1
|
Gungor H, Corum O, Durna Corum D, Kumru AS, Yilmaz G, Coskun D, Coskun A, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam following intravenous administration at different doses in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:202-207. [PMID: 38033195 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the pharmacokinetic change after intravenous administration of meloxicam at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg to sheep. The study was carried out on six Akkaraman sheep. Meloxicam was administered intravenously to each sheep at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg doses in a longitudinal pharmacokinetic design with a 15-day washout period. Plasma concentrations of meloxicam were determined using the high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by non-compartmental analysis. Meloxicam was detected up to 48 h in the 0.5 mg/kg dose and up to 96 h in the 1 and 2 mg/kg doses. As the dose increased from 0.5 to 2 mg/kg, terminal elimination half-life, and dose normalized area under the concentration versus time curve increased and total clearance decreased. Compared to the 1 mg/kg dose, it was determined that Vdss decreased and C0.083h increased in the 2 mg/kg dose. Meloxicam provided the therapeutic concentration of >0.39 μg/mL reported in other species for 12, 48 and 96 h at 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg doses, respectively. These results show that meloxicam exhibits non-linear pharmacokinetics and will achieve unpredictable plasma concentrations when administered IV for a rapid effect at dose of ≥1 mg/kg in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Gungor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkiye
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkiye
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkiye
| | - Alper Serhat Kumru
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkiye
| | - Gökhan Yilmaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkiye
| | - Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkiye
| | - Alparslan Coskun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkiye
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkiye
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coskun D, Corum O, Durna Corum D, Cetin G, Irmak M, Ceyhan HR, Uney K. Age-related changes in the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after intravenous administration in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:326-331. [PMID: 37488663 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam was studied in 1-, 6-, and 12-month-old sheep following a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of 1 mg/kg. The experiments were carried out when the Romanov sheep were 1 month old (7.93 ± 0.91 kg), 6 months old (27.47 ± 4.91 kg), and 12 months old (37.10 ± 3.64 kg). Meloxicam concentration in plasma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and the data collected were evaluated by non-compartmental kinetic analysis. Meloxicam was detected in the plasma up to 72 h following i.v. administration in all age groups. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss ) and total body clearance (ClT ) were significantly higher in 1-month-old (304.87 mL/kg and 16.57 mL/h/kg) than in 12-month-old (193.43 mL/kg and 10.50 mL/h/kg) sheep. The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 72 h value of meloxicam was lower in 1-month-old (58.51 h*μg/mL) compared to 12-month-old (92.59 h*μg/mL) sheep. There was no difference in t1/2ʎz value in different age groups. The body extraction ratio values for meloxicam ranged from 0.0186 to 0.0719 after i.v. administration in all age groups. Meloxicam showed an increase in plasma concentration and a decrease in Vdss and ClT in 12-month-old compared to 1-month-old sheep. Compared to 1-month-old and 12-month-old sheep, there was no difference in these parameters in 6-month-old sheep. Because the age of sheep has an influence on the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam, dosage apparently may need to be adjusted for age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkiye
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Gul Cetin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Erzincan Binali Yıldırım, Erzincan, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Irmak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkiye
| | - Hatice Rumeysa Ceyhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fonseca MW, Trindade PHE, Pinho RH, Justo AA, Tomacheuski RM, Silva NEDOFD, Gonçalves HC, Luna SPL. Development and Validation of the Unesp-Botucatu Goat Acute Pain Scale. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2136. [PMID: 37443934 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to develop and validate the Unesp-Botucatu goat acute pain scale (UGAPS). Thirty goats (5 negative controls and 25 submitted to orchiectomy) were filmed for 7 min at the time points 24 h before and 2 h, 3 h (1 h after analgesia), and 24 h after orchiectomy. After content validation, according to an ethogram and literature, four blind observers analyzed the videos randomly to score the UGAPS, repeating the same assessment in 30 days. According to the confirmatory factor analysis, the UGAPS is unidimensional. Intra- and interobserver reliability was very good for all raters (Intraclass correlation coefficient ≥85%). Spearman's correlation between UGAPS versus VAS was 0.85 confirming the criterion validity. Internal consistency was 0.60 for Cronbach's α Cronbach and 0.67 for McDonald's ω. The item-total correlation was acceptable for 80% of the items (0.3-0.7). Specificity and sensitivity based on the cut-off point were 99% and 90%, respectively. The scale was responsive and demonstrated construct validity shown by the increase and decrease of scores after surgery pain and analgesia, respectively. The cut-off point for rescue analgesia is ≥3 of 10, with an area under the curve of 95.27%. The UGAPS presents content, criterion, and construct validities, responsiveness, and reliability to assess postoperative pain in castrated goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Werneck Fonseca
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Renata Haddad Pinho
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - André Augusto Justo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Rubia Mitalli Tomacheuski
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Heraldo Cesar Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flunixin Meglumine Is Superior to Meloxicam for Providing Analgesia after Surgical Castration in 2-Month-Old Goats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233437. [PMID: 36496957 PMCID: PMC9736442 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Farm animals are exposed to various painful procedures during their productive lives, making it necessary to implement anesthetic and analgesic protocols. However, there are few studies evaluating the effectiveness of these drugs. Our objective was to compare the analgesic effects of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): meloxicam (MEL) and flunixin meglumine (FLU), in goat kids subjected to surgical castration under local anesthesia. Anglo-Nubian goat kids (60 days old) were allocated into two groups: MEL (n = 9), and FLU (n = 8), each administered 5 min before starting castration. All had been previously subjected to local anesthesia with lidocaine, injected bilaterally into the testes, plus subcutaneous in the scrotal raphe. Pain sensitivity was evaluated using the von Frey monofilaments test. Reactions were recorded before castration (M0), immediately after castration (M1), and once-daily for three consecutive days post-castration (M2, M3, and M4, respectively). Pain assessments were conducted in three body regions: at four points of the scrotum (dorsal and ventral; left and right lateral; R1); medial region of the pelvic limb, gracilis muscle (R2); and hypogastric region of the abdomen (R3). MEL goats had considerably greater pain reaction in R1 and R2 over time, mainly in M2; therefore, FLU was a more effective analgesic than MEL, resulting in less pain reaction.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nurmi H, Laaksonen S, Raekallio M, Hänninen L. Wintertime pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered meloxicam in semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:423-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Depenbrock S, Urbano T, Ziegler J, Wetzlich S, Clapham MO, Tell LA. Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Tissue Withdrawal Intervals for Sheep Administered Multiple Oral Doses of Meloxicam. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102797. [PMID: 34679818 PMCID: PMC8532701 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Meloxicam is an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain and inflammation in ruminants including sheep, and pharmacokinetic studies are needed to protect the food supply from drug residues after use in food-producing animals. This study estimated plasma pharmacokinetic parameters and meat withdrawal intervals (WDI) for market sheep after multiple daily oral doses of meloxicam. Single and multiple dose plasma pharmacokinetic studies, a multi-dose tissue depletion study, and a follow-up study to investigate if events prior to slaughter were associated with differences in plasma meloxicam concentrations, all using sample data collected after completion of dosing, were completed. Using regulatory agency methods for calculating withdrawal times, an estimated WDI of at least 10 d following the last dose is recommended for market lambs treated with ten daily oral 1 mg/kg doses of meloxicam tablets suspended in water. The effect of events surrounding slaughter on plasma meloxicam concentrations in lambs is unknown but should be considered if plasma samples are obtained immediately prior to or during the slaughter process and used for pharmacokinetic investigations. Abstract Meloxicam is an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain and inflammation in ruminants including sheep, and pharmacokinetic studies are needed to protect the food supply from drug residues after use in food-producing animals. This study estimated plasma pharmacokinetic parameters and meat withdrawal intervals (WDI) for market sheep after multiple daily oral doses of meloxicam. Single and multiple dose plasma pharmacokinetic studies, a multi-dose tissue depletion study, and a follow-up study to investigate if events prior to slaughter were associated with differences in plasma meloxicam concentrations, all using sample data collected after completion of dosing, were completed. Using regulatory agency methods for calculating withdrawal times, an estimated WDI of at least 10 d following the last dose is recommended for market lambs treated with 10 daily oral 1 mg/kg doses of meloxicam tablets suspended in water. The effect of events surrounding slaughter on plasma meloxicam concentrations in lambs is unknown but should be considered if plasma samples are obtained immediately prior to or during the slaughter process and used for pharmacokinetic investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Depenbrock
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.W.); (M.O.C.); (L.A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tara Urbano
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.U.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jessie Ziegler
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.U.); (J.Z.)
| | - Scott Wetzlich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.W.); (M.O.C.); (L.A.T.)
| | - Maaike O. Clapham
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.W.); (M.O.C.); (L.A.T.)
| | - Lisa A. Tell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.W.); (M.O.C.); (L.A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plummer C, White PJ, Kimble B, Govendir M, Van der Saag D. Preliminary Investigation into a Novel Sustained-Release Formulation of Meloxicam in Sheep ( Ovis aries)-Pharmacokinetic Profile. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092484. [PMID: 34573450 PMCID: PMC8466480 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Meloxicam is an effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) suitable for ameliorating pain in sheep. Pain caused by husbandry procedures and other inflammatory conditions in sheep can persist for an extended time beyond the duration of action of currently available formulations of NSAIDs. This study investigates a novel sustained-release formulation of meloxicam to determine its potential for extended pain alleviation. Compared to a conventional formulation of meloxicam, the sustained-release formulation provided extended half-life making it a suitable candidate for providing extended pain relief. Abstract This study is a preliminary investigation describing the pharmacokinetic profile of a novel subcutaneous sustained-release meloxicam formulation (SRMF) in sheep. Six merino ewe hoggets (41.5 ± 4.6 kg) were treated with a novel subcutaneous SRMF at 2 mg/kg bodyweight (BW). Blood samples were collected at t = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 168, 192, and 336 h following treatment, and interstitial (ISF) fluid samples were collected at periods of 8 to 12 h, 12 to 24 h, 24 to 48 h, 48 to 52 h, and 92 to 96 h following treatment. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with ultraviolet detection was utilised to determine the concentration of meloxicam in plasma and ISF. The SRMF exhibited the following mean (±SD) pharmacokinetic indices: Cmax of 1.58 μg/mL (±0.82 μg/mL) at a Tmax of 10.0 h (±1.79 h), and half life (t1/2) of 31.4 h (±13.17 h) in sheep plasma. Interstitial fluid samples were collected from three of the six sheep, with a decrease in meloxicam concentration exhibited over 52 h. This study demonstrates a variable extended t1/2, a delayed Tmax, and a lower Cmax of the SRMF, as compared to that of a conventional meloxicam formulation (CMF) in sheep, as previously referenced (t1/2: 14.28 h; Tmax: 5 h; Cmax: 15.94 μg/mL). Further research to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of the SRMF in sheep is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Plummer
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Peter J. White
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.); (D.V.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.); (D.V.d.S.)
| | - Merran Govendir
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.); (D.V.d.S.)
| | - Dominique Van der Saag
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.K.); (M.G.); (D.V.d.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abadi SSH, Gangadharappa HV, Balamuralidhara V. Development of colon-specific mucoadhesive meloxicam microspheres for the treatment of CFA-induced arthritis in rats. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1765359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - H. V. Gangadharappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - V. Balamuralidhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Uney K, Durna Corum D, Terzi E, Corum O. Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Carprofen in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Broodstock. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:990. [PMID: 34208822 PMCID: PMC8309133 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of carprofen following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral routes to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock at temperatures of 10 ± 1.5 °C. In this study, thirty-six healthy rainbow trout broodstock (body weight, 1.45 ± 0.30 kg) were used. The plasma concentrations of carprofen were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis. Carprofen was measured up to 192 h for IV route and 240 h for IM, and oral routes in plasma. The elimination half-life (t1/2λz) was 30.66, 46.11, and 41.08 h for IV, IM and oral routes, respectively. Carprofen for the IV route showed the total clearance of 0.02 L/h/kg and volume of distribution at steady state of 0.60 L/kg. For IM and oral routes, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 3.96 and 2.52 μg/mL with the time to reach Cmax of 2 and 4 h, respectively. The bioavailability was 121.89% for IM route and 78.66% for oral route. The favorable pharmacokinetic properties such as the good bioavailability and long t1/2λz for IM and oral route of carprofen suggest the possibility of its effective use for the treatment of various conditions in broodstock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya 42130, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey; (D.D.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Ertugrul Terzi
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey;
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey; (D.D.C.); (O.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Small A, Fisher AD, Lee C, Colditz I. Analgesia for Sheep in Commercial Production: Where to Next? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041127. [PMID: 33920025 PMCID: PMC8070992 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasing societal and customer pressure to provide animals with ‘a life worth living’ continues to apply pressure on industry to alleviate pain associated with husbandry practices, injury and illness. Although a number of analgesic solutions are now available for sheep, providing some amelioration of the acute pain responses, this review has highlighted a number of potential areas for further research. Abstract Increasing societal and customer pressure to provide animals with ‘a life worth living’ continues to apply pressure on livestock production industries to alleviate pain associated with husbandry practices, injury and illness. Over the past 15–20 years, there has been considerable research effort to understand and develop mitigation strategies for painful husbandry procedures in sheep, leading to the successful launch of analgesic approaches specific to sheep in a number of countries. However, even with multi-modal approaches to analgesia, using both local anaesthetic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), pain is not obliterated, and the challenge of pain mitigation and phasing out of painful husbandry practices remains. It is timely to review and reflect on progress to date in order to strategically focus on the most important challenges, and the avenues which offer the greatest potential to be incorporated into industry practice in a process of continuous improvement. A structured, systematic literature search was carried out, incorporating peer-reviewed scientific literature in the period 2000–2019. An enormous volume of research is underway, testament to the fact that we have not solved the pain and analgesia challenge for any species, including our own. This review has highlighted a number of potential areas for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Small
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6776-1435
| | - Andrew David Fisher
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Caroline Lee
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Ian Colditz
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Smith JS, Schleining J, Plummer P. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Analgesic Agents. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2021; 37:1-16. [PMID: 33541693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as both production and companion animals in the United States. Among sheep, goats, and camelids, there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term consequences of pain. This review focuses on the commonly used medications available for pain management of small ruminants and discusses the benefits and negative aspects of their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA.
| | - Jennifer Schleining
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 500 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Paul Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Smith JS, Schleining J, Plummer P. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Applications and Strategies. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2021; 37:17-31. [PMID: 33541697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as production and companion animals in the United States, and among sheep, goats, and camelids there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term consequences of pain. In this second portion of the review, we focus on the application of pain management in these species. These strategies include mono- and multimodal and the use of precision pain management, such as epidural drug administration, regional perfusions, and transdermal applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA.
| | - Jennifer Schleining
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 500 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Paul Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meloxicam quantification in rabbit plasma by RP-HPLC: optimization and application to pharmacokinetic study. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The goal of the proposed study was to validate a rapid, simple, an accurate, robust, and sensitive bioanalytical method for quantifying Meloxicam and Lornoxicam (as internal standard) in rabbit plasma.
Result
Limit of detection and limit of quantification for Meloxicam were found to be 0.0081 and 0.1035 μg mL−1, respectively. The bioanalysis was continued according to standard guidelines and successfully used for bioavailability studies of meloxicam after single dose administration of pure drug and the formulation in rabbit plasma. Finally, obtained results proved its simplicity and an efficiency to be applied for the therapeutic drug monitoring and bioequivalence studies.
Conclusion
Therefore, the set RP-HPLC bioanalysis is simple, convenient, and acceptable to analyze meloxicam in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations in rabbit plasma.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
14
|
Olagaray KE, Bradford BJ, Sordillo LM, Gandy JC, Mamedova LK, Swartz TH, Jackson TD, Persoon EK, Shugart CS, Youngs CR. Postpartum meloxicam administration alters plasma haptoglobin, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and oxylipid concentrations in postpartum ewes. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:68. [PMID: 32626575 PMCID: PMC7329520 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postpartum inflammation is a natural and necessary response; however, a dysfunctional inflammatory response can be detrimental to animal productivity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (meloxicam) on ewe postpartum inflammatory response, ewe plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid and oxylipid concentrations, and lamb growth. Results After lambing, 36 Hampshire and Hampshire × Suffolk ewes were sequentially assigned within type of birth to control (n = 17) or meloxicam orally administered on d 1 and 4 of lactation (MEL; 90 mg, n = 19). Milk and blood samples were collected on d 1 (prior to treatment) and d 4. Milk glucose-6-phosphate was not affected by MEL. Plasma haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations were less for MEL ewes; control ewes with greater d 1 Hp concentrations had elevated Hp on d 4, but this was not the case for MEL-treated ewes. Treatment with MEL increased plasma arachidonic acid concentration by more than 4-fold in ewes rearing singles but decreased concentrations of 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, prostaglandin F2α, 8-iso-prostaglandin E2, and 8,9-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Nine oxylipids in plasma had interactions of treatment with d 1 Hp concentration, all of which revealed positive associations between d 1 Hp and d 4 oxylipid concentrations for CON, but neutral or negative relationships for MEL. MEL decreased 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid:13-oxooctadecadienoic acid ratio and tended to increase 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid:9-oxooctadecadienoic acid ratio (both dependent on d 1 values), indicating progressive metabolism of linoleic acid-derived oxylipids occurred by enzymatic oxidation after MEL treatment. Meloxicam reduced oxylipids generated across oxygenation pathways, potentially due to an improved redox state. Conclusions Postpartum MEL treatment of ewes decreased plasma concentrations of Hp and several oxylipids, with the greatest impact in ewes with biomarkers reflecting a greater inflammatory state before treatment. Anti-inflammatory strategies may help resolve excessive postpartum inflammation in some dams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Olagaray
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506 USA
| | - Barry J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506 USA
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 2265K Anthony Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824-1225 USA
| | - Jeffery C Gandy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 2265K Anthony Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824-1225 USA
| | - Laman K Mamedova
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506 USA
| | - Turner H Swartz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506 USA
| | - Trey D Jackson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Emma K Persoon
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | | | - Curtis R Youngs
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Guo F, Jiang X, Ren J, Miao Y, Ding F, Yu Z. Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of meloxicam oil suspension in pigs after intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:189-196. [PMID: 31880830 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop one novel meloxicam (MEL) oil suspension for sustained-release and compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of it with MEL conventional formulation in pigs after a single intramuscular administration. Six healthy pigs were used for the study by a crossover design in two periods with a withdrawal interval of 14 days. Plasma concentrations of MEL were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods. The difference was statistically significant (p < .05) between MEL oil suspension and MEL conventional formulation in pharmacokinetic parameters of mean residence time (6.16 ± 4.04) hr versus (2.66 ± 0.55) hr, peak plasma concentration (Cmax ) (0.82 ± 0.12) µg/ml versus (1.12 ± 0.22) µg/ml, time needed to reach Cmax (Tmax ) (2.33 ± 0.82) hr versus (0.59 ± 0.18) hr, and terminal elimination half-life (t1/2λz ) (3.74 ± 2.66) hr versus (1.55 ± 0.37) hr. The mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∝ ) of MEL oil suspension and MEL conventional formulation was 5.35 and 3.43 hr µg/ml, respectively, with a relative bioavailability of 155.98%. Results of the present study demonstrated that the MEL oil suspension could prolong the effective time of drugs in blood, thereby reducing the frequency of administration on a course of treatment. Therefore, the novel MEL oil suspension seems to be of great value in veterinary clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanxi Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyuan Jiang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juncai Ren
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingxue Miao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangyi Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zugong Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim TW, Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Impact of lactation on pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:13-18. [PMID: 31774176 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Use of drug in lactating animal should be carefully considered due to its possibility of changes in pharmacokinetics as well as drug penetration in milk. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of lactation on pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after IV and IM administrations in goats. A crossover design (2 × 2) was used for each lactating and nonlactating group of goats with a 3-week washout period. Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg) was administered into the jugular vein and upper gluteal muscle by IV and IM routes, respectively. The plasma and milk drug concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector, and the pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out by noncompartmental analysis. The pharmacokinetic parameters of meloxicam in lactating and nonlactating goats were not significantly different. The IM bioavailability of meloxicam was relatively lower in lactating (75.3 ± 18.6%) than nonlactating goats (103.8 ± 34.7%); however, the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, AUC ratio between milk and plasma, which represent drug milk penetration, for both IV and IM administrations was less than 1 (about 0.3). In conclusion, pharmacokinetic parameters of meloxicam are not significantly altered by lactation for either the IV or IM routes of administration and this drug does not require a different dosage regimen for lactating animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Won Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meléndez DM, Marti S, Pajor EA, Sidhu PK, Gellatly D, Janzen ED, Schwinghamer TD, Coetzee JF, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Pharmacokinetics of oral and subcutaneous meloxicam: Effect on indicators of pain and inflammation after knife castration in weaned beef calves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217518. [PMID: 31125384 PMCID: PMC6534336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral meloxicam is labelled for reducing pain and inflammation associated with castration in cattle in Canada, however, subcutaneous meloxicam is only labelled for pain associated with dis-budding and abdominal surgery. The aim of this project was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of oral (PO; 1.0 mg/kg BW) and subcutaneous meloxicam (SC; 0.5 mg/kg BW), and to assess the effect of meloxicam on physiological and behavioural indicators of pain associated with knife castration in 7–8 month old calves. Twenty-three Angus crossbred beef calves (328 ± 4.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to two treatments: PO n = 12 or SC n = 11 administration of meloxicam immediately before knife castration. Physiological parameters included salivary and hair cortisol, substance P, haptoglobin, serum amyloid-A, weight, complete blood count, scrotal and rectal temperature. Behavioural parameters included standing and lying behaviour, pen behaviour and feeding behaviour. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS), with repeated measures using mixed procedures including treatment as a fixed effect and animal and pen as a random effect. The pharmacokinetic profile of the drug including area under the curve, volume of distribution and clearance was greater (P < 0.05) in PO than SC calves. After surgery, substance P concentrations, white blood cell counts (WBC), weight and lying duration were greater (P < 0.05) in PO than SC calves, while scrotal circumference was lower (P < 0.05) in PO calves than SC calves. Although statistical differences were observed for pharmacokinetic, physiological and behavioural parameters differences were small and may lack biological relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Meléndez
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonia Marti
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edmond A. Pajor
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pritam K. Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Désirée Gellatly
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eugene D. Janzen
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Johann F. Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bublitz CM, Mzyk DA, Mays T, Fajt VR, Hairgrove T, Baynes RE. Comparative plasma and urine concentrations of flunixin and meloxicam in goats. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
19
|
Woodland AN, Van der Saag D, Kimble B, White PJ, Govendir M, Lomax S. Plasma pharmacokinetic profile and efficacy of meloxicam administered subcutaneously and intramuscularly to sheep. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215842. [PMID: 31017959 PMCID: PMC6481916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma pharmacokinetic profiles and the anti-inflammatory efficacy of meloxicam were determined when administered subcutaneously (SC) or intramuscularly (IM) to sheep. Merino ewes were initially injected with 0.1 mL of oil of turpentine into a forelimb to induce inflammation, followed by either 1.0 mg/kg or 2.0 mg/kg of meloxicam administered either SC or IM (n = 6 per treatment group) or followed by no meloxicam administration (control) (n = 4). Ewes were examined to determine skin temperature, limb circumference, limb sensitivity and signs of lameness at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 48 h following treatment, with blood collected at these time-points to quantify meloxicam plasma concentrations. Skin temperature of ewes dosed with meloxicam at 1.0 mg/kg SC and 2.0 mg/kg IM at 12 h and 1.0 mg/kg SC at 24 were significantly different to the controls (P < 0.05). Limb circumferences of ewes dosed with 1.0 mg/kg IM were significantly different to controls at 10 h and 12 h (P < 0.05). All meloxicam treatment groups resulted in reduced limb sensitivity compared to controls at 6 h, with the 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg IM treatments significantly different at 12 h (P < 0.05) and 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg SC groups, significantly different to controls at 48 h (P < 0.05). No significant difference in lameness scores were detected over 48 h. The 1.0 mg/kg IM treatment had a significantly greater plasma meloxicam concentration than the 1.0 mg/kg SC treatment over 0.5 to 4 h (P < 0.001). Both 1.0 mg/kg SC and IM treatments demonstrated elimination half-lives (mean ± SD) of 10.82 ± 2.46 and 12.63 ± 2.37 h, respectively. Meloxicam at all doses provided some anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects from 6 to 48 h; however no route could be distinguished as more efficacious than the others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Woodland
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominique Van der Saag
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter J White
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sabrina Lomax
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dunbar ML, Walkowiak KJ, Faustich JS, Rendahl AK, Graham ML. Preliminary Evaluation of Sustained-release Compared with Conventional Formulations of Meloxicam in Sheep ( Ovis aries). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:339-345. [PMID: 30846026 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sustained-release (SR) drugs refine current analgesic regimens by alleviating the need for multiple sessions of handling and restraint and by reducing the local tissue irritation that can occur due to repeated injections. Although a variety of SR drugs are already used in lab animal medicine, no studies exist that evaluate the suitability of an SR NSAID in sheep. This study used HPLC-MS to measure the plasma concentrations of 2 formulations of meloxicam-conventional and SRM- after subcutaneous administration in 6 adult ewes. Blood was collected at 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after injection. In addition, physical exams, urinalysis, and biochemical analysis were performed at 0, 24, 48, and 120 h after dosage. Peak plasma concentrations were 1057 ± 433 ng/mL at 4 ± 0 h for conventional meloxicam and 3238 ± 1480 ng/mL at 6.7 ± 4.1 h for SR meloxicam (SRM). Elimination half-lives were 12.1 4.2 for CM and 15.2 ± 2.4 h for SRM. One sheep had an episode of acute renal azotemia starting 24 h after SRM administration; the episode resolved over time, and the definitive relationship to SRM administration was not determined. Plasma levels of SRM were higher than CM throughout the initial 24 h, remained variably elevated until 60 h after injection, but failed to sustain presumed therapeutic levels of 400 ng/mL for the full 72 h across all animals in this study. Further investigation is warranted to determine the safety and clinical efficacy of SRM in sheep. Currently, when SRM is used in sheep, we recommend the combination of a preemptive and multimodal analgesia regimen with clinical assessments throughout the postoperative period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misha L Dunbar
- Research Animal Resources, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;,
| | - Krista J Walkowiak
- Research Animal Resources, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jill Schappa Faustich
- Experimental Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aaron K Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Melanie L Graham
- Preclinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota; Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Colditz IG, Paull DR, Lloyd JB, Johnston L, Small AH. Efficacy of meloxicam in a pain model in sheep. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:23-32. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- IG Colditz
- CSIRO FD McMaster Laboratory; Locked Bag 1, Delivery Centre, Armidale New South Wales 2350 Australia
| | - DR Paull
- CSIRO FD McMaster Laboratory; Locked Bag 1, Delivery Centre, Armidale New South Wales 2350 Australia
| | - JB Lloyd
- Joan Lloyd Consulting Pty Ltd; West Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - L Johnston
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Pty Ltd; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - AH Small
- CSIRO FD McMaster Laboratory; Locked Bag 1, Delivery Centre, Armidale New South Wales 2350 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in lactating goats ( Capra hircus ) and its quantification in milk after a single intravenous and intramuscular injection. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
23
|
Uney K, Altan F, Aboubakr M, Cetin G, Dik B. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:439-44. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.5.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Karademir U, Erdogan H, Boyacioglu M, Kum C, Sekkin S, Bilgen M. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in adult goats: a comparative study of subcutaneous, oral and intravenous administration. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:165-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1124811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
Almukainzi M, Jamali F, Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Löbenberg R. Disease specific modeling: Simulation of the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and ibuprofen in disease state vs. healthy conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 100:77-84. [PMID: 26752427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have shown altered pharmacokinetic patterns (PK) in patient suffering from acute pain. Thus, we aimed to simulate pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and ibuprofen in pain and pain-free states using a physiological based software program to identify the underlining mechanistic changes for the observed differences. METHOD Published in vivo data of meloxicam and ibuprofen were used for the simulations. Two drug formulations were studied: a fast dissolving (FD) and regular release (RR) tablet formulation. The oral bioavailability was compared between these formulations in vagally suppressed rats (gastric dysfunction) and a control group. For ibuprofen additional human data of a control and post dental surgery group were used. All simulations were performed using GastroPlus™. The in vivo drug release and PK of all formulations were estimated for both drugs using the software's immediate release (IR) or gastric release (GR) models. RESULT For meloxicam, the IR model predicted the in vivo absorption in the control group after administration of the FD and RR formulations. When gastric dysfunction was induced, the IR model did not predict absorption while the GR model did for both formulations, FD and RR. For ibuprofen, the predictions were also very close for both formulations, using the IR model for the control group and the GR model for the vagally suppressed condition in rats and humans. CONCLUSIONS Gastric control of the drug release in pain/disease state was identified as the major factor causing the observed differences in the pharmacokinetics. Computer simulations of disease states can be employed to optimize drug release from dosage forms to overcome the reported shortfalls in the drug absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May Almukainzi
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fakhreddin Jamali
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ali Aghazadeh-Habashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Groenevelt M, Busschers E, Fews D, Grogono‐Thomas R. Idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis in a pet goat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debra Fews
- School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stock ML, Coetzee JF, KuKanich B, Smith BI. Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered meloxicam in sheep. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:779-83. [PMID: 23627392 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.5.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after IV and PO administration to 6 healthy sheep. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult Dorset cross sheep (5 males and 1 female). PROCEDURES Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg, IV, or 1.0 mg/kg, PO) was administered in a randomized crossover design with a 10-day washout period. Blood samples were collected at predetermined times over 96 hours. Serum drug concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Computer software was used to estimate values of pharmacokinetic parameters through noncompartmental methods. RESULTS Following IV administration (n = 5), the geometric mean (range) elimination half-life was 14.0 hours (10.5 to 17.0 hours), volume of distribution was 0.204 L/kg (0.171 to 0.272 L/kg), and clearance was 0.17 mL/min/kg (0.12 to 0.27 mL/min/kg). Following oral administration (n = 6), maximum serum concentration was 1.72 μg/mL (1.45 to 1.93 μg/mL), time to maximum serum concentration was 19.0 hours (12.0 to 24.0 hours), clearance per bioavailability was 0.22 mL/min/kg (0.16 to 0.30 mL/min/kg), and terminal half-life was 15.4 hours (13.2 to 17.7 hours). Bioavailability of orally administered meloxicam was calculated as 72% (40% to 125%; n = 5). No adverse effects were evident following meloxicam administration via either route. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Meloxicam administered PO at 1.0 mg/kg has good bioavailability with slow elimination kinetics in sheep. These data suggested that meloxicam may be clinically useful, provided the safety and analgesic efficacy of meloxicam as well as feed-related influences on its pharmacokinetics are established in ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Stock
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Manassero M, Viateau V, Deschepper M, Oudina K, Logeart-Avramoglou D, Petite H, Bensidhoum M. Bone regeneration in sheep using acropora coral, a natural resorbable scaffold, and autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1554-63. [PMID: 23427828 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue constructs containing mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are an appealing strategy for repairing massive segmental bone defects. However, their therapeutic effectiveness does not match that of autologous bone grafts; among the complicating reasons, the scaffold resorbability has been identified as a critical feature for achieving bone regeneration. In the present study, the osteogenic potential of constructs obtained by expanding autologous MSC onto granules of Acropora coral, a natural fully-resorbable scaffold, was investigated. MSC adhered and proliferated well in vitro after 1 week. When implanted in vivo into long-bone, critical-size defects in sheep (n=5), these constructs exhibited a two-fold increase in bone formation 6 months postimplantation compared to Acropora scaffolds alone (n=5). Interestingly, osteogenesis, mediated by MSC, within these constructs was found continuous not only with the bony stumps, but also at the core of the implants. Scaffold resorption was almost complete at 6 months, leading to full bone regeneration in one animal. Acropora coral appear to be an appealing scaffold for bone tissue engineering because it supported in vitro MSC adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, these results provided evidence that MSC could promote bone regeneration in sheep when loaded one a natural fully resorbable scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Manassero
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Biomécanique Ostéo-Articulaires (B2OA-UMR CNRS 7052), Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kimble B, Li KM, Govendir M. Quantitation of meloxicam in the plasma of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) by improved high performance liquid chromatography. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:7-14. [PMID: 23388431 PMCID: PMC3615235 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved method to determine meloxicam (MEL) concentrations in koala plasma using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photo diode array detector was developed and validated. A plasma sample clean-up step was carried out with hydrophilic- lipophilic copolymer solid phase extraction cartridges. MEL was separated from an endogenous interference using an isocratic mobile phase [acetonitrile and 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.15), 45 : 55 (v : v)] on a Nova-Pak C18 4-µm (300 × 3.9 mm) column. Retention times for MEL and piroxicam were 8.03 and 5.56 min, respectively. Peak area ratios of MEL to the internal standard (IS) were used for regression analysis of the calibration curve, which was linear from 10 to 1,000 ng/mL (r(2) > 0.9998). Average absolute recovery rates were 91% and 96% for MEL and the IS, respectively. This method had sufficient sensitivity (lower quantitation limit of 10 ng/mL), precision, accuracy, and selectivity for routine analysis of MEL in koala plasma using 250-µL sample volumes. Our technique clearly resolved the MEL peak from the complex koala plasma matrix and accurately measured MEL concentrations in small plasma volumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kimble
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dorniak P, Welsh TH, Bazer FW, Spencer TE. Cortisol and interferon tau regulation of endometrial function and conceptus development in female sheep. Endocrinology 2013; 154:931-41. [PMID: 23264615 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During early pregnancy in sheep, the elongating conceptus secretes interferon-τ (IFNT) and the conceptus as well as endometrial epithelia produce prostaglandins (PG) via PG synthase 2 (PTGS2) and cortisol via hydroxysteroid (11-β) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1). Ovarian progesterone induces and PG and IFNT stimulates endometrial HSD11B1 expression and keto-reductase activity as well as many epithelial genes that govern trophectoderm proliferation, migration, and attachment during elongation. The primary aim of these studies was to test the hypothesis that HSD11B1-derived cortisol has a biological role in endometrial function and conceptus development during early pregnancy in sheep. In study 1, cyclic ewes received vehicle, cortisol, PF 915275 (PF; a selective inhibitor of HSD11B1), cortisol and PF, meloxicam (a selective inhibitor of PTGS2), cortisol and meloxicam, recombinant ovine IFNT, or IFNT and PF into the uterus from day 10 to day14 after estrus. Cortisol and IFNT stimulated endometrial HSD11B1 expression and activity, increased endometrial PTGS2 activity and the amount of PG in the uterine lumen, and up-regulated many conceptus elongation-related genes in the endometrium. Some effects of cortisol and IFNT were mediated by PTGS2-derived PG. In study 2, bred ewes received PF 915275 or recombinant ovine IFNT and into the uterus from day 10 to day 14 after mating. Inhibition of HSD11B1 activity in utero prevented conceptus elongation, whereas IFNT rescued conceptus elongation in PF-infused ewes. These results suggest that HSD11B1-derived cortisol mediates, in part, actions of ovarian progesterone and the conceptus on endometrial function and support the hypothesis that IFNT, PG, and cortisol coordinately regulate endometrial functions important for conceptus elongation and implantation during early pregnancy in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Dorniak
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6353, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Plummer PJ, Schleining JA. Assessment and management of pain in small ruminants and camelids. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 29:185-208. [PMID: 23438405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many disease processes and management procedures of small ruminants have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. There are a variety of medications and interventions that can be used to minimize the long-term consequences of pain in these species. The first portion of this article focuses on the commonly used medications available for pain management of small ruminants and discusses the benefits and side effects to their use. The second portion of the article focuses on the management of pain associated with common diseases or procedures of these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dorniak P, Welsh TH, Bazer FW, Spencer TE. Endometrial HSD11B1 and Cortisol Regeneration in the Ovine Uterus: Effects of Pregnancy, Interferon Tau, and Prostaglandins1. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:124. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.097063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
33
|
Dorniak P, Bazer FW, Spencer TE. Prostaglandins Regulate Conceptus Elongation and Mediate Effects of Interferon Tau on the Ovine Uterine Endometrium1. Biol Reprod 2011; 84:1119-27. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.089979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
34
|
Vettorato E, Schoeffmann G, Beard P, Clutton RE. Postoperative complications in a lamb after major surgery. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:63-9. [PMID: 21214711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anaesthesia in lambs undergoing experimental surgery may develop problems associated with age-related immune incompetency: a postoperative complication in a 3 week old Scottish blackface lamb after spinal surgery is presented. CASE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT: Both lamb and ewe were in good condition. The ewe was vaccinated against Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium tetani 5 weeks pre-partum. There were no apparent problems with the lamb's intake of colostrum. Pre-anaesthetic medication was intramuscular medetomidine (10 μg kg(-1)). Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. Morphine (0.5 mg kg(-1)), meloxicam (0.6 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (1 mg kg(-1) followed by 10 μg kg(-1) minute(-1)) were administered intravenously (IV) for perioperative analgesia. Atracurium (0.5 mg kg(-1) IV, followed by 0.17 mg kg(-1) injected when the first twitch of the four, train-of four count was palpated) was used to improve muscle relaxation. The lamb's trachea was intubated and the lungs mechanically ventilated to maintain normocapnia. Intrathecal morphine (0.2 mg kg(-1)), IV meloxicam (0.3 mg kg(-1)) and edrophonium (0.5 mg kg(-1)) were administered before recovery. Operative and initial recovery periods were unremarkable. Three hours after surgery the lamb became depressed. Tachycardia (180-250 beats minute(-1)), tachypnoea (30 breaths minute(-1)), poor peripheral perfusion and cold pelvic limb extremities were present mimicking severe pain, and/or hypovolaemic shock. Analgesics - morphine (total dose 1.3 mg kg(-1)) - and IV fluid therapy boluses - crystalloids (300 mL), colloids (120 mL) and fresh whole blood (60 mL) - failed to ameliorate clinical signs and so the lamb was euthanized 10 hours after surgery. Post-mortem findings supported a possible diagnosis of peracute Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia. CONCLUSION Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia should be considered when clinical signs of severe pain and/or hypovolaemic shock fail to respond to analgesics and fluid resuscitation in lambs after major surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Vettorato
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
INGVAST-LARSSON C, HÖGBERG M, MENGISTU U, OLSÉN L, BONDESSON U, OLSSON K. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in adult goats and its analgesic effect in disbudded kids. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:64-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
36
|
Lehr T, Narbe R, Jöns O, Kloft C, Staab A. Population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation of single and multiple dose administration of meloxicam in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:277-86. [PMID: 20557445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of these investigations were: first, to describe the pharmacokinetic properties of meloxicam in cats following single and multiple oral administration and secondly, to simulate different oral dosage regimes for meloxicam in cats after multiple dose administration to illustrate and evaluate those dosage regimes for the alleviation of inflammation and pain in cats. Six healthy domestic short hair cats were treated orally with various dosage regimes (0.05-0.2 mg/kg/day). Plasma samples were collected at predefined times and quantitatively analysed using liquid/liquid extraction followed by reverse phase HPLC with UV-detection. Meloxicam plasma concentration data were analysed using the population pharmacokinetic approach (software: NONMEM). The final model was used to simulate different dosage regimes. The plasma concentration-time profiles of meloxicam in cats after oral single and multiple dose administration were best described by an open one-compartment model with first-order absorption and first-order elimination. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated to be 0.00656 L/h/kg for the total apparent body clearance (CL/F), 0.245 L/kg for the apparent volume of distribution (V/F), 1.26 1/h for the absorption constant (K(A)) and 25.7 h for the mean plasma terminal half-life. Simulations showed that the median trough steady-state concentrations of 228 ng/mL were reached after five, one or 6 days following a single initial dose of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg each followed by 0.05 mg/kg/day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Lehr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Analysis of meloxicam by high-performance liquid chromatography with cloud-point extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:947-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
FOSSE TK, HAGA HA, HORMAZABAL V, HAUGEJORDEN G, HORSBERG TE, RANHEIM B. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meloxicam in piglets. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:246-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
In vitro plasma stability, permeability and solubility of mercaptoacetamide histone deacetylase inhibitors. Int J Pharm 2008; 361:19-25. [PMID: 18562136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are emerging as a new class of therapeutic agents with potent antitumor activities in a broad spectrum of human cancers. In this study, the in vitro plasma stability, permeability, solubility, and lipophilicity (log D) of two mercaptoacetamide-based HDACIs (coded as W2 and S2) were evaluated and compared to Vorinostat (SAHA). The results demonstrated that the compounds manifested high solubility in HCl (pH 1.2) but lower in PBS (pH 7.4) than SAHA. Moreover, mercaptoacetamide-based HDACIs exhibited higher lipophilicity values compared to SAHA. The permeability of these compounds was evaluated using the Caco-2 cell monolayer as a model of the intestinal mucosa. The Caco-2 studies revealed that the compounds S2 and W2 are highly permeable with apparent permeability coefficients (P(app)) in the apical to basolateral direction of 7.33 x 10(-6) and 15.0 x 10(-6)cm/s, respectively. The in vitro stability was determined in human, mouse, porcine and rat plasma. Data showed that the compound W2 is more stable in human and rat plasma and the S2 is more stable in all plasma species than SAHA. Taken together, these results indicate that the mercaptoacetamide-based HDACIs possess favorable solubility, lipophilicity, permeability and plasma stability features.
Collapse
|