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Tarasova E, Savale N, Krasnou I, Kudrjašova M, Rjabovs V, Reile I, Vares L, Kallakas H, Kers J, Krumme A. Preparation of Thermoplastic Cellulose Esters in [mTBNH][OAC] Ionic Liquid by Transesterification Reaction. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3979. [PMID: 37836028 PMCID: PMC10575218 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transesterification of cellulose with vinyl esters in ionic liquid media is suggested as a prospective environmentally friendly alternative to conventional esterification. In this study, various long-chain cellulose esters (laurate, myristate, palmitate, and stearate) with a degree of substitution (DS) up to 1.8 have been synthesized in novel distillable ionic liquid, [mTBNH][OAC]. This IL has high dissolving power towards cellulose, which can improve homogeneous transesterification. Additionally, [mTBNH][OAC] has durability towards recycling and can be regenerated and re-used again for the next cycles of esterification. DMSO is used as a co-solvent because of its ability to speed up mass transport due to lower solvent viscosity. The optimization of the reaction parameters, such as co-solvent content, temperature (20-80 °C), reaction time (1-5 h), and a molar ratio of reactants (1-5 eq. AGU) is reported. It was found that within studied reaction conditions, DS increases with increasing reaction time, temperature, and added vinyl esters. Structure analysis using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR after acylation revealed the introduction of the alkyl chains into cellulose for all studied samples. The results also suggested that the substitution order of the OH group is C7-O6 > C7-O2 > C7-O3. Unique, complex thermal and rheological investigation of the cellulose esters shows the growth of an amorphous phase upon the degree of substitution. At the same time, the homogeneous substitution of cellulose with acyl chains increases the melt viscosity of a material. Internal plasticization in cellulose esters was found to be the mechanism for the melt processing of the material. Long-chain cellulose esters show the potential to replace commonly used externally plasticized cellulose derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Tarasova
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Nutan Savale
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Illia Krasnou
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Marina Kudrjašova
- School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vitalijs Rjabovs
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Indrek Reile
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Lauri Vares
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Tartu University, Nooruse 1, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heikko Kallakas
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Jaan Kers
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Andres Krumme
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
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Li M, Qiu J, Xing H, Fan D, Wang S, Li S, Jiang Z, Tang T. In-situ cooling of adsorbed water to control cellular structure of polypropylene composite foam during CO2 batch foaming process. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gårdebjer S, Larsson M, Gebäck T, Skepö M, Larsson A. An overview of the transport of liquid molecules through structured polymer films, barriers and composites - Experiments correlated to structure-based simulations. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 256:48-64. [PMID: 29804691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Films engineered to control the transport of liquids are widely used through society. Examples include barriers in packaging, wound care products, and controlled release coatings in pharmaceutics. When observed at the macroscopic scale such films commonly appear homogeneous, however, a closer look reveals a complex nano- and microstructure that together with the chemical properties of the different domains control the transport properties. In this review we compare and discuss macroscopic transport properties, measured using the straightforward, yet highly powerful technique "modified Ussing chambers", also denoted side-by-side diffusion cells, for a wide range of structured polymer films and composites. We also discuss and compare the macroscopic observations and conclusions on materials properties with that of lattice Boltzmann simulations of transport properties based on underlying material structure and chemistry. The survey of the field: (i) highlights the use and power of modified Ussing Chambers for determining liquid transport properties of polymer films, (ii) demonstrates the predictability in both directions between macroscopic observations of transport using modified Ussing chambers and structure-based simulations, and (iii) provides experimental and theoretical insights regarding the transport-determining properties of structured polymer films and composites.
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Niegelhell K, Süßenbacher M, Sattelkow J, Plank H, Wang Y, Zhang K, Spirk S. How Bound and Free Fatty Acids in Cellulose Films Impact Nonspecific Protein Adsorption. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4224-4231. [PMID: 29073355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of fatty acids and fatty acid esters to impair nonspecific protein adsorption on cellulose thin films is investigated. Thin films are prepared by blending trimethylsilyl cellulose solutions with either cellulose stearoyl ester or stearic acid at various ratios. After film formation by spin coating, the trimethylsilyl cellulose fraction of the films is converted to cellulose by exposure to HCl vapors. The morphologies and surface roughness of the blends were examined by atomic force microscopy revealing different feature shapes and sizes depending on the blend ratios. Nonspecific protein adsorption at the example of bovine serum albumin toward the blend thin films was tested by means of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy in real-time. Incorporation of stearic acid into the cellulose leads to highly protein repellent surfaces regardless of the amount added. The stearic acid acts as a sacrificial compound that builds a complex with bovine serum albumin thereby inhibiting protein adsorption. For the blends where stearoyl ester is added to the cellulose films, the cellulose:cellulose stearoyl ester ratios of 3:1 and 1:1 lead to much lower nonspecific protein adsorption compared to pure cellulose, whereas for the other ratios, adsorption increases. Supplementary results were obtained from atomic force microscopy experiments performed in liquid during exposure to protein solution and surface free energy determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yonggui Wang
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Goettingen , Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Zhang
- Wood Technology and Wood Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Goettingen , Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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