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Bergemann N, Jonsdottir B, Nilsson AL, Lantz M, Lind A. Prevalence of Thyroid Peroxidase and Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies in the Swedish Population. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:456-462. [PMID: 37380031 DOI: 10.1055/a-2096-9641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) may be detected prior to clinical symptoms through the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPOab), thyroglobulin (TGab), or both.The present study aimed to develop a novel radiobinding assay (RBA) for TPOab and to determine the prevalence of TPOab and TGab in the Swedish population.Patient samples from 27 newly diagnosed Graves' disease patients in longitudinal follow-up and 124 AITD autoantibody-positive children in prospective follow-up for increased risk of type 1 diabetes were included to validate the novel RBA for TPO. The results of RBA were compared with those obtained by commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Furthermore, 476 serum samples from adult blood donors and 297 from 13-year-old school children were analyzed for the presence of TPOab and TGab.Receiver operating characteristics analysis for the novel TPOab resulted in an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.82 (p<0.0001), a sensitivity of 77.8%, and a specificity of 91.9% in adult blood donors, and an AUC value of 0.70 (p<0.0001), a sensitivity of 53.2% and a specificity of 95.3% in the 13-year-old school children, respectively. TPOab levels in RBA correlated with both ECL (r=0.8950, p<0.0001) and RIA (r=0.9295, p<0.0001). The prevalence of TPOab and TGab was 6.3% and 7.6% in adult blood donors and 2.9 and 3.7% in 13-year-old school children.In conclusion, a novel RBA for the determination of TPOab was developed and validated with current methodologies. This study also reports an increasing prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies from adolescence to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neele Bergemann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Anna-Lena Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lantz
- Department of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö and Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Lind
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Bohn MK, Wilson S, Schneider R, Massamiri Y, Randell EW, Adeli K. Pediatric reference interval verification for 17 specialized immunoassays and cancer markers on the Abbott Alinity i system in the CALIPER cohort of healthy children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:123-132. [PMID: 36117243 PMCID: PMC9691267 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical laboratory investigation of autoimmune, metabolic, and oncologic disorders in children and adolescents relies on appropriateness of reference intervals (RIs). The Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) previously established comprehensive pediatric RIs for specialized immunoassays on the Abbott ARCHITECT system. Herein, we aim to verify performance on new Alinity i assays by evaluating sera collected from healthy children as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP-28A3C guidelines. METHODS Precision, linearity, and method comparison experiments were completed for 17 specialized Alinity immunoassays, including cancer antigens, autoimmune peptides, and hormones. Sera collected from healthy children and adolescents (birth-18 years, n=100) were evaluated. CLSI-based verification was completed using previously established CALIPER RIs for ARCHITECT assays as the reference. RESULTS Of 17 specialized immunoassays assays, only anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) did not meet acceptable verification criterion (i.e., ≥90% of results within ARCHITECT reference CI). Anti-thyroglobulin, anti-thyroid peroxidase, and carcinoembryonic antigen did not require age-specific consideration beyond one year of age, with 63, 91, and 80% of samples equalling the limit of detection, respectively. Estimates were separated by sex for relevant assays (e.g., sex hormone binding globulin, total and free prostate specific antigen). CONCLUSIONS Findings support transferability of pediatric RIs on ARCHITECT system to the Alinity system for 16 specialized immunoassays in the CALIPER cohort and will be a useful resource for pediatric clinical laboratories using Alinity assays. Further work is needed to establish evidence-based interpretative recommendations for anti-CCP and continue to evaluate pediatric RI acceptability for newly available assay technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kathryn Bohn
- CALIPER Program, Molecular Medicine, Research Institute and the Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Siobhan Wilson
- CALIPER Program, Molecular Medicine, Research Institute and the Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Youssef Massamiri
- Clinical Biochemistry, Eastern Health Authority, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Edward W. Randell
- Clinical Biochemistry, Eastern Health Authority, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- CALIPER Program, Molecular Medicine, Research Institute and the Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Saare L, Peet A, Tillmann V. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies are common in children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, but are weakly associated with thyroid function. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:/j/jpem.ahead-of-print/jpem-2019-0512/jpem-2019-0512.xml. [PMID: 32628634 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The need for screening for autoimmune thyroid disease in children who have HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D), but have not yet been diagnosed with T1D, has not been thoroughly studied. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies and its effect on thyroid function in children with genetic susceptibility to T1D as well as to describe the association between thyroid autoimmunity and HLA-DQ genotypes. Methods Cross-sectional study in 223 children (112 boys) aged 7.4-10.5 years with HLA-conferred susceptibility to T1D. TPOAb were measured in all children; thyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb) and thyroid function in TPOAb positive subjects. Results Girls had a significantly higher median TPOAb concentration than boys (12 vs 11 kU/L; p=0.001). Positive TPOAb occurred in 13.9% and positive TGAb in 4% of subjects. Only two children had mild changes in thyroid function. There was no association between HLA risk groups and the prevalence of TPOAb. Conclusions TPOAb are common in children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to T1D, yet are weakly associated with thyroid function, suggesting limited value of thyroid screening in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Saare
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aleksandr Peet
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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Orlov A, Pushkarev A, Znoyko S, Novichikhin D, Bragina V, Gorshkov B, Nikitin P. Multiplex label-free biosensor for detection of autoantibodies in human serum: Tool for new kinetics-based diagnostics of autoimmune diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 159:112187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme that participates in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. TPO is also a major autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). In this review, we summarize the latest developments in the field of TPO research. We present the current understanding of immunodominant serologic determinants, frequency of TPO-specific autoantibodies in the population, as well as genetic and environmental factors contributing to their development. Moreover, we report recent progress in the clinical utilities of TPO autoantibody testing, including thyroid dysfunctions and extra-thyroidal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Godlewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Gawel
- Department of Immunohematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunohematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Immunohematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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Tozzoli R, Bizzaro N. Harmonization in autoimmune thyroid disease diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 56:1778-1782. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this review we analyze all aspects of total testing process regarding the measurement of antithyroid peroxidase, antithyroglobulin and antithyrotropin receptor autoantibodies. The main critical points related to the preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical steps of autoimmune thyroid disease diagnostics are considered, focusing on harmonization of autoimmune thyroid tests request, retesting intervals, terminology of thyroid autoantibodies, measurement units and definition of reference limits. Harmonization in thyroid autoantibody testing is a relevant example of feasible harmonization in autoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Tozzoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital , Pordenone , Italy
| | - Nicola Bizzaro
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital , Pordenone , Italy
- Via M.L. King 25 , 30027 San Donà di Piave , Venice , Italy
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Abstract
Standardization and harmonization are complementary tools to achieve higher testing quality in laboratory medicine. Both are of great relevance and are strongly needed in autoimmune diagnostics, due to the impressive advance in basic research and technological development observed in this diagnostic field in recent years that has led to the introduction of many new tests and new analytical methods. It is, therefore, essential that this strong innovative thrust is translated into clinical practice in a coordinated way to avoid confusion and the risk of potentially harmful errors for the patient. However, while standardization of antibody assays is a very complex task, harmonization of procedures and behaviors is a more feasible target and should necessarily include all the phases of the total testing process-in the pre-analytical phase, appropriateness of test requests, harmonization of autoantibody terminology, and adoption of uniform nomenclature for laboratory tests; in the analytical phase, harmonization of measurements, and sharing of test profiles and diagnostic algorithms; and in the post-analytical phase, harmonization of data reporting, and criteria for interpreting immunoserological results, especially harmonization of units, reference intervals, decision limits, and definition and notification of critical values. We here provide and discuss some examples of harmonization initiatives related to anti-nuclear antibodies, TSH receptor, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies and to antibodies associated with autoimmune hepatitis and with celiac disease. These initiatives could be the starting steps to achieve a wider consensus and a closer interaction among stakeholders in the path of autoimmune diagnostics harmonization to enhance clinical effectiveness and provide greater patient safety.
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D'Aurizio F, Metus P, Ferrari A, Caruso B, Castello R, Villalta D, Steffan A, Gaspardo K, Pesente F, Bizzaro N, Tonutti E, Valverde S, Cosma C, Plebani M, Tozzoli R. Definition of the upper reference limit for thyroglobulin antibodies according to the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry guidelines: comparison of eleven different automated methods. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2017. [PMID: 28631225 PMCID: PMC5476530 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-017-0096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In the last two decades, thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) measurement has progressively switched from marker of thyroid autoimmunity to test associated with thyroglobulin (Tg) to verify the presence or absence of TgAb interference in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Of note, TgAb measurement is cumbersome: despite standardization against the International Reference Preparation MRC 65/93, several studies demonstrated high inter-method variability and wide variation in limits of detection and in reference intervals. Taking into account the above considerations, the main aim of the present study was the determination of TgAb upper reference limit (URL), according to the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry guidelines, through the comparison of eleven commercial automated immunoassay platforms. Methods The sera of 120 healthy males, selected from a population survey in the province of Verona, Italy, were tested for TgAb concentration using eleven IMA applied on as many automated analyzers: AIA-2000 (AIA) and AIA-CL2400 (CL2), Tosoh Bioscience; Architect (ARC), Abbott Diagnostics; Advia Centaur XP (CEN) and Immulite 2000 XPi (IMM), Siemens Healthineers; Cobas 6000 (COB), Roche Diagnostics; Kryptor (KRY), Thermo Fisher Scientific BRAHMS, Liaison XL (LIA), Diasorin; Lumipulse G (LUM), Fujirebio; Maglumi 2000 Plus (MAG), Snibe and Phadia 250 (PHA), Phadia AB, Thermo Fisher Scientific. All assays were performed according to manufacturers’ instructions in six different laboratories in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto regions of Italy [Lab 1 (AIA), Lab 2 (CL2), Lab 3 (ARC, COB and LUM), Lab 4 (CEN, IMM, KRY and MAG), Lab 5 (LIA) and Lab 6 (PHA)]. Since TgAb values were not normally distributed, the experimental URL (e-URL) was established at 97.5 percentile according to the non-parametric method. Results TgAb e-URLs showed a significant inter-method variability. Considering the same method, e-URL was much lower than that suggested by manufacturers (m-URL), except for ARC and MAG. Correlation and linear regression were unsatisfactory. Consequently, the agreement between methods was poor, with significant bias in Bland–Altman plot. Conclusions Despite the efforts for harmonization, TgAb methods cannot be used interchangeably. Therefore, additional effort is required to improve analytical performance taking into consideration approved protocols and guidelines. Moreover, TgAb URL should be used with caution in the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients since the presence and/or the degree of TgAb interference in Tg measurement has not yet been well defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D'Aurizio
- Clinical Pathology Institute, University Hospital, P.le S. Maria della Misericordia, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - P Metus
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, 'S. Maria degli Angeli' Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - A Ferrari
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - B Caruso
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - R Castello
- General Medicine and Endocrinology, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - D Villalta
- Allergology and Immunology, 'S. Maria degli Angeli' Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - A Steffan
- Oncological Clinical Pathology Laboratory, CRO, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - K Gaspardo
- Oncological Clinical Pathology Laboratory, CRO, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - F Pesente
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, 'S. Antonio Hospital', Tolmezzo, Italy
| | - N Bizzaro
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, 'S. Antonio Hospital', Tolmezzo, Italy
| | - E Tonutti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Allergology, University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - S Valverde
- Laboratory Medicine, 'Madonna della Navicella' Hospital, Chioggia (Ve), Italy
| | - C Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - M Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - R Tozzoli
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, 'S. Maria degli Angeli' Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
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Barth JH, Luvai A, Jassam N, Mbagaya W, Kilpatrick ES, Narayanan D, Spoors S. Comparison of method-related reference intervals for thyroid hormones: studies from a prospective reference population and a literature review. Ann Clin Biochem 2017; 55:107-112. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563217691549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Reference intervals are dependent on the reference population, the analytical methods and the way the data are handled statistically. Individual method-related differences have been studied but the comparative differences in reference intervals have not. Methods We studied a reference population of healthy adult subjects and measured free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone by the four most commonly used analytical platforms used in the UK. Subjects were excluded if they were > 65 years or had positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies. We also performed a systematic literature review of thyroid hormone reference interval studies in non-pregnant adults. Results In total, 303 subjects were recruited and 42 excluded. The central 95th centile values for thyroid-stimulating hormone (mIU/L) were Abbott Architect (0.51–3.67); Beckman Unicel DxI (0.57–3.60); Roche Cobas (0.60–4.31) and Siemens Advia Centaur XP (0.63–4.29). The 95th centile values for thyroxine (pmol/L) were Abbott Architect (10.6–15.5); Beckman Unicel DxI (7.9–13.0); Roche Cobas (12.5–19.6) and Siemens Advia Centaur XP (11.8–19.0). We identified 55 papers describing thyroid reference intervals in male and non-pregnant female adults. The values for upper and lower reference intervals by manufacturer varied but were not significantly different for thyroid-stimulating hormone but were for thyroxine. Discussion Our study demonstrates clearly that there are marked variations in the reference intervals for thyroid hormones between analytical platforms. There is an urgent need for standardization of thyroid hormone assays to permit transferability of results. Until then, guidelines will need to reflect this method-related difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian H Barth
- Department of Blood Sciences, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds
| | - Ahai Luvai
- Department of Blood Sciences, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds
| | - Nuthar Jassam
- Clinical Biochemistry, Harrogate District Hospital, Harrogate
| | - Wycliffe Mbagaya
- Department of Blood Sciences, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds
| | | | | | - Shirley Spoors
- Clinical Biochemistry, Doncaster Royal Infirmary, Doncaster
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