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Li J, Lan T, Guo Q, Zhang C, Lu X, Hu X, Shen X, Zhang Y. Mitochondria-Targeted Natural Antioxidant Nanosystem for Diabetic Vascular Calcification Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 38833553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of nanotherapy targeting mitochondria to alleviate oxidative stress is a critical therapeutic strategy for vascular calcification (VC) in diabetes. In this study, we engineered mitochondria-targeted nanodrugs (T4O@TPP/PEG-PLGA) utilizing terpinen-4-ol (T4O) as a natural antioxidant and mitochondrial protector, PEG-PLGA as the nanocarrier, and triphenylphosphine (TPP) as the mitochondrial targeting ligand. In vitro assessments demonstrated enhanced cellular uptake of T4O@TPP/PEG-PLGA, with effective mitochondrial targeting. This nanodrug successfully reduced oxidative stress induced by high glucose levels in vascular smooth muscle cells. In vivo studies showed prolonged retention of the nanomaterials in the thoracic aorta for up to 24 h. Importantly, experiments in diabetic VC models underscored the potent antioxidant properties of T4O@TPP/PEG-PLGA, as evidenced by its ability to mitigate VC and restore mitochondrial morphology. These results suggest that these nanodrugs could be a promising strategy for managing diabetic VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- The Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Tianyu Lan
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Guizhou Provincial Scientific and Technologic Innovation Base ([2023]003), Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Guizhou Provincial Scientific and Technologic Innovation Base ([2023]003), Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Guizhou Provincial Scientific and Technologic Innovation Base ([2023]003), Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Guizhou Provincial Scientific and Technologic Innovation Base ([2023]003), Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
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Mazumder S, Bindu S, Debsharma S, Bandyopadhyay U. Induction of mitochondrial toxicity by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): The ultimate trade-off governing the therapeutic merits and demerits of these wonder drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116283. [PMID: 38750902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most extensively used over-the-counter FDA-approved analgesic medicines for treating inflammation, musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, pyrexia and menstrual cramps. Moreover, aspirin is widely used against cardiovascular complications. Owing to their non-addictive nature, NSAIDs are also commissioned as safer opioid-sparing alternatives in acute trauma and post-surgical treatments. In fact, therapeutic spectrum of NSAIDs is expanding. These "wonder-drugs" are now repurposed against lung diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, fungal infections and most notably cancer, due to their efficacy against chemoresistance, radio-resistance and cancer stem cells. However, prolonged NSAID treatment accompany several adverse effects. Mechanistically, apart from cyclooxygenase inhibition, NSAIDs directly target mitochondria to induce cell death. Interestingly, there are also incidences of dose-dependent effects where NSAIDs are found to improve mitochondrial health thereby suggesting plausible mitohormesis. While mitochondria-targeted effects of NSAIDs are discretely studied, a comprehensive account emphasizing the multiple dimensions in which NSAIDs affect mitochondrial structure-function integrity, leading to cell death, is lacking. This review discusses the current understanding of NSAID-mitochondria interactions in the pathophysiological background. This is essential for assessing the risk-benefit trade-offs of NSAIDs for judiciously strategizing NSAID-based approaches to manage pain and inflammation as well as formulating effective anti-cancer strategies. We also discuss recent developments constituting selective mitochondria-targeted NSAIDs including theranostics, mitocans, chimeric small molecules, prodrugs and nanomedicines that rationally optimize safer application of NSAIDs. Thus, we present a comprehensive understanding of therapeutic merits and demerits of NSAIDs with mitochondria at its cross roads. This would help in NSAID-based disease management research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Mazumder
- Department of Zoology, Raja Peary Mohan College, 1 Acharya Dhruba Pal Road, Uttarpara, West Bengal 712258, India
| | - Samik Bindu
- Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal 736101, India
| | - Subhashis Debsharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.
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Zhang HQ, Lu X, Wu JL, Ou MQ, Chen NF, Liang H, Chen ZF. Discovery of mitochondrion-targeting copper(II)-plumbagin and -bipyridine complexes as chemodynamic therapy agents with enhanced antitumor activity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3244-3253. [PMID: 38251847 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03806h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Four copper(II)-plumbagin and -bipyridine complexes (Cu1-Cu4) were synthesized as chemodynamic therapy agents with enhanced antitumor activity. As lipophilic and positively charged compounds, Cu1-Cu4 were preferentially accumulated in mitochondria and activated the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Mechanistic studies showed that Cu1-Cu4 reacted with GSH to reduce Cu2+ ions to Cu+ ions, catalyzed the formation of toxic hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through a Fenton-like reaction, induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and activated caspase-9/3, which eventually led to apoptosis. Cu1-Cu4 arrested HeLa cells in the S phase and eventually killed cancer cells. Cu2 showed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in mice. Moreover, Cu2 effectively inhibited the growth of HeLa xenografts in nude mice and showed low toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Xing Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Jiang-Lun Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Mei-Quan Ou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Nan-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Kohar R, Ghosh M, Sawale JA, Singh A, Rangra NK, Bhatia R. Insights into Translational and Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels as Versatile Drug Delivery Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:17. [PMID: 38253917 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are a network of crosslinked polymers which can hold a huge amount of water in their matrix. These might be soft, flexible, and porous resembling living tissues. The incorporation of different biocompatible materials and nanostructures into the hydrogels has led to emergence of multifunctional hydrogels with advanced properties. There are broad applications of hydrogels such as tissue culture, drug delivery, tissue engineering, implantation, water purification, and dressings. Besides these, it can be utilized in the field of medical surgery, in biosensors, targeted drug delivery, and drug release. Similarly, hyaluronic acid hydrogels have vast applications in biomedicines such as cell delivery, drug delivery, molecule delivery, micropatterning in cellular biology for tissue engineering, diagnosis and screening of diseases, tissue repair and stem cell microencapsulation in case of inflammation, angiogenesis, and other biological developmental processes. The properties like swellability, de-swellability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and inert nature of the hydrogels in contact with body fluids, blood, and tissues make its tremendous application in the field of modern biomedicines nowadays. Various modifications in hydrogel formulations have widened their therapeutic applicability. These include 3D printing, conjugation, thiolation, multiple anchoring, and reduction. Various hydrogel formulations are also capable of dual drug delivery, dental surgery, medicinal implants, bone diseases, and gene and stem cells delivery. The presented review summarizes the unique properties of hydrogels along with their methods of preparation and significant biomedical applications as well as different types of commercial products available in the market and the regulatory guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kohar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Maitrayee Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Jyotiram A Sawale
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Krishna Institute of Pharmacy, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Karad, 415539, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Rangra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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Xiao S, Huang S, Yang X, Lei Y, Chang M, Hu J, Meng Y, Zheng G, Chen X. The development and evaluation of hyaluronic acid coated mitochondrial targeting liposomes for celastrol delivery. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2162156. [PMID: 36600637 PMCID: PMC9828745 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2162156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to precisely deliver celastrol into mitochondria of tumor cells, improve antitumor efficacy of celastrol and overcome its troublesome problems in clinical application, a novel multistage-targeted celastrol delivery system (C-TL/HA) was developed via electrostatic binding of hyaluronic acid (HA) to celastrol-loaded cationic liposomes composed of natural soybean phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol modified with mitochondrial targeting molecular TPP. Study results in this article showed that C-TL/HA successfully transported celastrol into mitochondria, effectively activated apoptosis of mitochondrial pathway, exerted higher tumor inhibition efficiency and lower toxic side effects compared with free celastrol. More importantly, HA coating not only enabled this delivery system to have good stability and safety in vivo, but also increased drug uptake and facilitated tumor targeting through recognizing CD44 receptors rich on the surface of tumor cells. Conclusively, this HA-coated mitochondrial targeting liposomes may provide a prospect for the clinical application of celastrol in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Xiao
- Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Siying Huang
- Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Lei
- Pharmacy Department, Wuxue No.1 People’s Hospital, Wuxue, China
| | - Mingxiang Chang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Hubei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China,CONTACT Xinyan Chen Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan430065, China; Guohua Zheng Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan430065, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China,CONTACT Xinyan Chen Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan430065, China; Guohua Zheng Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan430065, China
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Grillo DA, Albano JMR, Valladares T. RE, Mocskos EE, Facelli JC, Pickholz M, Ferraro MB. Molecular dynamics study of the mechanical properties of drug loaded model systems: A comparison of a polymersome with a bilayer. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174908. [PMID: 37929867 PMCID: PMC10629967 DOI: 10.1063/5.0165478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we implement a new methodology to study structural and mechanical properties of systems having spherical and planar symmetries throughout Molecular Dynamics simulations. This methodology is applied here to a drug delivery system based in polymersomes, as an example. The chosen model drug was the local anesthetic prilocaine due to previous parameterization within the used coarse grain scheme. In our approach, mass density profiles (MDPs) are used to obtain key structural parameters of the systems, and pressure profiles are used to estimate the curvature elastic parameters. The calculation of pressure profiles and radial MPDs required the development of specific methods, which were implemented in an in-house built version of the GROMACS 2018 code. The methodology presented in this work is applied to characterize poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butadiene) polymersomes and bilayers loaded with the model drug prilocaine. Our results show that structural properties of the polymersome membrane could be obtained from bilayer simulations, with significantly lower computational cost compared to whole polymersome simulations, but the bilayer simulations are insufficient to get insights on their mechanical aspects, since the elastic parameters are canceled out for the complete bilayer (as consequence of the symmetry). The simulations of entire polymersomes, although more complex, offer a complementary approach to get insights on the mechanical behavior of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan M. R. Albano
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rufino E. Valladares T.
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Julio C. Facelli
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Suite 140, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Karmakar R, Dey S, Alam A, Khandelwal M, Pati F, Rengan AK. Attributes of Nanomaterials and Nanotopographies for Improved Bone Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4020-4041. [PMID: 37691480 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a multidisciplinary area that can solve the limitation of conventional grafting methods by developing viable and biocompatible bone replacements. The three essential components of BTE, i.e., Scaffold material and Cells and Growth factors altogether, facilitate support and guide for bone formation, differentiation of the bone tissues, and enhancement in the cellular activities and bone regeneration. However, there is a scarcity of the appropriate materials that can match the mechanical property as well as functional similarity to native tissue, considering the bone as hard tissue. In such scenarios, nanotechnology can be leveraged upon to achieve the desired aspects of BTE, and that is the key point of this review article. This review article examines the significant areas of nanotechnology research that have an impact on regeneration of bone: (a) scaffold with nanomaterials helps to enhance physicochemical interactions, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and attachment; (b) nanoparticle-based approaches for delivering bioactive chemicals, growth factors, and genetic material. The article begins with the introduction of components and healing mechanisms of bone and the factors associated with them. The focus of this article is on the various nanotopographies that are now being used in scaffold formation, by describing how they are made, and how these nanotopographies affect the immune system and potential underlying mechanisms. The advantages of 4D bioprinting in BTE by using nanoink have also been mentioned. Additionally, we have investigated the importance of an in silico approach for finding the interaction between drugs and their related receptors, which can help to formulate suitable systems for delivery. This review emphasizes the role of nanoscale approach and how it helps to increase the efficacy of parameters of scaffold as well as drug delivery system for tissue engineering and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounik Karmakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Sreenath Dey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Aszad Alam
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Mudrika Khandelwal
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Falguni Pati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
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Peng X, Li X, Xie B, Lai Y, Sosnik A, Boucetta H, Chen Z, He W. Gout therapeutics and drug delivery. J Control Release 2023; 362:728-754. [PMID: 37690697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis caused by persistently elevated uric acid levels. With the improvement of people's living standards, the consumption of processed food and the widespread use of drugs that induce elevated uric acid, gout rates are increasing, seriously affecting the human quality of life, and becoming a burden to health systems worldwide. Since the pathological mechanism of gout has been elucidated, there are relatively effective drug treatments in clinical practice. However, due to (bio)pharmaceutical shortcomings of these drugs, such as poor chemical stability and limited ability to target the pathophysiological pathways, traditional drug treatment strategies show low efficacy and safety. In this scenario, drug delivery systems (DDS) design that overcome these drawbacks is urgently called for. In this review, we initially describe the pathological features, the therapeutic targets, and the drugs currently in clinical use and under investigation to treat gout. We also comprehensively summarize recent research efforts utilizing lipid, polymeric and inorganic carriers to develop advanced DDS for improved gout management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hamza Boucetta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
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Chen Y, Wu WJ, Xing LW, Zhang XJ, Wang J, Xia XY, Zhao R, Zhao R. Investigating the role of mitochondrial DNA D-loop variants, haplotypes, and copy number in polycystic ovary syndrome: implications for clinical phenotypes in the Chinese population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1206995. [PMID: 37745710 PMCID: PMC10512090 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1206995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of genetic variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been associated with a diverse array of diseases. The objective of this study was to examine the correlations between mtDNA D-loop, its haplotypes, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in the Chinese population, and the associations between mtDNA D-loop and symptoms of PCOS. The study also sought to determine whether the mtDNA copy number in Chinese patients with PCOS differed from that of individuals in the control group. Methods Infertile individuals who only had tubal or male factor treatment were the focus of research by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). mtDNA haplotypes were categorized using polymorphic D-loop sites. mtDNA D-loop, PCOS features, and mtDNA haplotypes were analyzed using R software to determine the strength of the association between the three. There are certain DNA haplotypes linked to PCOS. Microdroplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the mtDNA copy number in a convenience sample of 168 PCOS patients and 83 controls. Results Among the research group, the majority of D-loop mutations were infrequent (frequency< 1%), with only 45 variants displaying a minimum allele frequency (MAF) of 5% or higher. No association was found between polymorphism loci in PCOS patients and body mass index (BMI). Noteworthy, C194T, 1A200G, 523delAC, and C16234T showed positive correlations with elevated LH/FSH levels. Additionally, specific polymorphic loci G207A, 16036GGins, and 16049Gins within the D-loop region of mtDNA potentially exerted a protective role in PCOS development. Conversely, no statistical significance was observed in the expression levels of C16291T and T489C. Chinese women with mtDNA haplotype A15 exhibited a decreased risk of developing PCOS. Moreover, a significant difference in mtDNA copy number was detected, with controls averaging 25.87 (21.84, 34.81), while PCOS patients had a mean of 129.91 (99.38, 168.63). Conclusion Certain mtDNA D-loop mutations and haplotypes appear to confer protection against PCOS in Chinese women. In addition, elevated mtDNA copy number may serve as an indicator during early stages of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wei-jia Wu
- Department of Scientific Research, Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Li-wei Xing
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-juan Zhang
- Department of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiao-yan Xia
- Department of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Fooladi S, Nematollahi MH, Iravani S. Nanophotocatalysts in biomedicine: Cancer therapeutic, tissue engineering, biosensing, and drug delivery applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116287. [PMID: 37263475 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis can be considered as a green technology owing to its excellent potential for sustainability and fulfilling several principles of green chemistry. This process uses light radiation as the primary energy source, preventing or reducing the requirement for artificial light sources and exogenous catalytic entities. Photocatalysis has promising applications in biomedicine such as drug delivery, biosensing, tissue engineering, cancer therapeutics, etc. In targeted cancer therapeutics, photocatalysis can be employed in photodynamic therapy to form reactive oxygen species that damage cancerous cells' structure. Nanophotocatalysts can be used in targeted drug delivery, showing potential applications in nuclear-targeted drug delivery along with specific delivery of chemotherapeutics to cancer cells or tumor sites. On the other hand, in tissue engineering, nanophotocatalysts can be employed in designing scaffolds that promote cell growth and tissue regeneration. However, some important challenges pertaining to the performance of photocatalysis, large-scale production of nanophotocatalysts, optimization of reaction/synthesis conditions, long-term biosafety issues, stability, clinical translation, etc. still need further explorations. Herein, the most recent advancements pertaining to the biomedical applications of nanophotocatalysts are reflected, focusing on drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing, and cancer therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fooladi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran.
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Tian M, Zhu Y, Guan W, Lu C. Quantitative Measurement of Drug Release Dynamics within Targeted Organelles Using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206866. [PMID: 37026420 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the release dynamics of drug molecules after their delivery to the target organelle is critical to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects. However, it remains challenging to quantitatively monitor subcellular drug release in real time. To address the knowledge gap, a novel gemini fluorescent surfactant capable of forming mitochondria-targeted and redox-responsive nanocarriers is designed. A quantitative Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) platform is fabricated using this mitochondria-anchored fluorescent nanocarrier as a FRET donor and fluorescent drugs as a FRET acceptor. The FRET platform enables real-time measurement of drug release from organelle-targeted nanocarriers. Moreover, the obtained drug release dynamics can evaluate the duration of drug release at the subcellular level, which established a new quantitative method for organelle-targeted drug release. This quantitative FRET platform can compensate for the absent assessment of the targeted release performances of nanocarriers, offering in-depth understanding of the drug release behaviors at the subcellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingce Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yaping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Weijiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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12
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Feng Z, Zhang D, Guo H, Su W, Tian Y, Tian X. Lighting up RNA-specific multi-photon and super-resolution imaging using a novel zinc complex. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5486-5493. [PMID: 36852659 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05392f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) probes are critical for understanding the role of RNA dynamics in cellular function but are in short supply due to the lack of optimized imaging systems and excellent fluorescence emission performance. Here, the terpyridine Zn(II) complex (Zn-T) with D-π-A configuration and bright aggregation-induced fluorescence emission (AIE) has been fabricated for the selective detection and real-time monitoring of RNA. Impressively, Zn-T exhibits a large Stokes shift and three-photon absorption (3PA) activity and responds specifically through hydrophobic interactions with an RNA pocket. The combination of AIE-assisted two-photon fluorescence and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy of Zn-T for imaging nuclear RNA has higher spatial resolution and brightness, thus providing an imaging platform for studying RNA-related physiological or pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Feng
- Huaxi MR Research Centre (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Dongxue Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Centre (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China.
- Equipment and Material Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University) Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Huaxi MR Research Centre (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China.
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13
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Han S, Chi Y, Yang Z, Ma J, Wang L. Tumor Microenvironment Regulation and Cancer Targeting Therapy Based on Nanoparticles. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:136. [PMID: 36976060 PMCID: PMC10053410 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although we have made remarkable achievements in cancer awareness and medical technology, there are still tremendous increases in cancer incidence and mortality. However, most anti-tumor strategies, including immunotherapy, show low efficiency in clinical application. More and more evidence suggest that this low efficacy may be closely related to the immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME plays a significant role in tumorigenesis, development, and metastasis. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the TME during antitumor therapy. Several strategies are developing to regulate the TME as inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, reversing tumor associated macrophage (TAM) phenotype, removing T cell immunosuppression, and so on. Among them, nanotechnology shows great potential for delivering regulators into TME, which further enhance the antitumor therapy efficacy. Properly designed nanomaterials can carry regulators and/or therapeutic agents to eligible locations or cells to trigger specific immune response and further kill tumor cells. Specifically, the designed nanoparticles could not only directly reverse the primary TME immunosuppression, but also induce effective systemic immune response, which would prevent niche formation before metastasis and inhibit tumor recurrence. In this review, we summarized the development of nanoparticles (NPs) for anti-cancer therapy, TME regulation, and tumor metastasis inhibition. We also discussed the prospect and potential of nanocarriers for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yongjie Chi
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Lianyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Xu W, Yu H, Zhao R, Liang Y. Investigation of mitochondrial targeting ability of sydnones and sydnonimines and mitochondria-targeted delivery of celecoxib. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 81:129129. [PMID: 36634752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are considered to be a promising target in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Recently, sydnone and sydnonimine, as mesoionic bioorthogonal reagents, have been used in cell labeling and drug delivery. Here we investigated the mitochondrial targeting ability of sydnones and sydnonimines for the first time. Experimental results show that sydnone and sydnonimine themselves have high mitochondrial distribution. However, the introduction of a phenyl group into the C4 position of sydnone dramatically decreases the mitochondrial affinity. In addition, we took advantage of mitochondrial targeting ability and click-and-release reaction of sydnonimine to evaluate anticancer activities of in-mitochondria delivery of celecoxib against HeLa and HepG2 cells, indicating that celecoxib-induced cancer cell death may not involve mitochondria-related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongzhe Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruohan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Recent Advances in Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Nanocarriers for Controllable Drug Delivery and Release. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122790. [PMID: 36559283 PMCID: PMC9783219 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have a good designability, a well-defined pore, stimulus responsiveness, a high surface area, and a controllable morphology. Up to now, various MOFs have been widely used as nanocarriers and have attracted lots of attention in the field of drug delivery and release because of their good biocompatibility and high-drug-loading capacity. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of MOF-based nanocarriers for drug delivery and release over the last five years. Meanwhile, some representative examples are highlighted in detail according to four categories, including the University of Oslo MOFs, Fe-MOFs, cyclodextrin MOFs, and other MOFs. Moreover, the opportunities and challenges of MOF-based smart delivery vehicles are discussed. We hope that this review will be helpful for researchers to understand the recent developments and challenges of MOF-based drug-delivery systems.
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Mitochondria-targeted cancer therapy based on functional peptides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Xin C, Yang N, Ding Y, Han L, Zhou Z, Guo X, Fang Z, Bai H, Peng B, Zhang C, Li L. Mitochondrial‐Targeting Vitamin B
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Ameliorates the Phenotypes of Parkinson's Disease in vitro and in vivo by Restoring Mitochondrial Function. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenqi Xin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 China
- Department of Central Laboratory of Basic Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University Jingzhou 421000 China
| | - Naidi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Yaqi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Linqi Han
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xiaolu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zhijie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 310003 China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE Future Technologies) Xiamen University Fujian 361005 China
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