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Wang H, Ma C, Liu C, Sun L, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao B, Dong W. The c-Fos/AP-1 inhibitor inhibits sulfur mustard-induced chondrogenesis impairment in zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142299. [PMID: 38761826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM, dichlorodiethyl sulfide) is a potent erosive chemical poison that can cause pulmonary lung, skin and eye disease complications in humans. Currently, there is no designated remedy for SM, and its operation's toxicological process remains unidentified. This work employed zebrafish as a model organism to investigate the toxic manifestations and mechanisms of exposure to SM, aiming to offer novel insights for preventing and treating this condition. The results showed that SM caused a decrease in the survival rate of the zebrafish larvae (LC50 = 2.47 mg/L), a reduction in the hatching rate, an increase in the pericardial area, and small head syndrome. However, T-5224 (a selective inhibitor of c-Fos/activator protein) attenuated the reduction in mortality (LC50 = 2.79 mg/L), the reduction in hatching rate, and the worsening of morphological changes. We discovered that SM causes cartilage developmental disorders in zebrafish larvae. The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction found that SM increased the expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and significantly increased cartilage development-related gene expression (fosab, mmp9, and atf3). However, the expression of sox9a, sox9b, and Col2a1a was reduced. The protein level detection also found an increase in c-fos protein expression and a significant decrease in COL2A1 expression. However, T-5224,also and mitigated the changes in gene expression, and protein levels caused by SM exposure. The results of this study indicate that SM-induced cartilage development disorders are closely related to the c-Fos/AP-1 pathway in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chenglong Ma
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Lan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jiangdong Xue
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
| | - Baoquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Wu Dong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
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Caffin F, Boccara D, Piérard C. The Use of Hydrogel Dressings in Sulfur Mustard-Induced Skin and Ocular Wound Management. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1626. [PMID: 37371720 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over one century after its first military use on the battlefield, sulfur mustard (SM) remains a threatening agent. Due to the absence of an antidote and specific treatment, the management of SM-induced lesions, particularly on the skin and eyes, still represents a challenge. Current therapeutic management is mainly limited to symptomatic and supportive care, pain relief, and prevention of infectious complications. New strategies are needed to accelerate healing and optimize the repair of the function and appearance of damaged tissues. Hydrogels have been shown to be suitable for healing severe burn wounds. Because the same gravity of lesions is observed in SM victims, hydrogels could be relevant dressings to improve wound healing of SM-induced skin and ocular injuries. In this article, we review how hydrogel dressings may be beneficial for improving the wound healing of SM-induced injuries, with special emphasis placed on their suitability as drug delivery devices on SM-induced skin and ocular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Caffin
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place du Général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - David Boccara
- Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Piérard
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place du Général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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Gupta A, Vijayaraghavan R, Gautam A. Combination therapy of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and S-2(2-aminoethylamino) ethylphenyl sulfide for sulfur mustard induced oxidative stress in mice. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:599-606. [PMID: 33842212 PMCID: PMC8020435 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sulfur mustard (SM) is chemically, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide and a strong alkylating agent that causes cytotoxicity and blisters on skin. In laboratory animal models, SM is extremely lethal. Since no specific antidote has been proposed, decontamination upon contact is the recommended procedure. Several antidotes have been screened for SM, and in that sulfanyl compounds, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and S-2(2-aminoethylamino) ethylphenyl sulfide (DRDE-07) showed good protection. Since they showed protection at high doses, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy in combination at low dose, for percutaneously administered SM in mice. Material and Methods 4 LD50 of SM (32.4 mg/kg) was administered, and NAC (50 mg/kg), DRDE-07 (25 and 50 mg/kg) and their combinations were evaluated as 30 min pre-treatment by single oral administration. Result After 72 h of SM exposure, significant decrease in body weight, decrease in hepatic reduced glutathione, and increase in hepatic malondialdehyde were observed (P < 0.001), showing oxidative stress. The combination of NAC (100 mg/kg) and DRDE-07 (50 mg/kg) showed significant protection (P < 0.01). The severe histopathological lesions induced by SM in liver, spleen and skin were also considerably reduced by the combination. Conclusion The combination of NAC and DRDE-07 having sulfanyl groups, will be promising antioxidants and an effective antidote for SM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Mantola, Agra, 282002, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Anshoo Gautam
- Division of CBRN, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
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Hassanpour M, Hajihassani F, Abdollahpourasl M, Cheraghi O, Aghamohamadzade N, Rahbargazi R, Nouri M, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N, Akbarzadeh A, Panahi Y, Sahebkar A. Pathophysiological Effects of Sulfur Mustard on Skin and its Current Treatments: Possible Application of Phytochemicals. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:3-19. [PMID: 32679016 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200717150414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur-(SM) and nitrogen (NM)-based mustards are the mutagenic incapacitating compounds which are widely used in vesicating the chemical warfare and cause toxicity in many organs, especially skin. SM, as a potent vesicating agent, contributes to the destruction of skin in dermis and epidermis layers. The progression of the lesion depends on the concentration of SM and the duration of exposure. Body responses start with pruritus, erythema, edema and xerosis, which lead to the accumulation of immune cells in the target sites and recruitment of mast cells and paracrine-mediated activity. Pro-inflammatory effectors are accumulated in the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands resulting in the destruction of the basement membrane beneath the epidermis. There is still no satisfactory countermeasure against SM-induced lesions in clinical therapy, and the symptomatic or supportive treatments are routine management approaches. OBJECTIVE The current review highlights the recent progression of herbal medicines application in SM-induced injuries through the illustrative examples and also demonstrates their efficacies, properties and mechanism of actions as therapeutic agents. CONCLUSION Phytochemicals and herbal extracts with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have been recently shown to hold therapeutic promise against the SM-induced cutaneous complications. The present review discusses the possible application of herbal medicines in the healing of SM-induced injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hassanpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fateme Hajihassani
- Department of Health Management, School of Management and Medical informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Omid Cheraghi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghamohamadzade
- Endocrine and Metabolism Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbargazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Accidental sulfur mustard exposure: A case report. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:62-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Advanced biotherapy for the treatment of sulfur mustard poisoning. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 286:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hall CA, Lydon HL, Dalton CH, Chipman JK, Graham JS, Chilcott RP. The percutaneous toxicokinetics of Sulphur mustard in a damaged skin porcine model and the evaluation of WoundStat™ as a topical decontaminant. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1036-1045. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A. Hall
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation; Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency; Chilton UK
- School of BioSciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Helen L. Lydon
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation; Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency; Chilton UK
- School of BioSciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | | | | | - John S. Graham
- Medical Toxicology Branch Analytical Toxicology Division; US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense; Aberdeen Proving Ground; MD 21010 USA
| | - Robert P. Chilcott
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation; Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency; Chilton UK
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
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Rajavi Z, Safi S, Javadi MA, Jafarinasab MR, Feizi S, Moghadam MS, Jadidi K, Babaei M, Shirvani A, Baradaran-Rafii A, Mohammad-Rabei H, Ziaei H, Ghassemi-Broumand M, Baher SD, Naderi M, Panahi-Bazaz M, Zarei-Ghanavati S, Hanjani S, Ghasemi H, Salouti R, Pakbin M, Kheiri B. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Early and Delayed-onset Ocular Injuries Due to Mustard Gas Exposure. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2017; 12:65-80. [PMID: 28299009 PMCID: PMC5340066 DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_253_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of ocular injuries caused by exposure to mustard gas. METHODS The clinical questions were designed by the guideline team. Websites and databases including National Guidelines Clearinghouse, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Cochrane, and PubMed were searched to find related CPGs and explore possible answers to the clinical questions. Since there were no relevant CPGs in the literature, related articles in Persian and English languages were extracted. Each article along with its level of evidence was summarized. Additionally, hand search was performed by looking the reference list of each article. Consequently, recommendations were developed considering the clinical benefits and side effects of each therapeutic modality. The recommendations were re-evaluated in terms of customization criteria. All recommendations along with the related evidence were scored from 1 to 9 by experts from all medical universities of Iran. The level of agreement among the experts was evaluated by analyzing the given scores. RESULTS The agreement was achieved for all recommendations. The experts suggested a number of minor modifications which were applied to the recommendations. Finally, CPGs were developed with 98 recommendations under three major domains including prevention of injury, diagnosis and management of the acute and delayed-onset mustard gas ocular injuries. CONCLUSION Considering the lack of CPGs for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of mustard gas-induced keratitis, these recommendations would be useful to prevent the serious ocular complications of mustard gas and standardize eye care services to the affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhale Rajavi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sare Safi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Javadi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Jafarinasab
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Feizi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Khosrow Jadidi
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Babaei
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Shirvani
- Standardization and CPG Development Office, Deputy of Curative Affairs, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Rafii
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mohammad-Rabei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Torfeh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ziaei
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghassemi-Broumand
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Delfaza Baher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Torfeh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Naderi
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Shahriar Hanjani
- Department Research and Development, Parsian Clinic of Ophthalmology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Ghasemi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Salouti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Pakbin
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Kheiri
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Singh VK, Garcia M, Wise SY, Seed TM. Medical countermeasures for unwanted CBRN exposures: Part I chemical and biological threats with review of recent countermeasure patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1431-1447. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1233178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Y. Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Joseph LB, Composto GM, Heck DE. Tissue injury and repair following cutaneous exposure of mice to sulfur mustard. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:118-123. [PMID: 27371823 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mouse skin, sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent vesicant, damaging both the epidermis and the dermis. The extent of wounding is dependent on the dose of SM and the duration of exposure. Initial responses include erythema, pruritus, edema, and xerosis; this is followed by an accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes in the tissue, activation of mast cells, and the release of mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipids. These proinflammatory mediators contribute to damaging the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands and to disruption of the epidermal basement membrane. This can lead to separation of the epidermis from the dermis, resulting in a blister, which ruptures, leading to the formation of an eschar. The eschar stimulates the formation of a neoepidermis and wound repair and may result in persistent epidermal hyperplasia. Epidermal damage and repair is associated with upregulation of enzymes generating proinflammatory and pro-growth/pro-wound healing mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2, which generates prostanoids, inducible nitric oxide synthase, which generates nitric oxide, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, and galectin-3. Characterization of the mediators regulating structural changes in the skin during SM-induced tissue damage and wound healing will aid in the development of therapeutic modalities to mitigate toxicity and stimulate tissue repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
| | - Gabriella M Composto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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