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Birch S, McGee L, Provencher C, DeMio C, Plachetzki D. Phototactic preference and its genetic basis in the planulae of the colonial Hydrozoan Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.28.585045. [PMID: 38617216 PMCID: PMC11014542 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.585045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Marine organisms with sessile adults commonly possess motile larval stages that make settlement decisions based on integrating environmental sensory cues. Phototaxis, the movement toward or away from light, is a common behavioral characteristic of aquatic and marine metazoan larvae, and of algae, protists, and fungi. In cnidarians, behavioral genomic investigations of motile planulae larvae have been conducted in anthozoans (corals and sea anemones) and scyphozoans (true jellyfish), but such studies are presently lacking in hydrozoans. Here, we examined the behavioral genomics of phototaxis in planulae of the hydrozoan Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Results A behavioral phototaxis study of day 3 planulae indicated preferential phototaxis to green (523 nm) and blue (470 nm) wavelengths of light, but not red (625 nm) wavelengths. A developmental transcriptome study where planula larvae were collected from four developmental time points for RNA-seq revealed that many genes critical to the physiology and development of ciliary photosensory systems are dynamically expressed in planula development and correspond to the expression of phototactic behavior. Microscopical investigations using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization demonstrated that several transcripts with predicted function in photoreceptors, including cnidops class opsin, CNG ion channel, and CRX-like transcription factor, localize to ciliated bipolar sensory neurons of the aboral sensory neural plexus, which is associated with the direction of phototaxis and the site of settlement. Conclusions The phototactic preference displayed by planulae is consistent with the shallow sandy marine habitats they experience in nature. Our genomic investigations add further evidence of similarities between cnidops-mediated photoreceptors of hydrozoans and other cnidarians and ciliary photoreceptors as found in the eyes of humans and other bilaterians, suggesting aspects of their shared evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Birch
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Durham, NH, 03824; USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Carolina Charlotte; Charlotte, NC, 28223; USA
| | - Lindy McGee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Durham, NH, 03824; USA
| | - Curtis Provencher
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Durham, NH, 03824; USA
| | - Christine DeMio
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Durham, NH, 03824; USA
| | - David Plachetzki
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Durham, NH, 03824; USA
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2
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Beckham JL, van Venrooy AR, Kim S, Li G, Li B, Duret G, Arnold D, Zhao X, Li JT, Santos AL, Chaudhry G, Liu D, Robinson JT, Tour JM. Molecular machines stimulate intercellular calcium waves and cause muscle contraction. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1051-1059. [PMID: 37430037 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular calcium waves (ICW) are complex signalling phenomena that control many essential biological activities, including smooth muscle contraction, vesicle secretion, gene expression and changes in neuronal excitability. Accordingly, the remote stimulation of ICW could result in versatile biomodulation and therapeutic strategies. Here we demonstrate that light-activated molecular machines (MM)-molecules that perform mechanical work on the molecular scale-can remotely stimulate ICW. MM consist of a polycyclic rotor and stator that rotate around a central alkene when activated with visible light. Live-cell calcium-tracking and pharmacological experiments reveal that MM-induced ICW are driven by the activation of inositol-triphosphate-mediated signalling pathways by unidirectional, fast-rotating MM. Our data suggest that MM-induced ICW can control muscle contraction in vitro in cardiomyocytes and animal behaviour in vivo in Hydra vulgaris. This work demonstrates a strategy for directly controlling cell signalling and downstream biological function using molecular-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soonyoung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guillaume Duret
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dallin Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John T Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana L Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- IdISBA-Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain
| | | | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center and Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Onorato G, Fardella F, Lewinska A, Gobbo F, Tommasini G, Wnuk M, Tino A, Moros M, Antognazza MR, Tortiglione C. Optical Control of Tissue Regeneration through Photostimulation of Organic Semiconducting Nanoparticles. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200366. [PMID: 35861262 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Next generation bioengineering strives to identify crucial cues that trigger regeneration of damaged tissues, and to control the cells that execute these programs with biomaterials and devices. Molecular and biophysical mechanisms driving embryogenesis may inspire novel tools to reactivate developmental programs in situ. Here nanoparticles based on conjugated polymers are employed for optical control of regenerating tissues by using an animal with unlimited regenerative potential, the polyp Hydra, as in vivo model, and human keratinocytes as an in vitro model to investigate skin repair. By integrating animal, cellular, molecular, and biochemical approaches, nanoparticles based on poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) are shown able to enhance regeneration kinetics, stem cell proliferation, and biomolecule oxidation levels. Opposite outputs are obtained with PCPDTBT-NPs (Poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b'] dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)], causing a beneficial effect on Hydra regeneration but not on the migratory capability of keratinocytes. These results suggest that the artificial modulation of the redox potential in injured tissues may represent a powerful modality to control their regenerative potential. Importantly, the possibility to fine-tuning materials' photocatalytic efficiency may enable a biphasic modulation over a wide dynamic range, which can be exploited to augment the tissue regenerative capacity or inhibit the unlimited potential of cancerous cells in pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Onorato
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Italy.,Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Fardella
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Italy.,Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, C/Mariano Esquillor 15, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, Rzeszow, 35-310, Poland
| | - Federico Gobbo
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy.,Politecnico di Milano, Dip. di Fisica, P.zza L. Da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Tommasini
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Italy.,Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, C/Mariano Esquillor 15, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, Rzeszow, 35-310, Poland
| | - Angela Tino
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Italy
| | - Maria Moros
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, C/Mariano Esquillor 15, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Claudia Tortiglione
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Italy
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Aït-Ali N, Léveillard T. The Emergence of Rod-Cone Cellular Interaction. Front Genet 2022; 13:900849. [PMID: 36017494 PMCID: PMC9396122 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.900849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the origin of rod-derived cone viability factor (RdCVF) during evolution. In mammals, the nucleoredoxin-like 1 gene (NXNL1) produces a truncated thioredoxin-like protein, RdCVF, by intron retention in rod photoreceptors of the retina. This protein prevents the secondary cone degeneration in animal models of rod-cone degeneration. Extracellular RdCVF binds to a complex at the surface of the cones, composed of the basigin-1, a photoreceptor specific alternative splicing product of the basigin gene, and GLUT1, the glucose transporter. RdCVF accelerates glucose uptake allosterically. Glucose is either metabolized by aerobic glycolysis to sustain cone outer segment renewal or by the pentose phosphate pathway to support redox power to the thioredoxin RdCVFL. RdCVF signaling predates the appearance of the eye and evolved through two alternative splicing events. RdCVF signaling is observed first in hydra where it regulates an unknown signaling. A scallop RdCVF protein is produced by ciliated photoreceptors of the retina and binds its receptor, BSG1, the first occurrence of RdCVF/BSG1 signaling. In the lamprey, RdCVF metabolic signaling between rod and cones is fully operational. In the mouse, the production of BSG1 is regulated through alternative splicing. This signaling was extended to other regions of the brain, via its paralogue NXNL2.
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Kanaya HJ, Kobayakawa Y, Itoh TQ. Hydra vulgaris exhibits day-night variation in behavior and gene expression levels. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019; 5:10. [PMID: 30891311 PMCID: PMC6407280 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Day-night behavioral variation is observed in most organisms, and is generally controlled by circadian clocks and/or synchronization to environmental cues. Hydra species, which are freshwater cnidarians, are thought to lack the core clock genes that form transcription-translation feedback loops in clock systems. In this study, we examined whether hydras exhibit diel rhythms in terms of behavior and gene expression levels without typical clock genes. RESULTS We found that the total behavior of hydras was elevated during the day and decreased at night under a 12-h light-dark cycle. Polyp contraction frequency, one component of behavior, exhibited a clear diel rhythm. However, neither total behavior nor polyp contraction frequency showed rhythmic changes under constant light and constant dark conditions. To identify the genes underlying diel behavior, we performed genome-wide transcriptome analysis of hydras under light-dark cycles. Using three different analytic algorithms, we found that 380 genes showed robust diel oscillations in expression. Some of these genes shared common features with diel cycle genes of other cnidarian species with endogenous clock systems. CONCLUSION Hydras show diel behavioral rhythms under light-dark cycles despite the absence of canonical core clock genes. Given the functions of the genes showing diel oscillations in hydras and the similarities of those genes with the diel cycle genes of other cnidarian species with circadian clocks, it is possible that diel cycle genes play an important role across cnidarian species regardless of the presence or absence of core clock genes under light-dark cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki J. Kanaya
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | | | - Taichi Q. Itoh
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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6
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Lauro BM, Kass-Simon G. Hydra's feeding response: Effect of GABA B ligands on GSH-induced electrical activity in the hypostome of H. vulgaris. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 225:83-93. [PMID: 30036674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The feeding response in the Cnidarian, hydra, consists of mouth opening, tentacle writhing, and the cessation of pacemaker-controlled tentacle and body contractions. The behavior can be induced by reduced glutathione (GSH), contained in body fluids that leak from prey impaled by hydra's cnidocysts. Mouth, tentacle, and body-contraction behavior is carried out by hydra's ectodermal and endodermal epitheliomuscular cells. Here, we present the first evidence of GSH-induced electrical activity in the hypostome and its modification by GABA and GABAB ligands. The 'heads' of hydra were ablated and the tentacles removed. Suction electrodes, positioned on the mouth, recorded electrical activity produced by GSH, contained either within the electrode, or in the surrounding bath, the mouth being shielded. Recorded impulses were characterized, according to size and temporal pattern, as small, medium and (large) pacemaker impulses. GSH applied in the bath caused a frequency increase of small and medium impulses and a decrease in pacemaker bursts. The changes in frequencies of medium and pacemaker bursts, though not obviously affected by GABA, were counteracted by blocking GABAB inhibition with phaclofen. Only the highest concentration of GSH applied at the mouth potentially decreased pacemaker frequency and potentially increased medium impulses, without affecting small impulses. GABA caused a significant increase in small and medium impulses relative to GSH which was counteracted by baclofen and/or baclofen plus phaclofen. The results indicate that considerable GSH-receptor circuitry is located in hypostomal tissue proximal to hydra's mouth, and substantiate GABA and GABAB inhibition within the neuroeffector network of the feeding response.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lauro
- University of Rhode Island, Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - G Kass-Simon
- University of Rhode Island, Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, USA; University of Rhode Island, Department of Biological Sciences, USA.
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7
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Non-overlapping Neural Networks in Hydra vulgaris. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1085-1097. [PMID: 28366745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To understand the emergent properties of neural circuits, it would be ideal to record the activity of every neuron in a behaving animal and decode how it relates to behavior. We have achieved this with the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris, using calcium imaging of genetically engineered animals to measure the activity of essentially all of its neurons. Although the nervous system of Hydra is traditionally described as a simple nerve net, we surprisingly find instead a series of functional networks that are anatomically non-overlapping and are associated with specific behaviors. Three major functional networks extend through the entire animal and are activated selectively during longitudinal contractions, elongations in response to light, and radial contractions, whereas an additional network is located near the hypostome and is active during nodding. These results demonstrate the functional sophistication of apparently simple nerve nets, and the potential of Hydra and other basal metazoans as a model system for neural circuit studies.
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8
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Tortiglione C, Antognazza MR, Tino A, Bossio C, Marchesano V, Bauduin A, Zangoli M, Morata SV, Lanzani G. Semiconducting polymers are light nanotransducers in eyeless animals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601699. [PMID: 28138549 PMCID: PMC5266477 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Current implant technology uses electrical signals at the electrode-neural interface. This rather invasive approach presents important issues in terms of performance, tolerability, and overall safety of the implants. Inducing light sensitivity in living organisms is an alternative method that provides groundbreaking opportunities in neuroscience. Optogenetics is a spectacular demonstration of this, yet is limited by the viral transfection of exogenous genetic material. We propose a nongenetic approach toward light control of biological functions in living animals. We show that nanoparticles based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) can be internalized in eyeless freshwater polyps and are fully biocompatible. Under light, the nanoparticles modify the light response of the animals, at two different levels: (i) they enhance the contraction events of the animal body, and (ii) they change the transcriptional activation of the opsin3-like gene. This suggests the establishment of a seamless and biomimetic interface between the living organism and the polymer nanoparticles that behave as light nanotransducers, coping with or amplifying the function of primitive photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tortiglione
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “Eduardo Caianiello,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Angela Tino
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “Eduardo Caianiello,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Bossio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchesano
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “Eduardo Caianiello,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Bauduin
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “Eduardo Caianiello,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Mattia Zangoli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Susana Vaquero Morata
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Kelley JL, Davies WIL. The Biological Mechanisms and Behavioral Functions of Opsin-Based Light Detection by the Skin. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Hufnagel LA, Kass-Simon G. The two nerve rings of the hypostomal nervous system of Hydra vulgaris-an immunohistochemical analysis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:255-269. [PMID: 27344671 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In Hydra vulgaris, physiological and pharmacological evidence exists for a hypostomal circumferential neuro-effector pathway that initiates ectodermal pacemaker activity at tentacular-hypostomal loci coordinating body and tentacle contractions. Here, we describe an ectodermal nerve ring that runs below and between the tentacles, and an anti-GABAB receptor antibody-labeled ring coincident with it. The location of this ring is consistent with the physiology of the hypostomal pacemaker systems of hydra. We also describe a distally located, ectodermal ring of nerve fibers that is not associated with anti-GABAB receptor antibody labeling. The neurites and cell bodies of sensory cells contribute to both rings. The location of the distal ring and its sensory cell neurites suggests an involvement in the behavior of the mouth. Between the two rings is a network of anastomosing sensory and ganglion cell bodies and their neurites. Phase contrast, darkfield, and antibody-labeled images reveal that the mouth of hydra comprises five or six epithelial folds whose endoderm extensively labels with anti-GABAB receptor antibody, suggesting that endodermal metabotrobic GABA receptors are also involved in regulating mouth behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hufnagel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.,Interdisciplinary Neurosciences Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - G Kass-Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Neurosciences Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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