm
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Mitchel J Doktycz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; The Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; and The Bredesen Center, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Scott T Retterer
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; The Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; and The Bredesen Center, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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Kruszka B, Wiśniewski M, Terzyk AP. Phenol adsorption on different nano-sized carbon materials: first comparative study. ADSORPTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-015-9701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sarac MF, Anderson BD, Pearce RC, Railsback JG, Oni AA, White RM, Hensley DK, LeBeau JM, Melechko AV, Tracy JB. Airbrushed nickel nanoparticles for large-area growth of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers on metal (Al, Cu, Ti) surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8955-8960. [PMID: 24016419 DOI: 10.1021/am401889t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) were grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using Ni nanoparticle (NP) catalysts that were deposited by airbrushing onto Si, Al, Cu, and Ti substrates. Airbrushing is a simple method for depositing catalyst NPs over large areas that is compatible with roll-to-roll processing. The distribution and morphology of VACNFs are affected by the airbrushing parameters and the composition of the metal foil. Highly concentrated Ni NPs in heptane give more uniform distributions than pentane and hexanes, resulting in more uniform coverage of VACNFs. For VACNF growth on metal foils, Si micropowder was added as a precursor for Si-enriched coatings formed in situ on the VACNFs that impart mechanical rigidity. Interactions between the catalyst NPs and the metal substrates impart control over the VACNF morphology. Growth of carbon nanostructures on Cu is particularly noteworthy because the miscibility of Ni with Cu poses challenges for VACNF growth, and carbon nanostructures anchored to Cu substrates are desired as anode materials for Li-ion batteries and for thermal interface materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet F Sarac
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Retterer ST, Siuti P, Choi CK, Thomas DK, Doktycz MJ. Development and fabrication of nanoporous silicon-based bioreactors within a microfluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1174-81. [PMID: 20390137 PMCID: PMC3076636 DOI: 10.1039/b921592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Multi-scale lithography and cryogenic deep reactive ion etching techniques were used to create ensembles of nanoporous, picolitre volume, reaction vessels within a microfluidic system. The fabrication of these vessels is described and how this process can be used to tailor vessel porosity by controlling the width of slits that constitute the vessel pores is demonstrated. Control of pore size allows the containment of nucleic acids and enzymes that are the foundation of biochemical reaction systems, while allowing smaller reaction constituents to traverse the container membrane and continuously supply the reaction. In this work, a 5.4 kb DNA plasmid was retained within the reaction vessels and labeled under microfluidic control with ethidium bromide as an initial proof-of-principle. Subsequently, a coupled enzyme reaction, in which glucose oxidase (GOX) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were contained and fed with a substrate solution of glucose and Amplex Red to produce fluorescent resorufin, was carried out under microfluidic control and monitored using fluorescent microscopy. The fabrication techniques presented are broadly applicable and can be adapted to produce devices in which a variety of high aspect ratio, nanoporous silicon structures can be integrated within a microfluidic network. The devices shown here are amenable to being scaled in number and organized to implement more complex reaction systems for applications in sensing and actuation as well as fundamental studies of biological reaction systems.
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