Stent Deformation Caused by Entrapment of the Side Branch Balloon Catheter During the Jailed Balloon Protection Technique for a Calcified Coronary Bifurcation Lesion: A Case Report and Literature Review

Device entrapment during percutaneous coronary intervention

INTRODUCTION

Device entrapment is a life-threatening complication during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the success for its management is predominantly based on operator experience with limited available guidance in the published literature.

METHODS

A systematic review was performed on December 2021; we searched PubMed for articles on device entrapment during PCI. In addition, backward snowballing (i.e., review of references from identified articles and pertinent reviews) was employed.

RESULTS

A total of 4209 articles were retrieved, of which 150 studies were included in the synthesis of the data. A methodical algorithmic approach to prevention and management of device entrapment can help to optimize outcomes. The recommended sequence of steps are as follows: (a) pulling, (b) trapping, (c) snaring, (d) plaque modification, (e) telescoping, and (f) surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

In-depth knowledge of the techniques and necessary tools can help optimize the likelihood of successful equipment retrieval and minimization of complications.

Jailed Balloon Technique Is Superior to Jailed Wire Technique in Reducing the Rate of Side Branch Occlusion: Subgroup Analysis of the Conventional Versus Intentional StraTegy in Patients With High Risk PrEdiction of Side Branch OccLusion in Coronary Bifurcation InterVEntion Trial

Objective

Jailed balloon technique (JBT) is an active side branch (SB) protection strategy and is considered to be superior to the jailed wire technique (JWT) in reducing SB occlusion. However, no randomized trials have proved that. We aim to investigate whether JBT could decrease the SB occlusion rate.

Methods

Conventional versus Intentional straTegy in patients with high Risk prEdiction of Side branch OccLusion in coronary bifurcation interVEntion (CIT-RESOLVE) (NCT02644434, registered on December 31, 2015) (https://clinicaltrials.gov) is a randomized trial that assessed the effects of different strategies on SB occlusion rate in patients with a high risk of SB occlusion. The present subgroup analysis enrolled bifurcation lesions (2 mm ≤ reference vessel diameter of SB < 2.5 mm) with Visual estimation for Risk prEdiction of Side branch OccLusion in coronary bifurcation intervention (V-RESOLVE) score ≥ 12 points. The primary endpoint is SB occlusion. One-year clinical events were compared.

Results

A total of 284 subjects at 16 sites were randomly assigned to the JBT group (n = 143) or the JWT group (n = 141). The rate of SB occlusion (9.1 vs. 19.9%, p = 0.02) and periprocedural myocardial infarction (defined by WHO, 7 vs. 14.9%, p = 0.03) is significantly lower in the JBT group than in the JWT group. The JBT and JWT groups showed no significant differences in cardiac death (0.7 vs. 0.7%, p = 1), myocardial infarction (MI, 6.3 vs. 7.1%, p = 0.79), target lesion revascularization (TLR, 1.4 vs. 2.1%, p = 0.68), and major cardiac adverse events (MACE, a composite of all-cause death, MI, or TLR, 8.4 vs. 10.6%, p = 0.52) during a 1-year follow-up.

Conclusion

In patients with a high risk of SB occlusion (V-RESOLVE score ≥ 12 points), JBT is superior to JWT in reducing SB occlusion. However, no significant differences were detected in 1-year MACE.

A Systematic Review of Jailed Balloon Technique for Coronary Bifurcation Lesion: Conventional-Jailed Balloon Technique vs Modified-Jailed Balloon Technique

BACKGROUND

In this systematic review, we aim to evaluate the latest evidence on the efficacy and safety of conventional jailed balloon technique and modified jailed balloon technique for bifurcation lesion, and also whether the former or latter is more effective for preventing side branch occlusion during main branch stenting in bifurcation lesions.

METHODS

We performed comprehensive search on studies assessing the efficacy and safety of conventional jailed balloon and modified jailed balloon technique for bifurcation lesion from several electronic databases.

RESULTS

There were 908 patients from six studies comprising of 615 in conventional jailed balloon technique group and 293 in modified jailed balloon technique group. Side branch loss was lower in modified jailed balloon technique group, however, the proportion of lesions with TIMI flow <3 in the final percutaneous coronary intervention result was somewhat higher in the modified jailed balloon technique group. The efficacy issue regarding side branch dissection was reported as high as 3.4%, especially at proximal stent edge in conventional jailed balloon technique group, but not quantitatively described in the modified jailed balloon technique group. Zero percent major adverse cardiovascular events at 9-12 months follow up was demonstrated in modified jailed balloon technique group, and 1-5% in the conventional jailed balloon group at a longer observation period up to 2.7 years.

CONCLUSION

Our study showed that modified jailed balloon technique is potentially better compared to conventional jailed balloon in terms of side branch loss, dissection, and major adverse cardiovascular events. Further controlled studies are warranted for definite conclusion.

Jailed balloons for side branch protection: a review of techniques and literature: Jailed balloons for side branch protection

Coronary bifurcation lesions are commonly encountered, and side branch compromise is a major complication of these bifurcation interventions. Jailing a wire in the side branch is the most common method of significant side branch protection. Jailing a balloon in the side branch is a less well known and seldom practiced strategy of side branch preservation but tends to have lower occlusion rates as compared to conventional jailed wires. Various modifications have been applied to the original jailed balloon technique to further improve side branch patency. Complications arising from this technique have been limited to case reports only and relate mainly to calcified vessels.