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Nawaf C, Shiang A, Chauhan PS, Chaudhuri AA, Agarwal G, Smith ZL. Circulating tumor DNA based minimal residual disease detection and adjuvant treatment decision-making for muscle-invasive bladder cancer guided by modern clinical trials. Transl Oncol 2023; 37:101763. [PMID: 37657155 PMCID: PMC10495651 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 430,000 cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed each year worldwide. A proposed method for non-invasive monitoring has been to utilize a "liquid biopsy." Liquid biopsy has been proposed as a non-invasive method of testing biomarkers in bodily fluids in order to detect and survey cancer. The liquid biopsy could be utilized to obtain information regarding circulating tumor cells, circulating cell-free tumor DNA, circulating cell-free tumor RNA, and more. It is currently being investigated to help guide adjuvant therapy and improve oncological outcomes. We highlight an array of exciting past and ongoing clinical trials regarding ctDNA and adjuvant therapy in regard to urothelial carcinoma which we believe to be amongst the leaders in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayce Nawaf
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alexander Shiang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Pradeep S Chauhan
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Aadel A Chaudhuri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
| | - Gautum Agarwal
- Division of Urology, David Pratt Cancer Center, Mercy Hospital, 607 S New Ballas Rd, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
| | - Zachary L Smith
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
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Wang T, Denman D, Bacot SM, Feldman GM. Challenges and the Evolving Landscape of Assessing Blood-Based PD-L1 Expression as a Biomarker for Anti-PD-(L)1 Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1181. [PMID: 35625917 PMCID: PMC9138337 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While promising, PD-L1 expression on tumor tissues as assessed by immunohistochemistry has been shown to be an imperfect biomarker that only applies to a limited number of cancers, whereas many patients with PD-L1-negative tumors still respond to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. Recent studies using patient blood samples to assess immunotherapeutic responsiveness suggests a promising approach to the identification of novel and/or improved biomarkers for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the advances in our evolving understanding of the regulation and function of PD-L1 expression, which is the foundation for developing blood-based PD-L1 as a biomarker for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. We further discuss current knowledge and clinical study results for biomarker identification using PD-L1 expression on tumor and immune cells, exosomes, and soluble forms of PD-L1 in the peripheral blood. Finally, we discuss key challenges for the successful development of the potential use of blood-based PD-L1 as a biomarker for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (D.D.); (S.M.B.); (G.M.F.)
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