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Solovyev M, Kashinskaya E, Gisbert E. A meta-analysis for assessing the contributions of trypsin and chymotrypsin as the two major endoproteases in protein hydrolysis in fish intestine. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 278:111372. [PMID: 36682676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
For the majority of fish species, regardless of being gastric or agastric, trypsin and chymotrypsin are known as the two main alkaline proteases responsible for the initial stage of protein hydrolysis in the fish intestine. Although the critical role of these proteases for protein hydrolysis in fish intestine is without doubt, the relative input of each enzyme in protein hydrolysis is still unclear. Data used in the present study has been retrieved from a bibliographic search using the Dimensions application (https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication tool). Retrieved articles were carefully inspected to identify whether they contained the description of the development of ontogenetic activities for trypsin, chymotrypsin, and total alkaline proteases in fish intestine. From the list of consulted articles, 21 studies were chosen based on correlation coefficients (Pearson correlation test), and four groups of fish were identified with high significant correlation between 1) the activity of chymotrypsin and total alkaline proteases; 2) the activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and total alkaline proteases; 3) the activity of trypsin and total alkaline proteases, and 4) mainly negative correlation between trypsin, chymotrypsin, and total alkaline proteases. These results indicated that the relative inputs of trypsin and chymotrypsin in protein hydrolysis may vary significantly among different fish species, which is a crucial point for proper understanding of species-specific digestive traits in both natural and aquaculture scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Solovyev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS (ISEA), Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; Tomsk State University (TSU), Tomsk 634050, Russia; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (IEE), Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Elena Kashinskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS (ISEA), Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (IEE), Moscow 119071, Russia; Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters RAS (IBIW), Yaroslavskaya Oblast, Nekouzskii Raion, Borok 152742, Russia
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Centre de la Ràpita, Crta. Poble Nou del Delta km 5.5, la Ràpita 43540, Spain.
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Toledo-Solís FJ, Hilerio-Ruiz AG, Delgadin T, Sirkin DP, Di Yorio MP, Vissio PG, Peña-Marín ES, Martínez-García R, Maytorena-Verdugo CI, Álvarez-González CA, de Rodrigáñez MAS. Changes in digestive enzyme activities during the early ontogeny of the South American cichlid (Cichlasoma dimerus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1211-1227. [PMID: 34173183 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cichlasoma dimerus is a neotropical cichlid that has been used as a biological model for neuroendocrinology studies. However, its culture is problematic in terms of larval feeding to allow having enough fry quantity and quality. Larviculture requires full knowledge about the digestive system and nutrition; therefore, this study was intended to assess the digestive enzymes' changes at different ages during the early ontogeny. Acid protease activity was detectable from the first day after hatching (dah), increasing to its maximum peaks on 9 dah. In contrast, alkaline proteases had low activity in the first days of life but reached their maximum activity on 17 dah. Chymotrypsin, L-aminopeptidase, and carboxypeptidase A activities increased at 6 dah, while trypsin activity was first detected on 13 dah and reached its maximum activity on 17 dah. Lipase and α-amylase activity were detectable at low levels in the first days of life, but the activity fluctuated and reaching its maximum activity at 21 dah. Alkaline phosphatase continued to oscillate and had two maximum activity peaks, the first at 6 dah and the second at 19 dah. Zymograms of alkaline proteases on day 6 dah six revealed four activity bands with molecular weights from 16.1 to 77.7 kDa. On 13 dah, two more activity bands of 24.4 and 121.9 kDa were detected, having a total of six proteases. The enzymatic activity analyzes indicate the digestive system shows the low activity of some enzymes in the first days after hatching, registering significant increases on 6 dah and the maximum peaks of activities around at 17 dah. Therefore, we recommend replacing live food with dry feed and only providing dry feed after day 17 dah.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Toledo-Solís
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, C.P. 03940, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Andrea Guadalupe Hilerio-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 0.5 km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, C.P. 86039, Villahermosa, TAB, Mexico
| | - Tomás Delgadin
- Departamento de Biodiversidad Y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires / Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Pérez Sirkin
- Departamento de Biodiversidad Y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires / Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Di Yorio
- Departamento de Biodiversidad Y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires / Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Gabriela Vissio
- Departamento de Biodiversidad Y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires / Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emyr Saul Peña-Marín
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 0.5 km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, C.P. 86039, Villahermosa, TAB, Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Martínez-García
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 0.5 km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, C.P. 86039, Villahermosa, TAB, Mexico
| | - Claudia Ivette Maytorena-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 0.5 km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, C.P. 86039, Villahermosa, TAB, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfonso Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 0.5 km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, C.P. 86039, Villahermosa, TAB, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Angel Sáenz de Rodrigáñez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Melilla, Calle Santander, 1, C.P. 52005, Melilla, Spain
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Husma A. Enzyme Digestive Activities During Ontogeny in Marosatherina ladigesi Larvae. Pak J Biol Sci 2017; 20:336-342. [PMID: 29023065 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2017.336.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Marosatherina ladigesi, including native fish in South Sulawesi Indonesia, are vulnerable and must be preserved. The objective of the study was to examine known food consumption, survival, growth and the activities of digestive enzymes of M. ladigesi larvae. MATERIAL AND METHODS The larvae were obtained from natural spawning and the mixed live feed: Infusoria sp., Daphnia sp. and Artemia salina were given twice a day. Feed intake, growth, survival, activities of protease, lipase and amylase enzymes were observed in ages 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 Days after Hatching (DAH). Data were analyzed by following a complete randomized trial design. RESULTS Activities of protease, amylase and lipase enzymes have been detected since 3 DAH. The protease enzyme activity was obtained at 0.438 U mL min-1 at 35 DAH, while amylase and lipase activities fluctuated. Activities of amylase and lipase reached 0105 and 0.093 U mL-1 min-1 at 15 DAH, respectively. The activity of the enzyme increased at the same age of 10-15 DAH larvae entering a phase of flexion. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the use of mixed live feed Infusoria sp., Daphnia sp. and A. salina contribute to enzyme protease, lipase and amylase activities during the ontogeny stages of M. ladigesi. The highest activity of protease suggests that the fish have carnivorous feeding habits. The results of this study can be used to improve the maintenance technique of M. ladigesi larvae in order to accelerate growth and improve survival as an effort to increase the production of M. ladigesi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrah Husma
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Indonesia Muslim University, Makassar-90231, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Ramzanzadeh F, Yeganeh S, JaniKhalili K, Babaei SS. Effects of different photoperiods on digestive enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevin and fry. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the ontogeny of digestive enzymes and effects of photoperiod on pancreatic enzyme activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) alevin and fry. After hatching, 3600 individuals of first-feeding alevin with a mean (±SD) mass of 119 ± 0.01 mg were reared in plastic tanks at four photoperiod levels (llight (L) : dark (D) cycle) for 6 weeks. Each replicate contained 300 alevin. Photoperiod treatments consisted of 14 h L : 10 h D, 10 h L : 14 h D, 4 h L : 20 h D, and 24 h L : 0 h D. During the rearing period, environmental variables including water temperature, oxygen, and pH were checked. Random sampling of alevin and fry was done at 0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 39, and 44 days after the beginning of the first feeding (equal to 18, 19, 23, 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 58, 63 days post hatching (dph)). The digestive enzyme activities in alevin and fry had a similar variation trend with age at all photoperiod levels. The specific activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and α-amylase at 24 h L : 0 h D were significantly higher than other treatments, but there was no significant difference in specific activity of lipase among treatments. The results demonstrated that growth, feeding efficiency, and digestive enzyme activity improved with longer exposure to photoperiod in rearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ramzanzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, km 9 Darya Boulevard, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Yeganeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, km 9 Darya Boulevard, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Khosro JaniKhalili
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, km 9 Darya Boulevard, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sedigheh Babaei
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, P.O. Box 64414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
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Guerrera MC, De Pasquale F, Muglia U, Caruso G. Digestive enzymatic activity during ontogenetic development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:699-706. [PMID: 26477613 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing importance of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an experimental model in biomedical research, some aspect of physiological and related morphological age dependent changes in digestive system during larval development are still unknown. In this paper, a biochemical and morphological study of the digestive tract of zebrafish was undertaken to record the functional changes occurring in this species during its ontogenetic development, particularly from 24 hr to 47 days post fertilization (dpf). Endo- and exo-proteases, as well as α-amylase enzymes, were quantified in zebrafish larvae before first feeding (7 dpf). The most morphologically significant events during the ontogenesis of the gut occurred between 3 dpf (mouth opening) and 7 dpf (end of exocrine pancreas differentiation). The presence of a wide range of digestive enzymes, already active at earlier zebrafish larval stages, closely related with the omnivorous diet of this species. Increasing enzyme activities were found with increasing age, probably in relation with intestinal mucosa folding and consequent absorption surface increase. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 699-706, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca De Pasquale
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), National Research Council, Messina, Italy
| | - Ugo Muglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Caruso
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), National Research Council, Messina, Italy
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Characterisation of thermostable trypsin and determination of trypsin isozymes from intestine of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Food Chem 2012; 134:1533-41. [PMID: 25005977 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin from intestinal extracts of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) was characterised. Three-step purification - by ammonium sulphate precipitation, Sephadex G-100, and Q Sepharose - was applied to isolate trypsin, and resulted in 3.77% recovery with a 5.34-fold increase in specific activity. At least 6 isoforms of trypsin were found in different ages. Only one major trypsin isozyme was isolated with high purity, as assessed by SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE zymogram, appearing as a single band of approximately 22.39 kDa protein. The purified trypsin was stable, with activity over a wide pH range of 6.0-11.0 and an optimal temperature of approximately 55-60 °C. The relative activity of the purified enzyme was dramatically increased in the presence of commercially used detergents, alkylbenzene sulphonate or alcohol ethoxylate, at 1% (v/v). The observed Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and catalytic constant (Kcat) of the purified trypsin for BAPNA were 0.16 mM and 23.8 s(-1), respectively. The catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) was 238 s(-1) mM(-1).
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Uscanga-Martínez A, Perales-García N, Alvarez-González CA, Moyano FJ, Tovar-Ramírez D, Gisbert GE, Márquez-Couturier G, Contreras-Sánchez WM, Arias-Rodríguez L, Indy JR. Changes in digestive enzyme activity during initial ontogeny of bay snook Petenia splendida. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 37:667-680. [PMID: 21327498 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Several samples of P. splendida larvae were obtained from eggs until day 60 after hatching (dah) to determine acid and alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, α-amylase, lipase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities using biochemical techniques. Additionally, SDS-PAGE alkaline protease zymogram and PAGE acid protease zymogram were carried out to identify active isoforms during larviculture. Alkaline protease and chymotrypsin were present at the moment of hatching, increased gradually reaching the maximum values at 35 dah. Trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase activities were low from hatching, increasing gradually as larvae grew. Alkaline protease zymogram showed four zymogens, which appears at different days, remaining present until the end of the larviculture (95.2 kDa at 11 dah, 26.4 kDa at 9 dah, 21.4 kDa at 3 dah, and 23.3 kDa at hatching). Pepsin activity was present at day 7 after hatching and increased progressively until the end of the larviculture. Acid protease zymogram only showed one zymogen (0.65 rf), which appear at 6 dah. Lipase was high at the time of hatching and increased until 15 dah, after which decreased gradually. Amylase was high from the beginning and until 15 dah and then decreased rapidly to almost nothing onward. Alkaline and acid phosphatases presented a high activity at the egg stage, fell slightly during the first feeding and increased again from 20 to 30 dah. Results obtained in this study show that larvae can be fed artificial diets starting on day 10 after hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uscanga-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Escuela Politécnica Superior, La Cañada de San Urbano, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Ruan GL, Li Y, Gao ZX, Wang HL, Wang WM. Molecular characterization of trypsinogens and development of trypsinogen gene expression and tryptic activities in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and topmouth culter (Culter alburnus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 155:77-85. [PMID: 19854290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the gene structures and expression of trypsinogens, as well as the trypsin activities of the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus (herbivorous) and the topmouth culter Culter alburnus (carnivorous), which are commercially important freshwater species of the family Cyprinidae in China. Isolated full-length trypsinogen cDNA clones were 869 bp and 857 bp. The deduced amino acid sequences were 242aa and 247aa long, both containing the highly conserved residues essential for serine protease catalytic and conformational maintenance. The results from isoelectric and phylogenetic analyses suggest that grass carp trypsinogen is grouped with teleost trypsinogen group I, while topmouth culter trypsinogen is grouped with group II. The expression pattern of trypsinogen mRNA was similar between these two species, appearing 2 days post-hatching (dph) and reaching peaks at 11 and 23 dph. The trypsin-specific activities in both species were detected 2 dph and reached the major peaks at 8 dph, however the minor peaks were observed at 20 dph in the grass carp and 17 dph in the topmouth culter. The trypsin-specific activity was significantly higher in the grass carp than in the topmouth culter, which may be attributed to the nature of their different nutritional habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Ruan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Perera E, Moyano FJ, Díaz M, Perdomo-Morales R, Montero-Alejo V, Rodriguez-Viera L, Alonso E, Carrillo O, Galich GS. Changes in digestive enzymes through developmental and molt stages in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:250-6. [PMID: 18692150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in major digestive enzymes through developmental and molt stages were studied for the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. There were significant positive relationships between specific activity of trypsin and amylase enzymes and lobster size, whereas esterase and lipase specific activities decreased as lobsters aged. No relationship was found between amylase/trypsin ratio and lobster size. Positive trends were found, however, for trypsin/lipase and amylase/lipase ratios. Results suggest that changes in enzyme activity respond to the lobsters' physiological needs for particular dietary components although multivariate analysis suggested that enzyme activities could be not totally independent of diet. On the other hand, the pattern of changes of major enzyme activities through molt cycle was similar for most enzymes studied. Following molt, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase activities gradually increased to maximal levels at late intermolt (C4) and premolt (D). There were no variations in the electrophoretic pattern of digestive enzymes through developmental and molt stages and thus, it is demonstrated that regulation is exerted quantitatively rather than qualitatively. Further studies on the effect of other intrinsic and extrinsic factors on digestive enzyme activities are needed to fully understand digestive abilities and regulation mechanisms in spiny lobsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Perera
- Center for Marine Research, University of Havana, Calle 16 No. 114 e/ 1ra y 3ra, Miramar, Playa, CP 11300, Havana, Cuba.
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Mitra G, Mukhopadhyay P, Ayyappan S. Modulation of digestive enzyme activities during ontogeny of Labeo rohita larvae fed ascorbic acid enriched zooplankton. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 149:341-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Corrêa CF, de Aguiar LH, Lundstedt LM, Moraes G. Responses of digestive enzymes of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) to dietary cornstarch changes and metabolic inferences. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:857-62. [PMID: 17490905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 10/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Digestive enzyme responses plus metabolic implications were studied in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fed isoproteic diets containing 28% crude protein, 3300 kcal of gross energy/kg and different amounts of cornstarch (30, 40 and 50%). Amylase, maltase, acid protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin from the alimentary tract were assayed. Plasma, liver and white muscle metabolites were gauged to profile metabolism of the fish. The alimentary tract of tambaqui is compartmentalized morphologically and enzymatically. Amylase was present through the gut; acid protease was detected in stomach; maltase, trypsin and chymotrypsin were found in pyloric caeca and proximal and distal intestine sections. Increase of cornstarch levels from 40 to 50% in the diet resulted in an increase in amylase and maltase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin were unresponsive to starch levels. Acid protease follows the protein/carbohydrate ratio decrease. The increase of dietary cornstarch resulted in liver glycogenesis and the increase in plasma triglycerides is suggestive of lipogenesis. Digestive biochemical responses of tambaqui correlated with changes of feeding plus the analyses of metabolic profile are assumed as a tool for optimizing diet formulation and are a clue to other feeding optimizations for freshwater tropical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferro Corrêa
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís Km 235, CP 676, Sao Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905 Brazil
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