1
|
Zhang Y, Lin C. Lipid osmosis, membrane tension, and other mechanochemical driving forces of lipid flow. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 88:102377. [PMID: 38823338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Nonvesicular lipid transport among different membranes or membrane domains plays crucial roles in lipid homeostasis and organelle biogenesis. However, the forces that drive such lipid transport are not well understood. We propose that lipids tend to flow towards the membrane area with a higher membrane protein density in a process termed lipid osmosis. This process lowers the membrane tension in the area, resulting in a membrane tension difference called osmotic membrane tension. We examine the thermodynamic basis and experimental evidence of lipid osmosis and osmotic membrane tension. We predict that lipid osmosis can drive bulk lipid flows between different membrane regions through lipid transfer proteins, scramblases, or similar barriers that selectively pass lipids but not membrane proteins. We also speculate on the biological functions of lipid osmosis. Finally, we explore other driving forces for lipid transfer and describe potential methods and systems to further test our theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferraboschi I, Ovčar J, Vygranenko KV, Yu S, Minervino A, Wrzosek A, Szewczyk A, Rozza R, Magistrato A, Belfield KD, Gryko DT, Grisanti L, Sissa C. Neutral rhodol-based dyes expressing localization in mitochondria. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 38804835 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00252k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Neutral rhodol-based red emitters are shown to efficiently localize in mitochondria, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy and co-localization studies. A simple model is proposed to explain the localization mechanism of neutral molecules. The model takes into account the strong coupling between the molecular dipole moment and the electric field of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ferraboschi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Juraj Ovčar
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- National Research Council - Materials Foundry Institute (CNR-IOM) c/o SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kateryna V Vygranenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shupei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Alfonso Minervino
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Antoni Wrzosek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Szewczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Riccardo Rozza
- National Research Council - Materials Foundry Institute (CNR-IOM) c/o SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Magistrato
- National Research Council - Materials Foundry Institute (CNR-IOM) c/o SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kevin D Belfield
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luca Grisanti
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- National Research Council - Materials Foundry Institute (CNR-IOM) c/o SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Sissa
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Lin C. Lipid osmosis, membrane tension, and other mechanochemical driving forces of lipid flow. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.08.574656. [PMID: 38260424 PMCID: PMC10802412 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.574656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Nonvesicular lipid transport among different membranes or membrane domains plays crucial roles in lipid homeostasis and organelle biogenesis. However, the forces that drive such lipid transport are not well understood. We propose that lipids tend to flow towards the membrane area with a higher membrane protein density in a process termed lipid osmosis. This process lowers the membrane tension in the area, resulting in a membrane tension difference called osmotic membrane tension. We examine the thermodynamic basis and experimental evidence of lipid osmosis and osmotic membrane tension. We predict that lipid osmosis can drive bulk lipid flows between different membrane regions through lipid transfer proteins, scramblases, or other similar barriers that selectively pass lipids but not membrane proteins. We also speculate on the biological functions of lipid osmosis. Finally, we explore other driving forces for lipid transfer and describe potential methods and systems to further test our theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neikirk K, Lopez EG, Marshall AG, Alghanem A, Krystofiak E, Kula B, Smith N, Shao J, Katti P, Hinton A. Call to action to properly utilize electron microscopy to measure organelles to monitor disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151365. [PMID: 37864884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the current methods for quantifying mitochondrial ultrastructure, including cristae morphology, mitochondrial contact sites, and recycling machinery and a guide to utilizing electron microscopy to effectively measure these organelles. Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial ultrastructure is essential for understanding mitochondrial biology and developing therapeutic strategies for mitochondrial-related diseases. Techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and serial block face-scanning electron microscopy, as well as how they can be combined with other techniques including confocal microscopy, super-resolution microscopy, and correlative light and electron microscopy are discussed. Beyond their limitations and challenges, we also offer specific magnifications that may be best suited for TEM analysis of mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and recycling machinery. Finally, perspectives on future quantification methods are offered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edgar-Garza Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ahmad Alghanem
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ali Al Arini, Ar Rimayah, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evan Krystofiak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bartosz Kula
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester 14642, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester 14642, USA
| | - Jianqiang Shao
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Prasanna Katti
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neikirk K, Marshall AG, Kula B, Smith N, LeBlanc S, Hinton A. MitoTracker: A useful tool in need of better alternatives. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151371. [PMID: 37956476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The fluorescence viewing of mitochondria is commonly performed by MitoTracker, a lipophilic cationic dye that is taken up by the mitochondria. In this forum, we highlight several issues that may occur with MitoTracker, including staining of other organelles. Our aim is to offer alternative dyes and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We also offer options for software with alternatives to MitoTracker to expedite future experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bartosz Kula
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester 14642, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester 14642, USA
| | - Sharonda LeBlanc
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, NC, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27599, NC, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|