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Dhara FT, Fayshal MA. Waste Sludge: Entirely Waste or a Sustainable Source of Biocrude? A Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-023-04846-7. [PMID: 38236434 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Biomass-derived biocrude is gaining greater recognition from people in general as an alternative fuel source to traditional fossil fuels. Worldwide, a great deal of research is being done to develop fuels made from sustainable biomass in order to replace the current conventional energy sources. Waste sludge has been thought of as a viable raw biomass source because of its accessibility, affordability, high lignin content, and higher heating value. Additionally, considering sludge contains a high proportion of moisture and water acts as a catalyst during the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process, it is the best choice for thermochemical conversion. From the ultimate component value ranges obtained from elemental analysis, it can be demonstrated that the C, H, and higher heating value (HHV) of petrocrude are approximately 8.78%, 23.5%, and 10.66% higher than those of biofuel. According to the overall analysis, co-liquefaction of waste vegetable oil and swine manure can result in 87.97% bio-oil at 340 °C. The temperature, retention period, inclusion of catalysts, and use of solvents, however, can all affect this proportion. To support this illustration, it has been assessed from the study that municipal wet sewage sludge can produce an HHV of 28.52 MJ/kg when water is used as the solvent. However, 34.14 MJ/kg, or 16.5% more than the previous one, can be produced for the same amount of biomass, when the mixture of water and methanol serves as the solvents. This review article highlights an array of waste sludge categories, their chemical properties, and their conversion through the HTL process. It also features a Van Krevlen diagram with a graphical representation of essential operating parameters. This review research illustrates one of the best strategies for producing biofuel in which waste sludge can be used as raw material through the HTL conversion process, considering the prospective mass commercial production of biocrude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farin Tasnuva Dhara
- Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Atik Fayshal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
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Effective Hydrodeoxygenation Bio-Oil via Natural Zeolite Supported Transition Metal Oxide Catalyst. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
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Highly Selective Bio-hydrocarbon Production using Sidoarjo Mud Based-Catalysts in the Hydrocracking of Waste Palm Cooking Oil. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.4.15472.712-724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Lapindo mud (LM) was used as catalyst support. This is because the Lapindo mud has a high SiO2 content of 45.33 %. This research aims to produce a hydrocracking catalyst based on Lapindo mud through impregnation of Ni and Pt metals as well as grafting amine groups. Ni and Pt metals impregnation using wet impregnation method followed by amine group grafting. The best catalyst in this study was NiPt-NH2/LM which contained Ni and Pt metals, surface area, and pore diameters of 1.68 wt.% and 0.4 wt.%, 6.59 m2/g, 15.51 nm, respectively. The effectiveness of the catalyst was tested against temperature and catalyst: feed ratio. The catalyst with the best activity and selectivity was tested for reusability 3 times through hydrocracking process. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking process of WPO using NiPt-NH2/LM catalyst with the optimum temperature and the weight ratio of catalyst:feed at 550 oC was 79.4 wt. % which consists of hydrocarbon compound of 55.9 wt.%. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking WPO using the used NiPt-BH2/LM catalyst was 28.4 wt.% which consists of hydrocarbon compound of 23.6 wt.%. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Hydrodesulfurization on Supported CoMoS2 Catalysts Ex Ammonium Tetrathiomolybdate: Effects of Support Morphology and Al Modification Method. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Upgrading of Coffee Biocrude Oil Produced by Pyrolysis of Spent Coffee Grounds: Behavior of Fatty Acids in Supercritical Ethanol Reaction and Catalytic Cracking. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds contain lipids (fatty acids) in addition to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The reaction process for upgrading biocrude oil produced from spent coffee grounds is different from that followed for upgrading biomass pyrolysis oil, such as processes that utilize sawdust. The feasibility of upgrading coffee biocrude oil through a supercritical ethanol reaction with plastic pyrolysis oil and through catalytic cracking for the improvement of the undesirable properties of biocrude oil, caused by the presence of oxygenated compounds, was evaluated. The initial oxygen content of the coffee biocrude oil was 16.9 wt%. The oil comprised a total content of 40.9% fatty acids, as found by analyzing the GC-MS peak area. After the supercritical ethanol reaction at 340 ∘C, the oxygen content was decreased to 9.9 wt%. When the MgNiMo/AC catalyst was applied to the supercritical reaction, the oxygen content was further decreased to 8.5 wt%. The esterification of the fatty acids in the biocrude oil with ethanol converted them to esters. After the supercritical reaction of coffee biocrude oil with plastic pyrolysis oil (1:2 (w/w)), the oxygen content was 6.4 wt%. After the catalytic cracking of the biocrude oil by Ni/MCM-41 at 400 ∘C, the fatty acids were converted to hydrocarbons, C9 to C21, and the oxygen content decreased to a final value of 2.8 wt%.
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Alekseev ES, Alentiev AY, Belova AS, Bogdan VI, Bogdan TV, Bystrova AV, Gafarova ER, Golubeva EN, Grebenik EA, Gromov OI, Davankov VA, Zlotin SG, Kiselev MG, Koklin AE, Kononevich YN, Lazhko AE, Lunin VV, Lyubimov SE, Martyanov ON, Mishanin II, Muzafarov AM, Nesterov NS, Nikolaev AY, Oparin RD, Parenago OO, Parenago OP, Pokusaeva YA, Ronova IA, Solovieva AB, Temnikov MN, Timashev PS, Turova OV, Filatova EV, Philippov AA, Chibiryaev AM, Shalygin AS. Supercritical fluids in chemistry. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Feliczak-Guzik A, Szczyglewska P, Jaroniec M, Nowak I. Ruthenium-containing SBA-12 catalysts for anisole hydrodeoxygenation. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Omar S, Yang Y, Wang J. A review on catalytic & non-catalytic bio-oil upgrading in supercritical fluids. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-1933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis review article summarizes the key published research on the topic of bio-oil upgrading using catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions. The precious metal catalysts Pd, Ru and Pt on various supports are frequently chosen for catalytic bio-oil upgrading in SCFs. This is reportedly due to their favourable catalytic activity during the process including hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and esterification, which leads to improvements in liquid yield, heating value, and pH of the upgraded bio-oil. Due to the costs associated with precious metal catalysts, some researchers have opted for non-precious metal catalysts such as acidic HZSM-5 which can promote esterification in supercritical ethanol. On the other hand, SCFs have been effectively used to upgrade crude bio-oil without a catalyst. Supercritical methanol, ethanol, and water are most commonly used and demonstrate catalyst like activities such as facilitating esterification reactions and reducing solid yield by alcoholysis and hydrolysis, respectively.
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Production of renewable fuels by blending bio-oil with alcohols and upgrading under supercritical conditions. Front Chem Sci Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-019-1861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The work studied a non-catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil by blending under supercritical conditions using methanol, ethanol and isopropanol as solvent and hydrogen donor. Characterisation of the bio-oil and the upgraded bio-oils was carried out including moisture content, elemental content, pH, heating value, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), Fourier transform infrared radiation, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the effects of blending and supercritical reactions. The GCMS analysis indicated that the supercritical methanol reaction removed the acids in the bio-oil consequently the pH increased from 2.39 in the crude bio-oil to 4.04 after the supercritical methanol reaction. The ester contents increased by 87.49% after the supercritical methanol reaction indicating ester formation could be the major deacidification mechanism for reducing the acidity of the bio-oil and improving its pH value. Simply blending crude bio-oil with isopropanol was effective in increasing the C and H content, reducing the O content and increasing the heating value to 27.55 from 17.51 MJ·kg−1 in the crude bio-oil. After the supercritical isopropanol reaction, the heating value of the liquid product slightly further increased to 28.85 MJ·kg−1.
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Sundar Rajan P, Gopinath KP, Arun J, Grace Pavithra K. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Scenedesmus abundans biomass spent for sorption of petroleum residues from wastewater and studies on recycling of post hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 283:36-44. [PMID: 30901586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study Scenedesmus abundans was used as a biosorbent material for removing hydrocarbons from simulated petroleum wastewater. Batch experiments resulted in the removal of 92.16% of hydrocarbons from simulated wastewater within 60 min. The spent biosorbent was converted to bio-oil through hydrothermal liquefaction process (HTL) at temperature range from 220 to 320 °C with 1 h holding time. Liquid hydrocarbons (bio-oil) yield was 43.4 wt% at 300 °C with 15 g of spent sorbent loading and possessed HHV of 39.10 MJ/Kg. Additionally the HTL wastewater (aqueous phase) was recycled as reaction medium and studied for its effects on bio-oil yield which increased till second cycle (47.91 wt%). HTL bio-char was employed as adsorbent to remove heavy metals from wastewater. It showed greater removal efficiency of 86.5% to Ni(II) ions. From the results it was concluded that the petroleum residues can be effectively recycled back into liquid hydrocarbons with simple waste management pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jayaseelan Arun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam - 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Obtaining renewable fuels and chemicals from lignin is an important challenge in the use of biomass to achieve sustainability and energy goals. At present, acid-based catalysts for lignin depolymerization are considered to be a potential but challenging way to produce low-molecular-mass aromatic chemicals. The main concerns with the use of Lewis acids and zeolite catalysts are the corrosive nature of the acids, the possible formation of unwanted byproducts, and the possible formation of harsh reaction conditions. We achieved high-yield conversion using phosphotungstic acid (PTA) polyoxometalate catalysts in ethanol/water under different reaction conditions with little formation of bio-char. The monomeric products were mainly composed of various types of aromatic compounds. Our method does not require the use of precious metals and harsh reaction conditions—it only requires relatively mild reaction conditions and homogeneous catalysis—thereby greatly reducing operating costs and increasing the yields. Therefore, this PTA catalyst, which has excellent performance in bulrush lignin catalysis, would be a good alternative to the traditional catalysts used in lignin depolymerization and have wide application in biomass use.
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Peng B, Tang J, Luo J, Wang P, Ding B, Tam KC. Applications of nanotechnology in oil and gas industry: Progress and perspective. CAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoliang Peng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED); PetroChina; Beijing 100083 China
- Key Laboratory of Nano Chemistry (KLNC); CNPC; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Juntao Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Waterloo; Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jianhui Luo
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED); PetroChina; Beijing 100083 China
- Key Laboratory of Nano Chemistry (KLNC); CNPC; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Pingmei Wang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED); PetroChina; Beijing 100083 China
- Key Laboratory of Nano Chemistry (KLNC); CNPC; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Bin Ding
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED); PetroChina; Beijing 100083 China
- Key Laboratory of Nano Chemistry (KLNC); CNPC; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Kam Chiu Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Waterloo; Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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Pongsendana M, Trisunaryanti W, Artanti FW, Falah II, Sutarno. Hydrocracking of waste lubricant into gasoline fraction over CoMo catalyst supported on mesoporous carbon from bovine bone gelatin. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cheng S, Wei L, Julson J, Muthukumarappan K, Kharel PR, Cao Y, Boakye E, Raynie D, Gu Z. Hydrodeoxygenation upgrading of pine sawdust bio-oil using zinc metal with zero valency. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Application, Deactivation, and Regeneration of Heterogeneous Catalysts in Bio-Oil Upgrading. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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