1
|
Yang JH, Koedrith P, Kang DS, Kee NK, Jung JH, Lee CM, Ahn YS, Seo YR. A Putative Adverse Outcome Pathway Relevant to Carcinogenicity Induced by Sulfuric Acid in Strong Inorganic Acid Mists. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:139-145. [PMID: 31624719 PMCID: PMC6786810 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on epidemiological studies, an International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group determined that strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid are carcinogenic to human even though, sulfuric acid, per se, is not. Accumulative studies indicate that there is a link between chronic occupational exposure to sulfuric acid mists and an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. Unintended, acute exposure to sulfuric acid mists can cause corrosive damage to target tissues depending on the route of exposure. This review compares the toxicity and carcinogenicity of sulfuric acid mists compared to other strong inorganic acid mists. It also examines the routes and duration of exposure (short-term, prolonged, and long-term). In vivo evidence does not support or refute the carcinogenicity of sulfuric inorganic mists even though its co-carcinogenic or promoting potential has been considered. On the basis of existing evidence on sulfuric acid mist toxicity, we suggested a putative adverse outcome pathway (AOP) relevant to carcinogenicity caused by mists containing sulfuric acid. A possible key factor involved in sulfuric acid mist carcinogenesis is the genotoxic effects of low pH since it can increase instability in chromosomes and DNA. A putative AOP for sulfuric acid mist carcinogenicity would help generate better risk assessments and more accurate predictions regarding the risk of developing cancer due to prolonged exposure. Establishing an AOP would also be useful for future studies examining the carcinogenicity of other strong inorganic mists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyuek Yang
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Preeyaporn Koedrith
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, NakhonPathom, Thailand
| | - Doo Seok Kang
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Nam Kook Kee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Jung
- Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Natural Science and Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caamaño MDC, García-Padilla S, Duarte-Vázquez MÁ, González-Romero KE, Rosado JL. A Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial of Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Gluconate in the Treatment of Bilateral Osteoarthritis of the Knee. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2017; 10:1179544116688899. [PMID: 28469486 PMCID: PMC5385469 DOI: 10.1177/1179544116688899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of intra-articular injections of sodium bicarbonate with a single (SBCG1) or double dose (SBCG2) of calcium gluconate administered monthly compared with methylprednisolone (MP) for treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A 3-month, randomized, double-blind clinical trial with patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis (OA). The outcome variables were the Western Ontario-McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Lequesne functional index. Results: After 3 months, all treatments significantly improved in overall WOMAC and Lequesne scores. Mean changes (95% confidence interval) in WOMAC total score and the Lequesne index, respectively, for SBCG1 (−12.5 [−14.3, −10.7]; −9.0 [−11.4, −6.7]) and SBCG2 (−12.3 [−14.3, −10.4]; −8.9 [−10.4, −7.4]) were significantly greater than for MP (−5.0 [−7.2, −2.8]; −3.2 [−4.9, −1.5]) (P < .001). Conclusions: Intra-articular injections of sodium bicarbonate and calcium gluconate are useful for short-term relief of OA symptoms in patients with bilateral knee osteoarthritis. Both treatments are more effective than MP injections in the reduction of knee OA symptoms. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00977444
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra García-Padilla
- School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge L Rosado
- School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico.,Cindetec A.C., Parque Industrial Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Funato S, Yasuhara R, Yoshimura K, Miyamoto Y, Kaneko K, Suzawa T, Chikazu D, Mishima K, Baba K, Kamijo R. Extracellular matrix loss in chondrocytes after exposure to interleukin-1β in NADPH oxidase-dependent manner. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:135-144. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
4
|
Zolfaghari Emameh R, Barker HR, Syrjänen L, Urbański L, Supuran CT, Parkkila S. Identification and inhibition of carbonic anhydrases from nematodes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:176-184. [DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1221826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland,
| | | | - Leo Syrjänen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland, and
| | - Linda Urbański
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Dipartment, Sezione di Scienza Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,
- Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Collins JA, Moots RJ, Clegg PD, Milner PI. Resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine influence redox balance in equine articular chondrocytes under acidic and very low oxygen conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:57-64. [PMID: 25998424 PMCID: PMC4562226 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mature articular cartilage is an avascular tissue characterized by a low oxygen environment. In joint disease, acidosis and further reductions in oxygen levels occur, compromising cartilage integrity.This study investigated how acidosis and very low oxygen levels affect components of the cellular redox system in equine articular chondrocytesand whether the antioxidants resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine could modulate this system. We used articular chondrocytes isolated from nondiseased equine joints and cultured them in a 3-D alginate bead system for 48h in <1, 2, 5, and 21% O2 at pH 7.2 or 6.2 in the absence or presence of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (10ng/ml).In addition, chondrocytes were cultured with resveratrol (10µM) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (2mM).Cell viability, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), reactive oxygen species (ROS), GSH:GSSG ratio, and SOD1 and SOD2 protein expression were measured. Very low levels of oxygen (<1%), acidosis (pH 6.2), and exposure to IL-1β led to reductions in cell viability, increased GAG release, alterations in ΔΨm and ROS levels, and reduced GSH:GSSG ratio. In addition, SOD1 and SOD2 protein expressions were reduced. Both resveratrol and NAC partially restored ΔΨm and ROS levels and prevented GAG release and cell loss and normalized SOD1 and SOD2 protein expression. In particular NAC was highly effective at restoring the GSH:GSSG ratio.These results show that the antioxidants resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine can counteract the redox imbalance in articular chondrocytes induced by low oxygen and acidic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Collins
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Cheshire, UK, CH64 7TE
| | - Robert J Moots
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK, L9 7AL
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Cheshire, UK, CH64 7TE
| | - Peter I Milner
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Cheshire, UK, CH64 7TE.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
García-Padilla S, Duarte-Vázquez MA, Gonzalez-Romero KE, Caamaño MDC, Rosado JL. Effectiveness of intra-articular injections of sodium bicarbonate and calcium gluconate in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:114. [PMID: 25963758 PMCID: PMC4493958 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A novel therapeutic management of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee was assessed. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of monthly sodium bicarbonate with a single (SBCG1) or double dose (SBCG2) of calcium gluconate injections on OA of the knee; as well as the efficacy and safety of both SBCG interventions in the long term. Methods A double-blind parallel-group clinical trial with 74 knee OA patients was performed during 12 months, both SBCG interventions were followed-up for another 6mo after intervention. The outcome variables were the Western Ontario-McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Lequesne’s functional index and joint-space width changes from serial radiographs. Results After 12 months, group SBCG1 decreased −14.8 (95% CI:-14.2, −17.0) and group SBCG2 decreased −14.6 (−16.9, −12.4) in the global WOMAC score, the mean changes represent 80% and 82% lessened pain, respectively. In the Lequesne Functional Index scale, SBCG1 decreased −11.9 (−10.4, −14.2) and SBCG2 decreased -11.9 (−13.8, −10.0), representing 66 and 69% of improvement. Both mean scores were maintained after intervention discontinued. SBCG2 improved the knees’ joint space width more than SBCG1 at 3 and 18 months. Both SBCG interventions were well tolerated after 12 months of treatment Conclusion A solution of sodium bicarbonate and calcium gluconate is effective on reducing the symptoms associated with OA. Its beneficial effect is maintained for one year of continuous monthly administration and at least for 6 months after the administration is discontinued. When the dose of calcium gluconate is increased, it prevents further narrowing of joint-space. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00977444 September 11, 2009.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra García-Padilla
- Cindetec A.C, Parque Industrial Querétaro, Jurica 122, C.P. 76220, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico.
| | | | | | - María del Carmen Caamaño
- Cindetec A.C, Parque Industrial Querétaro, Jurica 122, C.P. 76220, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico. .,Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Jorge L Rosado
- Cindetec A.C, Parque Industrial Querétaro, Jurica 122, C.P. 76220, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico. .,Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sánchez JC, López-Zapata DF. Effects of Adipokines and Insulin on Intracellular pH, Calcium Concentration, and Responses to Hypo-Osmolarity in Human Articular Chondrocytes from Healthy and Osteoarthritic Cartilage. Cartilage 2015; 6:45-54. [PMID: 26069708 PMCID: PMC4462245 DOI: 10.1177/1947603514553095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of adipokines and insulin on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and pH (pHi) in human articular chondrocytes from healthy (CHC) and osteoarthritic cartilage (COC). DESIGN pHi and [Ca(2+)]i were measured using BCECF and Fura-2 fluorometric probes in CHC and COC under control conditions and following a hypotonic shock. The effects of interleukin-1β (IL1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), insulin, leptin, resistin, and adiponectin were assessed. RESULTS pHi was lower in COC than in CHC. Only IL1β β decreased pHi in both cell types; all the agents enhanced pHi recovery following an ammonium prepulse in CHC, effect that was attenuated by Na(+)-H(+) exchanger inhibitors, but they had no effect in COC. Hypotonic shock (HTS) caused a pHi increase, which was significantly smaller in COC. All the hormones attenuated this response and the effect of IL1β was greater. The basal [Ca(2+)]i was similar in COC and CHC; IL1β, TNFα, and insulin increased the [Ca(2+)]i, but leptin, resistin, and adiponectin did not. These effects were greater in COC. This [Ca(2+)]i increase was dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) and attenuated by Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitors. HTS caused a [Ca(2+)]i increase, which was inhibited by transient receptor potential vanilloid blockers and attenuated by all the hormones tested with the exception of adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS These findings may help explain the association between obesity and osteoarthritis, in which these hormones are altered. The responses of CHC and COC are different, which suggests that a modification of pH and Ca(2+) homeostasis is part of the osteoarthritis pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Sánchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The degenerative joint disease osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of chronic musculoskeletal disease worldwide, and it commonly afflicts the elderly population. OA-induced impairment of joint function can debilitate normal physical activity, and in more severe cases, it can lead to complete joint destruction and loss of independence or even mobility. The pathophysiology of OA remains to be fully elucidated, despite the extensive research efforts into this complex disease. Studies have revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can contribute to the onset and progression of OA by inducing indispensable chondrocyte death and matrix degradation. However, ROS are also key components of many normal physiological processes, and at moderate levels, they act as indispensable second messengers. This review focuses on the dual role of ROS in cartilage, with the aim of gaining insights into how ROS can be regulated such that its beneficial effects are maintained and its detrimental effects are eliminated.
Collapse
|
9
|
Qusous A, Kerrigan MJ. Quantification of Changes in Morphology, Mechanotransduction, and Gene Expression in Bovine Articular Chondrocytes in Response to 2-Dimensional Culture Indicates the Existence of a Novel Phenotype. Cartilage 2012; 3:222-34. [PMID: 26069635 PMCID: PMC4297122 DOI: 10.1177/1947603511427556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) offers a potential solution for cartilage repair but is currently hindered by loss of the chondrocyte differentiated phenotype. To further our understanding of the mechanism of dedifferentiation, changes in the phenotype in relation to mechanotransduction were recorded in response to monolayer culture. METHODS Bovine cartilage explants were excised and chondrocytes cultured for 9 days (P1), 14 days (P2), and 21 (P3) days. Changes in morphology and regulatory volume increase (RVI; a mechanotransduction response) were determined by the expression of key genes by RT-PCR and confocal microscopy, respectively. RESULTS A loss of a differentiated phenotype was observed in P1 with a reduction in sphericity and an overall increase in cell volume from 474.7 ± 32.1 µm(3) to 725.2 ± 35.6 µm(3). Furthermore, the effect of 2-dimensional (2-D) culture-induced dedifferentiation on mechanotransduction was investigated, whereby RVI and Gd(3+)-sensitive REV5901-induced calcium rise were only observed in 2-D cultured chondrocytes. A significant up-regulation of types I and II collagens and Sox9 was observed in P1 chondrocytes and no further significant change in type I collagen but a return to baseline levels of type II collagen and Sox9 upon further culture. CONCLUSION These data indicated the presence of an intermediate, mesodifferentiated phenotype and highlight the importance of mechanotransduction as a marker of the chondrocytic cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ala Qusous
- University of Westminster, London, UK,University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qusous A, Kaneva M, Can VC, Getting SJ, Kerrigan MJP. The phenotypic characterization of A13/BACii, a novel bovine chondrocytic cell line with differentiation potential. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:251-61. [PMID: 22398355 DOI: 10.1159/000332144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In cartilage research bovine articular cartilage is used as an alternative to human tissue. However, animal material is subject to availability and primary cultures undergo senescence, limiting their use. Here we report the immortalization of primary bovine chondrocytes, which could be used as a surrogate for freshly isolated chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were isolated from cartilage explants and immortalized using 1.0 µg/ml benzo[alpha]pyrene. For 3-dimensional culture, chondrocytes were resuspended in 0.5% low-melt agarose at high density (HD) and cultured for 24 h prior to determining changes in expression profile and morphology. A13/BACii chondrocytes acquired a 'flat' irregular morphology and a foetal-like cell volume (1,509.59 ± 182.04 µm(3)). The human cell line C-20/A4 showed a statistically similar volume and length to A13/BACii. Two-dimensional-cultured A13/BACii expressed elevated levels of type I collagen (col1), reduced levels of type II collagen (col2) compared to freshly isolated chondrocytes and an overall col2 to col1 expression ratio (col2:col1) of 0.11 ± 0.01. Upon 3-dimensional encapsulation, there was a significant rise in col2 expression in both A13/BACii and C-20/A4, suggesting a capacity for redifferentiation in both cell lines with a return of col2:col1 values of A13/BACii to values previously observed in primary chondrocytes. A13/BACii chondrocytes expressed aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-9 and MMP-13, further supporting indications of the differentiated phenotype. Here we report the creation of a novel chondrocytic cell line and demonstrate its strong potential for redifferentiation upon HD 3-dimensional encapsulation, providing an alternative to conventional dedifferentiated cell lines and primary culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ala Qusous
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khan AA, Surrao DC. The importance of bicarbonate and nonbicarbonate buffer systems in batch and continuous flow bioreactors for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 18:358-68. [PMID: 22092352 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In cartilage tissue engineering an optimized culture system, maintaining an appropriate extracellular environment (e.g., pH of media), can increase cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. We have previously reported on a continuous-flow bioreactor that improves tissue growth by supplying the cells with a near infinite supply of medium. Previous studies have observed that acidic environments reduce ECM synthesis and chondrocyte proliferation. Hence, in this study we investigated the combined effects of a continuous culture system (bioreactor) together with additional buffering agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate [NaHCO₃]) on cartilaginous tissue growth in vitro. Isolated bovine chondrocytes were grown in three-dimensional cultures, either in static conditions or in a continuous-flow bioreactor, in media with or without NaHCO₃. Tissue constructs cultivated in the bioreactor with NaHCO₃-supplemented media were characterized with significantly increased (p<0.05) ECM accumulation (glycosaminoglycans a 98-fold increase; collagen a 25-fold increase) and a 13-fold increase in cell proliferation, in comparison with static cultures. Additionally, constructs grown in the bioreactor with NaHCO₃-supplemented media were significantly thicker than all other constructs (p<0.05). Further, the chondrocytes from the primary construct expanded and synthesized ECM, forming a secondary construct without a separate expansion phase, with a diameter and thickness of 4 mm and 0.72 mm respectively. Tissue outgrowth was negligible in all other culturing conditions. Thus this study demonstrates the advantage of employing a continuous flow bioreactor coupled with NaHCO₃ supplemented media for articular cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aasma A Khan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
siRNA-Mediated Inhibition of Na+ –K+–2Cl− Cotransporter (NKCC1) and Regulatory Volume Increase in the Chondrocyte Cell Line C-20/A4. J Membr Biol 2011; 243:25-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-011-9389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
13
|
Tian M, Duan Y, Duan X. Chloride channels regulate chondrogenesis in chicken mandibular mesenchymal cells. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:938-45. [PMID: 20832772 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Voltage gated chloride channels (ClCs) play an important role in the regulation of intracellular pH and cell volume homeostasis. Mutations of these genes result in genetic diseases with abnormal bone deformation and body size, indicating that ClCs may have a role in chondrogenesis. In the present study, we isolated chicken mandibular mesenchymal cells (CMMC) from Hamburg-Hamilton (HH) stage 26 chick embryos and induced chondrocyte maturation by using ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate (AA-BGP). We also determined the effect of the chloride channel inhibitor NPPB [5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid] on regulation of growth, differentiation, and gene expression in these cells using MTT and real-time PCR assays. We found that CLCN1 and CLCN3-7 mRNA were expressed in CMMC and NPPB reduced expression of CLCN3, CLCN5, and CLCN7 mRNA in these cells. At the same time, NPPB inhibited the growth of the CMMC, but had no effect on the mRNA level of cyclin D1 and cyclin E (P>0.05) with/without AA-BGP treatment. AA-BGP increased markers for early chondrocyte differentiation including type II collagen, aggrecan (P<0.01) and Sox9 (P<0.05), whilst had no effect on the late chondrocyte differentiation marker type X collagen. NPPB antagonized AA-BGP-induced expression of type II collagen and aggrecan (P<0.05). Furthermore, NPPB downregulated type X collagen (P<0.05) with/without AA-BGP treatment. We conclude that abundant chloride channel genes in CMMC play important roles in regulating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Type X collagen might function as a target of chloride channel inhibitors during the differentiation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Das RHJ, van Osch GJVM, Kreukniet M, Oostra J, Weinans H, Jahr H. Effects of individual control of pH and hypoxia in chondrocyte culture. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:537-45. [PMID: 19813243 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Effects of oxygen tension (pO(2)) and pH on gene and protein expression and metabolic activity of human chondrocytes were independently assessed. Chondrocytes were cultured under a range of pH (6.4-7.4) and different pO(2) (5 and 20%) during 5 days in a bioreactor. Effects on gene expression, DNA content, protein expression, and metabolic activity were determined. Linear regression analysis showed that gene expression of type I collagen (COL1), SOX9, and VEGF is significantly lower at acidic pH, while expression of aggrecan, type II collagen, and HIF1A is pH-independent. Higher protein levels of VEGF were found under low pO(2). Acidic pH severely lowered VEGF release into medium, glucose consumption, and lactate production. Extracellular pH proved to more potently influence cell function than oxygen tension, the latter showing down-regulation of COL1 gene expression and up-regulation of VEGF protein under hypoxia. Hypoxic culture inhibits COL1 mRNA expression pH-dependently, while expression of SOX9 is largely hypoxia independent, but pH dependent. Expression of HIF1A and VEGF revealed divergent pH dependencies. Subtle fluctuations in extracellular pH and oxygen tension clearly influence chondrocyte metabolism and marker expression. Sophisticated pH and oxygen control not only allows study of (patho)physiological changes, but also opens new venues in cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R H J Das
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Acid-sensing ion channel 1a mediates acid-induced increases in intracellular calcium in rat articular chondrocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 340:153-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Gibson JS, McCartney D, Sumpter J, Fairfax TPA, Milner PI, Edwards HL, Wilkins RJ. Rapid effects of hypoxia on H+ homeostasis in articular chondrocytes. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:1085-92. [PMID: 19629519 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Articular chondrocytes experience low oxygen (O(2)) levels compared with many other tissues, and values fall further in disease states. Chondrocyte intracellular pH (pH(i)) is a powerful modulator of matrix synthesis and is principally regulated by Na(+)-H(+) exchange (NHE). In equine chondrocytes, NHE is inhibited when cells are incubated for 3 h at low O(2), leading to intracellular acidosis. O(2)-dependent changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels appear to underlie this effect. The present study examines whether hypoxia can influence chondrocyte NHE activity and pH(i) over shorter timescales using the pH-sensitive fluoroprobe BCECF in cells isolated not only from equine cartilage but also from bovine tissue. O(2) levels in initially oxygenated solutions gassed with N(2) fell to approximately 1% within 2 h. A progressive fall in pH(i) and acid extrusion capacity was observed, with statistically significant effects (P < 0.05) apparent within 3 h. For equine and bovine cell populations subjected to step change in O(2) by resuspension in hypoxic (1%) solutions, a decline in acid extrusion and pH(i) was observed within 10 min and continued throughout the recording period. This effect represented inhibition of the NHE-mediated fraction of acid extrusion. Cells subjected to hypoxic solutions supplemented with CoCl(2) (100 microM) or antimycin A (100 microM) to raise levels of ROS did not acidify. The conserved nature and rapidity of the response to hypoxia has considerable implications for chondrocyte homeostasis and potentially for the maintenance of cartilage integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Gibson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tattersall AL, Wilkins RJ. Modulation of Na+-H+ exchange isoforms NHE1 and NHE3 by insulin-like growth factor-1 in isolated bovine articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1428-33. [PMID: 18404734 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Incubation with serum modulates the transporters that regulate intracellular pH (pH(i)) in articular chondrocytes, upregulating acid extrusion by Na(+)-H(+) exchange (NHE). There is stimulation of NHE1, together with induction of NHE3 activity. These isoforms exhibit differential responses to components of mechanical load experienced by chondrocytes during joint loading. The identity of the component(s) of serum responsible is unknown. A possibility, however, is insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), present in normal cartilage and found at enhanced levels in osteoarthritic tissue. In the present study, the effects of IGF-1 on pH(i) regulation have been characterized using fluorescence measurements of bovine articular chondrocytes, and the sensitivity of pH(i) regulation to hyperosmotic shock and raised hydrostatic pressure determined. For cells isolated in the absence of IGF-1, pH(i) recovery following acidification was predominantly mediated by NHE1. Recovery was enhanced when cells were incubated for 18 h with 20 ng mL(-1) IGF; this effect represented increased acid extrusion by NHE1, supplemented by NHE3 activity. NHE3 activity was not detected in IGF-1-treated cells that had been incubated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, although NHE1 activity was unaffected. In the absence of IGF-1, suspension in hyperosmotic solutions or raised hydrostatic pressure enhanced pH(i) recovery of acidified cells. This response was missing in cells incubated with IGF-1. Unresponsiveness to hyperosmotic shock represented inhibition of NHE3 activity, and was prevented using the protein kinase A inhibitor KT5720. For raised hydrostatic pressure, a decrease in NHE1 activity was responsible, and was prevented by the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Tattersall
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Simpkin VL, Murray DH, Hall AP, Hall AC. Bicarbonate-dependent pH(i) regulation by chondrocytes within the superficial zone of bovine articular cartilage. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:600-9. [PMID: 17458896 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Control of chondrocyte pH (pH(i)) determines articular cartilage matrix metabolism. However, the transporters of chondrocytes in situ throughout cartilage zones are unclear, and we tested the hypothesis that chondocytes within the superficial zone (SZ) utilise a HCO(3) (-)-dependent system absent from other zones. Imaging of single BCECF-labelled cells was used to monitor the pH(i) of in situ chondrocytes within the cartilage zones, and also that of cells isolated from the SZ or full depth (FD) explants. Resting pH(i) and intrinsic buffering power (beta(i)) in HEPES-buffered saline was not different between SZ and DZ cells, however the pH(i) of SZ chondrocytes was lower in HCO(3) (-) saline. Ammonium pre-pulse was used to acid-load cells and pH(i) recovery by in situ or isolated SZ chondrocytes shown to be totally dependent on HCO(3) (-). pH(i) recovery rate was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for in situ cells, suggesting that isolation damaged the HCO(3) (-)-dependent system. Recovery of pH(i) by in situ cells was blocked by the anion transport inhibitor DIDS, and partially inhibited by EIPA probably non-specifically. Recovery of pH(i) by acidified MZ or DZ cells or those isolated from FD explants was not affected by HCO(3) (-) (P > 0.05). Na(+)-dependent HCO(3) (-)-(NBC) transporters were identified in SZ chondrocytes by fluorescence immunohistochemistry suggesting that this system might account for the HCO(3) (-)-dependent recovery of pH(i). Bovine articular cartilage chondrocytes possess a HCO(3) (-)-dependent transporter which plays a key role in pH(i) regulation in cells in the SZ, but not in chondrocytes within deeper cartilage zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Simpkin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gibson JS, Milner PI, White R, Fairfax TPA, Wilkins RJ. Oxygen and reactive oxygen species in articular cartilage: modulators of ionic homeostasis. Pflugers Arch 2007; 455:563-73. [PMID: 17849146 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue dependent on diffusion mainly from synovial fluid to service its metabolic requirements. Levels of oxygen (O(2)) in the tissue are low, with estimates of between 1 and 6%. Metabolism is largely, if not entirely, glycolytic, with little capacity for oxidative phosphorylation. Notwithstanding, the tissue requires O(2) and consumes it, albeit at low rates. Changes in O(2) tension also have profound effects on chondrocytes affecting phenotype, gene expression, and morphology, as well as response to, and production of, cytokines. Although chondrocytes can survive prolonged anoxia, low O(2) levels have significant metabolic effects, inhibiting glycolysis (the negative Pasteur effect), and also notably matrix production. Why this tissue should respond so markedly to reduction in O(2) tension remains a paradox. Ion homeostasis in articular chondrocytes is also markedly affected by the extracellular matrix in which the cells reside. Recent work has shown that ion homeostasis also responds to changes in O(2) tension, in such a way as to produce significant effects on cell function. For this purpose, O(2) probably acts via alteration in levels of reactive oxygen species. We discuss the possibility that O(2) consumption by this tissue is required to maintain levels of ROS, which are then used physiologically as an intracellular signalling device. This postulate may go some way towards explaining why the tissue is dependent on O(2) and why its removal has such marked effects. Understanding the role of oxygen has implications for disease states in which O(2) or ROS levels may be perturbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Gibson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, England
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu X, Urban JPG, Browning JA, Tirlapur U, Wilkins RJ, Wu MH, Cui Z, Cui Z. Influences of buffer systems on chondrocyte growth during long-term culture in alginate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:396-402. [PMID: 17070714 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondrocyte behavior is very sensitive to culture environment such as physical and biochemical conditions. As extracellular pH (pHo) and the existence of bicarbonate could affect the chondrocyte fate, hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the buffer system effect on chondrocyte fate during relatively long-term culture. METHODS In order to examine whether effects seen were due to bicarbonate or to pHo, we had to devise a system which could differentiate between the two effects. Culture media buffered by N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) only and the combination of HEPES and bicarbonate were used. Bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured in alginate beads for up to 12 days. pHo was kept constant by culture of 3 beads in 2 ml culture medium. Cell density, intracellular pH (pHi) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were measured at day 5 and day 12. Cell morphology, distribution and viability in alginate beads were monitored over 12 days of culture. RESULTS Compared to culture in the absence of bicarbonate, a higher proliferation rate of chondrocytes was observed in the presence of bicarbonate. pHi was more alkaline, about 0.2 pH unit, in the presence of bicarbonate than that in the absence of bicarbonate. About 50% more GAG was deposited in alginate beads when chondrocytes were cultured in the combination of HEPES and bicarbonate, compared to chondrocytes cultured in the absence of NaHCO3 at the end of 12 days of culture. CONCLUSION The presence of bicarbonate results in more alkaline in the pHi of bovine chondrocytes after long-term culture. The combination of bicarbonate and HEPES in culture medium improves cell growth, matrix production in three-dimensional alginate beads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Satake N, Elliott RMA, Watson PF, Holt WV. Sperm selection and competition in pigs may be mediated by the differential motility activation and suppression of sperm subpopulations within the oviduct. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:1560-72. [PMID: 16574812 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWhen spermatozoa from two or more boars are mixed and females inseminated,the resulting litters are often skewed in favour of one male but there is currently no satisfactory physiological explanation for this effect. However,to reach the oocytes, the spermatozoa must enter the oviduct where they are exposed to factors that modulate their activity. They either become sequestered within the oviductal sperm reservoir or bypass the reservoir and proceed towards the oocytes. The oviduct may therefore hold the key to mammalian sperm selection, thereby explaining why laboratory tests of sperm function, performed on whole ejaculates, are unable to account for the boar-specific skewing effects. We have previously shown that boar sperm motility is highly stimulated by bicarbonate, a naturally abundant component of oviductal fluid. Using motility-based sperm subpopulation analysis, we show here that the relative sizes of bicarbonate-responsive and unresponsive sperm subpopulations vary between individual boars. Proteins derived from oviduct epithelial plasma membranes suppress the activation response and modify sperm movement trajectories in a subpopulation-specific and dose-dependent manner. The suppression response varies between boars and some spermatozoa remain unsuppressed in the presence of oviductal proteins. When boars are ranked according to their susceptibility to bicarbonate-induced stimulation, rankings differ depending upon the presence or absence of oviductal proteins. The suppression response is not caused by inhibition of bicarbonate uptake; on the contrary this is enhanced by oviductal proteins. We suggest that the boar-specific and sperm subpopulation-specific interactions between sperm motility activation and suppression responses are likely to result in sperm selection before the spermatozoa meet the oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Satake
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tattersall AL, Browning JA, Wilkins RJ. Modulation of H + Transport Mechanisms by Interleukin-1 in Isolated Bovine Articular Chondrocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem 2005; 16:43-50. [PMID: 16121032 DOI: 10.1159/000087730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) promotes the degradation of articular cartilage by inhibiting matrix synthesis and stimulating degradative enzyme activity. Generation of nitric oxide (NO) in response to IL-1 is implicated in these actions. The catabolic actions of IL-1 can be inhibited by manoeuvres which are predicted to dissipate H+ gradients across the chondrocyte plasma membrane. In the present study, the effects of IL-1 on H+ extrusion from bovine articular chondrocytes were investigated. pH was measured using the H+-sensitive fluorescent dye BCECF. Cells were acidified by ammonium rebound and the contribution of the Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE) and of the vacuolar H+-ATPase to acid extrusion was characterised by ion substitution and inhibitor studies. Overnight (18 h) exposure to IL-1 stimulated acid extrusion in a dose-dependent fashion. This effect represented stimulation of both NHE and the ATPase. Characterisation of the timecourse of this response indicated that, while stimulation of acid extrusion was rapid, effects on the ATPase were only apparent after greater than 8h incubation with the cytokine. In keeping with this observation, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide abolished the stimulatory effect of IL-1 on ATPase-mediated extrusion. The upregulation of ATPase activity by IL-1 was inhibited by the NOS inhibitor L-NAME and by the NO scavenger PTIO. In cells which had not been exposed to IL-1, treatment with the NO donor SNAP also stimulated acid extrusion by the ATPase. In contrast, NHE activity was not altered by any of these compounds. Taken together, these results imply that IL-1 can stimulate acid extrusion in chondrocytes and that this reflects rapid upregulation of NHE with slower induction of H+-ATPase activity which requires elevated levels of NO. While ATPase induction involves protein synthesis, this process may not constitute synthesis of ATPase proteins per se, but rather of some associated regulatory process.
Collapse
|
23
|
Jahr H, van Driel M, van Osch GJVM, Weinans H, van Leeuwen JPTM. Identification of acid-sensing ion channels in bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:349-54. [PMID: 16185661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone balances serum pH variations and both osteoclasts and osteoblasts are regulated by subtle changes in pH. The aim of the current study was to identify molecules in bone that can sense pH. Interesting candidates are the acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). In bone, ASIC2 and ASIC3 were most abundant, while in chondrocytes it was ASIC1. Isolated human monocytes expressed ASIC1, -2, and -3, which persisted after induction to osteoclast differentiation, albeit to a lower level. In human osteoblasts ASIC1, ASIC2, and ASIC3 mRNAs were shown. Western blot and immunostaining confirmed this at protein level. ASIC4 expression was always very low abundant. For the first time, we demonstrated ASICs in human skeleton, providing a means to sense and respond to differences in extracellular pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Jahr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|