1
|
Yang X, Duan X, Xia Z, Huang R, He K, Xiang G. The Regulation Network of Glycerolipid Metabolism as Coregulators of Immunotherapy-Related Myocarditis. Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 2023:8774971. [PMID: 37388276 PMCID: PMC10307211 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8774971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To date, immunotherapy for patients with malignant tumors has shown a significant association with myocarditis. However, the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming changes for immunotherapy-related cardiotoxicity is still not well understood. Methods The CD45+ single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the Pdcd1-/-Ctla4+/- and wild-type mouse heart in GSE213486 was downloaded to demonstrate the heterogeneity of immunocyte atlas in immunotherapy-related myocarditis. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) spectrum metabolomics analysis detects the metabolic network differences. The drug prediction, organelle level interaction, mitochondrial level regulatory network, and phosphorylation site prediction for key regulators have also been screened via multibioinformatics analysis methods. Results The scRNA analysis shows that the T cell is the main regulatory cell subpopulation in the pathological progress of immunotherapy-related myocarditis. Mitochondrial regulation pathway significantly participated in pseudotime trajectory- (PTT-) related differential expressed genes (DEGs) in the T cell subpopulation. Additionally, both the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of PTT-related DEGs and LC-MS/MS metabolomics analysis showed that mitochondrial-regulated glycerolipid metabolism plays a central role in metabolic reprogramming changes for immunotherapy-related cardiotoxicity. Finally, the hub-regulated protease of diacylglycerol kinase zeta (Dgkz) was significantly identified and widely played various roles in glycerolipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid kinase activation. Conclusion Mitochondrial-regulated glycerolipid metabolism, especially the DGKZ protein, plays a key role in the metabolic reprogramming of immunotherapy-related myocarditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiguang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guigang City People's Hospital, Guigang, Guangxi 537100, China
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Xiaopeng Duan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Zhenglin Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Ke He
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Guoan Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Delanaye P, Schaeffner E, Cozzolino M, Langlois M, Plebani M, Ozben T, Cavalier E. The new, race-free, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Consortium (CKD-EPI) equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate: is it applicable in Europe? A position statement by the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM). Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:44-47. [PMID: 36279207 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The EFLM recommends not to implement the race-free Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Consortium (CKD-EPI) equation in European laboratories and to keep the 2009 version of the CKD-EPI equation, without applying a race correction factor. This recommendation is completely in line with a recent Editorial published by the European Renal Association who has also proposed to change to a novel equation only when it has considerably better performance, trying to reach global consensus before implementing such a new glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation equation. In Europe, this equation could be for instance the new European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC) equation, which is population-specific, developed from European cohorts and accurate from infants to the older old. Beyond serum creatinine, the estimating equations based on cystatin C will probably gain in popularity, especially because cystatin C seems independent of race. Finally, we must keep in mind that all GFR equations remain an estimation of GFR, especially rough at the individual level. Measuring GFR with a reference method, such as iohexol clearance, remains indicated in specific patients and/or specific situations, and here also, the role of the clinical laboratories is central and should still evolve positively in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Delanaye
- Department of Nephrology-Dialysis-Transplantation, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Nephrology-Dialysis-Apheresis, Hôpital Universitaire Carémeau, CHU de Liège, Nîmes, France
| | - Elke Schaeffner
- Chair of the EKFC Consortium, Charité University Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michel Langlois
- Chair of EFLM Science Committee, Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ St. Jan Hospital, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tomris Ozben
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sangla F, Marti PE, Verissimo T, Pugin J, de Seigneux S, Legouis D. Measured and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in the ICU: A Prospective Study. Crit Care Med 2021; 48:e1232-e1241. [PMID: 33044285 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare estimated glomerular filtration rate using classical static and kinetic equations with measured glomerular filtration rate assessed by plasma iohexol clearance in a mixed population of critical care patients. PATIENTS Unselected patients older than 18 and admitted to a general ICU. DESIGN Interventional prospective single center study. INTERVENTION Measurement of glomerular filtration rate by the plasma clearance of an IV single dose of iohexol and estimation of glomerular filtration rate with creatinine or cystatin C-based standard and kinetic equations as well as urinary creatinine clearance. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Sixty-three patients were included with a median age of 66 years old. The median measured glomerular filtration rate was 51 mL/min/1.73 m (interquartile range, 19-85 mL/min/1.73 m). All used equations displayed significant biases, high errors, and poor accuracy when compared with measured glomerular filtration rate, overestimating renal function. The highest accuracy and lowest error were observed with cystatin C-based chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equations. Both modification of diet in renal disease and Cockcroft-Gault equations displayed the lowest performance. Kinetic models did not improve performances, except in patients with unstable creatinine levels. Creatinine- but not cystatin C-based estimations largely derived over ICU stay, which appeared more related to sarcopenia than fluid balance. Finally, estimated glomerular filtration rate misclassified patients according to classical glomerular filtration rate categories in approximately half of the studied cases. CONCLUSIONS All known estimated glomerular filtration rate equations displayed high biases and unacceptable errors when compared with measured glomerular filtration rate in a mixed ICU population, with the lowest performance related to creatinine-based equations compared with cystatin C. In the ICU, we advocate for caution when using creatinine based estimated glomerular filtration rate equations. Drifting of serum creatinine levels over time should also be taken into consideration when assessing renal function in the ICU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fréderic Sangla
- Division of Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Emmanuel Marti
- Division of Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Verissimo
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Cell Physiology, University hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Pugin
- Division of Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie de Seigneux
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Cell Physiology, University hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Legouis
- Division of Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Cell Physiology, University hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Gu EM, Du X, Xu RA, Lin G. A Novel UPLC-MS/MS Assay for the Measurement of Linezolid and its Metabolite PNU-142300 in Human Serum and its Application to Patients With Renal Insufficiency. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:641872. [PMID: 34093181 PMCID: PMC8173121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.641872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the metabolites of linezolid to the associated myelosuppression is unknown in patients who are renal impairment. In this research, the purpose of our experiment was to explore and develop a quick and robust ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for the determination of linezolid and its metabolite PNU-142300 in human serum simultaneously. The analytes were prepared using a simple and convenient approach with acetonitrile for protein crash, and then separated from the matrix on a Waters Acquity Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) column in a program of gradient elution, where the mobile phase was consisted of water with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile, and was placed at 0.40 ml/min flow rate. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was employed and conducted for UPLC-MS/MS detection with ion transitions at m/z 338.01 → 296.03 for linezolid, m/z 369.96 → 327.98 for PNU-142300 and m/z 370.98 → 342.99 for tedizolid (Internal standard, IS), respectively. This method had good linearity respectively in the calibration range of 0.01–20 μg/ml for linezolid, and 0.05–100 μg/ml for PNU-142300. In the intra- and inter-day, the precision of linezolid and PNU-142300 was below 14.2%, and the accuracy in this method was determined to be from −9.7 to 12.8%. In addition, recovery and matrix effect of the analytes were all found to be acceptable, and the analytes during the assay and storage in serum samples were observed to be stable. The novel optimized UPLC-MS/MS assay was also successfully employed to determine the concentration levels of linezolid and PNU-142300 in human serum. The results showed that linezolid-associated myelosuppression occurs more frequently in patients with renal insufficiency, and the metabolite-to-parent concentration ratio of PNU-142300 is predicted to reduce this toxicity of myelosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Er-Min Gu
- The First People's Hospital of Jiashan, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Du
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Ai Xu
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guanyang Lin
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
El Assri S, Sam H, El Assri A, Bentata Y, Saalaoui E, Rochdi C, Sebbar EH, Choukri M. Iohexol assay for direct determination of glomerular filtration rate: optimization and development of an HPLC-UV method for measurement in serum and urine. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:115-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
6
|
Quantitation of iohexol, a glomerular filtration marker, in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113464. [PMID: 32659569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for quantitating iohexol in 50 μL human plasma. After acetonitrile protein precipitation, chromatographic separation was achieved with a Shodex Asahipak NH2P-50 2D (5 μm, 2 × 150 mm) column and a gradient of 0.1 % formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1 % formic acid in water over a 10 min run time. Mass spectrometric detection was performed on a Micromass Quatromicro triple-stage bench-top mass spectrometer with electrospray, positive-mode ionization. The assay was linear from 1 to 500 μg/mL for iohexol, proved to be accurate (101.3-102.1 %) and precise (<3.4 %CV), and fulfilled Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria for bioanalytical method validation. Recovery from plasma was 53.1-64.2 % and matrix effect was trivial (-3.4 to -1.3 %). Plasma freeze thaw stability (97.4-99.4 %), stability for 5 months at -80 °C (95.5-103.3 %), and stability for 4 h at room temperature (100.6-103.3 %) were all acceptable. This validated assay using a deuterated internal standard will be an important tool in measuring iohexol clearance and determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients.
Collapse
|
7
|
Enhanced specificity due to method specific limits for relative ion intensities in a high-performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry method for iohexol in human serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:709-718. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAccurate assessment of kidney function is needed for a variety of clinical indications and for research. The measurement of the serum clearance of iohexol has emerged as a feasible method to reach this objective. We report the analytical validation and clinical application of a new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) – tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) assay to quantify iohexol in human serum. Specificity was enhanced due to the use of method specific acceptance limits for relative ion (RI) intensities.MethodsThe internal standard ioversol was added to 50 μL serum prior to protein precipitation with methanol. Linear gradient elution was performed on a Waters Oasis® HLB column. Three transitions for both iohexol and ioversol were monitored allowing calculation of RIs. Measurements acquired during method validation were used as a training set to establish stricter acceptance criteria for RIs which were then tested retrospectively on clinical routine measurements (86 measurements) and on mathematically simulated interferences.ResultsThe method was linear between 5.0 μg/mL (lower limit of quantification [LLOQ]) and 100.3 μg/mL iohexol. Intraday and interday imprecision were ≤2.6% and ≤3.2%, respectively. Bias was −1.6% to 1.5%. All validation criteria were met, including selectivity, recovery, extraction efficiency and matrix effects. Retrospectively acceptance limits for RIs could be narrowed to ±4 relative standard deviations of the corresponding RIs in the training set. The new limits resulted in an enhanced sensitivity for the simulated interferences.ConclusionsCriteria for validation were met and the assay is now used in our clinical routine diagnostics and in research.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ion V, Legoff C, Cavalier E, Delanaye P, Servais AC, Muntean DL, Fillet M. Determination of iohexol by capillary blood microsampling and UHPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:259-265. [PMID: 31452964 PMCID: PMC6702420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important tools used to evaluate kidney function in the context of chronic kidney disease or other renal function related pathologies is the exploration of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Iohexol is up to this moment a good candidate molecule for the GFR assessment since it exhibits minimum protein binding rates and minimum extra-renal clearance, being neither secreted nor reabsorbed at the tubular level. This study proposes and evaluates a new LC-MS/MS method for the iohexol determination from capillary blood, prelevated using volumetric absorbative microsampling (VAMS) systems. As an alternative to VAMS, a brand new HemaPEN® device for micro-prelevation was also tested. A new high throughput sample preparation protocol adapted for iohexol quantification from whole blood VAMS samples was developed. The medium term stability study of iohexol in dried whole blood VAMS samples that was conducted showed a good stability of this molecule for up to 12 days. By collecting only 10 μL of blood, iohexol can be analyzed from dried whole blood VAMS samples for concentration ranges between 1 and 250 μg/mL. Due to the analyte stability in VAMS for up to 12 days, this approach might be successfully applied for GFR assessment for clinical cases allowing minimum invasiveness and even delayed analysis. Successful VAMS-based bioanalytical method for iohexol analysis in whole human blood. Proven medium term stability of iohexol in VAMS samples. HemaPens as a promising alternative for iohexol analysis using only 2.74 μL of blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ion
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines (LAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine Pharmacy Science and Technology from Tîrgu Mureș, 540139, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Caroline Legoff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Delanaye
- Department of Nephrology-Dialysis-Transplantation, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Servais
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines (LAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniela-Lucia Muntean
- Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine Pharmacy Science and Technology from Tîrgu Mureș, 540139, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines (LAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Performance of creatinine- or cystatin C–based equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in sub-Saharan African populations. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1181-1189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
10
|
Bukabau JB, Sumaili EK, Cavalier E, Pottel H, Kifakiou B, Nkodila A, Makulo JRR, Mokoli VM, Zinga CV, Longo AL, Engole YM, Nlandu YM, Lepira FB, Nseka NM, Krzesinski JM, Delanaye P. Performance of glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in Congolese healthy adults: The inopportunity of the ethnic correction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193384. [PMID: 29499039 PMCID: PMC5834186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Context and objective In the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), ethnicity is an important determinant. However, all existing equations have been built solely from Caucasian and Afro-American populations and they are potentially inaccurate for estimating GFR in African populations. We therefore evaluated the performance of different estimated GFR (eGFR) equations in predicting measured GFR (mGFR). Methods In a cross-sectional study, 93 healthy adults were randomly selected in the general population of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, between June 2015 and April 2016. We compared mGFR by plasma clearance of iohexol with eGFR obtained with the Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation with and without ethnic factor, the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) serum creatinine (SCr)-based equation, with and without ethnic factor, the cystatin C-based CKD-EPI equation (CKD-EPI SCys) and with the combined equation (CKD-EPI SCrCys) with and without ethnic factor. The performance of the equations was studied by calculating bias, precision and accuracy within 30% (P30) of mGFR. Results There were 48 women and 45 men. Their mean age was 45.0±15.7 years and the average body surface area was 1.68±0.16m2. Mean mGFR was 92.0±17.2 mL/min/1.73m2 (range of 57 to 141 mL/min/1.73m2). Mean eGFRs with the different equations were 105.5±30.1 and 87.2±24.8 mL/min/1.73m2 for MDRD with and without ethnic factor, respectively; 108.8±24.1 and 94.3x20.9 mL/min/1.73m2 for CKD-EPI SCr with and without ethnic factor, respectively, 93.5±18.6 mL/min/1.73m2 for CKD-EPI SCys; 93.5±18.0 and 101±19.6 mL/min/ 1.73m2 for CKD-EPI SCrCys with and without ethnic factor, respectively. All equations slightly overestimated mGFR except MDRD without ethnic factor which underestimated by -3.8±23.0 mL/min /1.73m2. Both CKD-EPI SCr and MDRD with ethnic factors highly overestimated mGFR with a bias of 17.9±19.2 and 14.5±27.1 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively. There was a trend for better P30 for MDRD and CKD-EPI SCr without than with the ethnic factor [86.0% versus 79.6% for MDRD (p = 0.21) and 81.7% versus 73.1% for the CKD-EPI SCr equations (p = 0.057)]. CKD-EPI SCrCys and CKD-EPI SCys were more effective than creatinine-based equations. Conclusion In the Congolese healthy population, MDRD and CKD-EPI equations without ethnic factors had better performance than the same equations with ethnic factor. The equations using Cys C (alone or combined with SCr) performed better than the creatinine-based equations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine B. Bukabau
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- * E-mail:
| | - Ernest K. Sumaili
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, CHU Sart Tilman (ULg CHU), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hans Pottel
- Division of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Bejos Kifakiou
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Aliocha Nkodila
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Robert R. Makulo
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vieux M. Mokoli
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Chantal V. Zinga
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Augustin L. Longo
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yannick M. Engole
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yannick M. Nlandu
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - François B. Lepira
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nazaire M. Nseka
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Marie Krzesinski
- Division of Nephrology-Dialysis-Transplantation, CHU Sart Tilman (ULg CHU), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Delanaye
- Division of Nephrology-Dialysis-Transplantation, CHU Sart Tilman (ULg CHU), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|