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Faraldo MM, Romagnoli M, Wallon L, Dubus P, Deugnier MA, Fre S. Alpha-6 integrin deletion delays the formation of Brca1/p53-deficient basal-like breast tumors by restricting luminal progenitor cell expansion. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:91. [PMID: 38835038 PMCID: PMC11151721 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aberrant amplification of mammary luminal progenitors is at the origin of basal-like breast cancers associated with BRCA1 mutations. Integrins mediate cell-matrix adhesion and transmit mechanical and chemical signals that drive epithelial stem cell functions and regulate tumor progression, metastatic reactivation, and resistance to targeted therapies. Consistently, we have recently shown that laminin-binding integrins are essential for the expansion and differentiation of mammary luminal progenitors in physiological conditions. As over-expression of the laminin-binding α6 integrin (Itgα6) is associated with poor prognosis and reduced survival in breast cancer, we here investigate the role of Itgα6 in mammary tumorigenesis. METHODS We used Blg-Cre; Brca1F/F; Trp53F/F mice, a model that phenocopies human basal-like breast cancer with BRCA1 mutations. We generated mutant mice proficient or deficient in Itgα6 expression and followed tumor formation. Mammary tumors and pretumoral tissues were characterized by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, Western blotting and organoid cultures. Clonogenicity of luminal progenitors from preneoplastic glands was studied in 3D Matrigel cultures. RESULTS We show that Itga6 deletion favors activation of p16 cell cycle inhibitor in the preneoplastic tissue. Subsequently, the amplification of luminal progenitors, the cell of origin of Brca1-deficient tumors, is restrained in Itgα6-deficient gland. In addition, the partial EMT program operating in Brca1/p53-deficient epithelium is attenuated in the absence of Itgα6. As a consequence of these events, mammary tumor formation is delayed in Itgα6-deficient mice. After tumor formation, the lack of Itgα6 does not affect tumor growth but rather alters their differentiation, resulting in reduced expression of basal cell markers. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Itgα6 has a pro-tumorigenic role in Blg-Cre; Brca1F/F; Trp53F/F mice developing basal-like mammary tumors. In particular, we reveal that Itgα6 is required for the luminal progenitor expansion and the aberrant partial EMT program that precedes the formation of BRCA1 deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Faraldo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, PSL Research University, 75248, Paris, France.
| | - Mathilde Romagnoli
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Cancer, CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75248, Paris, France
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 91190, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Loane Wallon
- Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, PSL Research University, 75248, Paris, France
- Alacris Theranostics GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Department of Histology and Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- BRIC U1312, INSERM, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Cancer, CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fre
- Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, PSL Research University, 75248, Paris, France.
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Buchheit JT, Schacht D, Kulkarni SA. Update on Management of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ. Clin Breast Cancer 2024; 24:292-300. [PMID: 38216382 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents 18% to 25% of all diagnosed breast cancers, and is a noninvasive, nonobligate precursor lesion to invasive cancer. The diagnosis of DCIS represents a wide range of disease, including lesions with both low and high risk of progression to invasive cancer and recurrence. Over the past decade, research on the topic of DCIS has focused on the possibility of tailoring treatment for patients according to their risk for progression and recurrence, which is based on clinicopathologic, biomolecular and genetic factors. These efforts are ongoing, with recently completed and continuing clinical trials spanning the continuum of cancer care. We conducted a review to identify recent advances on the topic of diagnosis, risk stratification and management of DCIS. While novel imaging techniques have increased the rate of DCIS diagnosis, questions persist regarding the optimal management of lesions that would not be identified with conventional methods. Additionally, among trials investigating the potential for omission of surgery and use of active surveillance, 2 trials have completed accrual and 2 clinical trials are continuing to enroll patients. Identification of novel genetic patterns is expanding our potential for risk stratification and aiding our ability to de-escalate radiation and systemic therapies for DCIS. These advances provide hope for tailoring of DCIS treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna T Buchheit
- Northwestern Quality Improvement, Research, & Education in Surgery (NQUIRES), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David Schacht
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Swati A Kulkarni
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
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Ghanem NZ, Yamaguchi M. Regucalcin downregulation in human cancer. Life Sci 2024; 340:122448. [PMID: 38246519 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Regucalcin is a unique calcium-binding protein first discovered in rat liver in 1978. Regucalcin has multiple functions as an inhibitor of various cellular signaling pathways that regulate cell activity. The expression of the regucalcin gene can be altered by various physiological and pathological factors such as diet (nutrients), hormones, diabetes, alcohol and drugs. Several transcription factors have been identified on the regucalcin gene, including AP-1, NF1-A1, RGPR-p117, β-catenin, NF-κB, STAT3 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Notably, regucalcin plays an important role in the development of several cancers by controlling cell growth. Clinically, many studies have reported that the expression of the regucalcin gene is downregulated in various human cancers. In addition, higher expression of regucalcin in tumor tissue has been associated with longer patient survival, suggesting that regucalcin may act as a potential suppressor of various types of human cancer. Regucalcin may offer a novel therapeutic strategy and diagnostic tool for cancer treatment. However, the underlying mechanism by which regucalcin expression is reduced in human cancer is still unclear. A deeper understanding of regucalcin reduction and function in cancer is needed to discover potential resistance mechanisms and biomarkers, and to improve regucalcin-targeting agents. We review recent findings on regucalcin gene expression in cancer. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which regucalcin expression is downregulated in cancer cells to facilitate understanding of how regucalcin regulates cell growth function. This mini-review may lead to better therapeutic targets with regucalcin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Z Ghanem
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Eastern Province 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Hawaii, HI 96813, USA.
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Nayak V, Patra S, Singh KR, Ganguly B, Kumar DN, Panda D, Maurya GK, Singh J, Majhi S, Sharma R, Pandey SS, Singh RP, Kerry RG. Advancement in precision diagnosis and therapeutic for triple-negative breast cancer: Harnessing diagnostic potential of CRISPR-cas & engineered CAR T-cells mediated therapeutics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116573. [PMID: 37437865 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, disrupted regulatory pathways, and the accumulation of genetic mutations. These mutations across different types of cancer lead to disruptions in signaling pathways and alterations in protein expression related to cellular growth and proliferation. This review highlights the AKT signaling cascade and the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) regulating cascade as promising for novel nanotheranostic interventions. Through synergizing state-of-the-art gene editing tools like the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system with nanomaterials and targeting AKT, there is potential to enhance cancer diagnostics significantly. Furthermore, the integration of modified CAR-T cells into multifunctional nanodelivery systems offers a promising approach for targeted cancer inhibition, including the eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Within the context of highly aggressive and metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), this review specifically focuses on devising innovative nanotheranostics. For both pre-clinical and post-clinical TNBC detection, the utilization of the CRISPR-Cas system, guided by RNA (gRNA) and coupled with a fluorescent reporter specifically designed to detect TNBC's mutated sequence, could be promising. Additionally, a cutting-edge approach involving the engineering of TNBC-specific iCAR and syn-Notch CAR T-cells, combined with the co-delivery of a hybrid polymeric nano-liposome encapsulating a conditionally replicative adenoviral vector (CRAdV) against CSCs, could present an intriguing intervention strategy. This review thus paves the way for exciting advancements in the field of nanotheranostics for the treatment of TNBC and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Nayak
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease- International Center for Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Kshitij Rb Singh
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Bristy Ganguly
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Das Nishant Kumar
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Panda
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Maurya
- Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanatan Majhi
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shyam S Pandey
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Rout George Kerry
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Dabbs D, Mittal K, Heineman S, Whitworth P, Shah C, Savala J, Shivers SC, Bremer T. Analytical validation of the 7-gene biosignature for prediction of recurrence risk and radiation therapy benefit for breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1069059. [PMID: 37274253 PMCID: PMC10236475 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1069059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), is a noninvasive breast cancer, representing 20-25% of breast cancer diagnoses in the USA. Current treatment options for DCIS include mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with or without radiation therapy (RT), but optimal risk-adjusted treatment selection remains a challenge. Findings from past and recent clinical trials have failed to identify a 'low risk' group of patients who do not benefit significantly from RT after BCS. To address this unmet need, a DCIS biosignature, DCISionRT (PreludeDx, Laguna Hills, CA), was developed and validated in multiple cohorts. DCISionRT is a molecular assay with an algorithm reporting a recurrence risk score for patients diagnosed with DCIS intended to guide DCIS treatment. In this study, we present results from analytical validity, performance assessment, and clinical performance validation and clinical utility for the DCISionRT test comprised of multianalyte assays with algorithmic analysis. Methods The analytical validation of each molecular assay was performed based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines Quality Assurance for Design Control and Implementation of Immunohistochemistry Assays and the College of American Pathologists/American Society of Clinical Oncology (CAP/ASCO) recommendations for analytic validation of immunohistochemical assays. Results The analytic validation showed that the molecular assays that are part of DCISionRT test have high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy/reproducibility (≥95%). The analytic precision of the molecular assays under controlled non-standard conditions had a total standard deviation of 6.6 (100-point scale), where the analytic variables (Lot, Machine, Run) each contributed <1% of the total variance. Additionally, the precision in the DCISionRT test result (DS) had a 95%CI ≤0.4 DS units under controlled non-standard conditions (Day, Lot, and Machine) for molecular assays over a wide range of clinicopathologic factor values. Clinical validation showed that the test identified 37% of patients in a low-risk group with a 10-year invasive IBR rate of ~3% and an absolute risk reduction (ARR) from RT of 1% (number needed to treat, NNT=100), while remaining patients with higher DS scores (elevated-risk) had an ARR for RT of 9% (NNT=11) and 96% clinical sensitivity for RT benefit. Conclusion The analytical performance of the PreludeDx DCISionRT molecular assays was high in representative formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast tumor specimens. The DCISionRT test has been analytically validated and has been clinically validated in multiple peer-reviewed published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pat Whitworth
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Nashville Breast Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Chirag Shah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Madrid E, Gonzalez-Miranda I, Muñoz S, Rejas C, Cardemil F, Martinez F, Cortes JP, Berasaluce M, Párraga M. Arsenic concentration in topsoil of central Chile is associated with aberrant methylation of P53 gene in human blood cells: a cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:48250-48259. [PMID: 35188613 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression can be modified in people who are chronically exposed to high concentrations of heavy metals. The soil surrounding the Ventanas Industrial Complex, located on the coastal zone of Puchuncaví and Quintero townships (Chile), contain heavy metal concentrations (As, Cu, Pb, Zn, among others) that far exceed international standards. The aim of this study was to determine the potential association of the heavy metals in soils, especially arsenic, with the status of methylation of four tumor suppressor genes in permanent residents in those townships. To study the methylation status in genes p53, p16, APC, and RASSF1A, we took blood samples from adults living in areas near the industrial complex for at least 5 years and compared it to blood samples from adults living in areas with normal heavy metal concentrations of soils. Results indicated that inhabitants of an area with high levels of heavy metals in soil have a significantly higher proportion of methylation in the promoter region of the p53 tumor suppressor gene compared with control areas (p-value: 0.0035). This is the first study to consider associations between heavy metal exposure in humans and aberrant DNA methylation in Chile. Our results suggest more research to support consistent decision-making on processes of environmental remediation or prevention of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Madrid
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Studies (CIESAL) - Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Miranda
- Centro Regional de Investigación e Innovación para la Sostenibilidad de la Agricultura y los Territorios Rurales (Ceres), Quillota, Valparaíso, Chile
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sergio Muñoz
- Department of Public Health-CIGES, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carolina Rejas
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felipe Cardemil
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Martinez
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | | | - Maite Berasaluce
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Studies (CIESAL) - Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Mario Párraga
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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7
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Solek J, Chrzanowski J, Cieslak A, Zielinska A, Piasecka D, Braun M, Sadej R, Romanska HM. Subtype-Specific Tumour Immune Microenvironment in Risk of Recurrence of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Prognostic Value of HER2. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051061. [PMID: 35625798 PMCID: PMC9138378 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the significance of the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) for disease prognostication in invasive breast carcinoma is subtype-specific but equivalent studies in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are limited. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing data on immune cell composition in DCIS in relation to the clinicopathological features and molecular subtype of the lesion. We discuss the value of infiltration by various types of immune cells and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis as potential markers of the risk of recurrence. Analysis of the literature available in PubMed and Medline databases overwhelmingly supports an association between densities of infiltrating immune cells, traits of immune exhaustion, the foci of microinvasion, and overexpression of HER2. Moreover, in several studies, the density of immune infiltration was found to be predictive of local recurrence as either in situ or invasive cancer in HER2-positive or ER-negative DCIS. In light of the recently reported first randomized DCIS trial, relating recurrence risk with overexpression of HER2, we also include a closing paragraph compiling the latest mechanistic data on a functional link between HER2 and the density/composition of TIME in relation to its potential value in the prognostication of the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Solek
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (J.S.); (A.Z.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Jedrzej Chrzanowski
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Adrianna Cieslak
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Zielinska
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (J.S.); (A.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Dominika Piasecka
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (J.S.); (A.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Rafal Sadej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (H.M.R.); Tel.: +48-58-349-14-69 (R.S.); +48-42-272-56-05 (H.M.R.)
| | - Hanna M. Romanska
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (J.S.); (A.Z.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (H.M.R.); Tel.: +48-58-349-14-69 (R.S.); +48-42-272-56-05 (H.M.R.)
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Jovanovic DV, Mitrovic SL, Milosavljevic MZ, Ilic MB, Stankovic VD, Vuletic MS, Dimitrijevic Stojanovic MN, Milosev DB, Azanjac GL, Nedeljkovic VM, Radovanovic D. Breast Cancer and p16: Role in Proliferation, Malignant Transformation and Progression. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9091240. [PMID: 34575014 PMCID: PMC8468846 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of new molecular biomarkers could provide a more reliable approach in predicting the prognosis of invasive breast cancers (IBC). The aim of this study is to analyze the expression of p16 protein in IBC, as well as its participation in malignant transformation. The study included 147 patients diagnosed with IBC. The presence of non-invasive lesions (NIL) was noted in each IBC and surrounding tissue. p16 expression was determined by reading the percentage of nuclear and/or cytoplasmic expression in epithelial cells of IBC and NIL, but also in stromal fibroblasts. Results showed that expression of p16 increases with the progression of cytological changes in the epithelium; it is significantly higher in IBC compared to NIL (p < 0.0005). Cytoplasmic p16 expression is more prevalent in IBC (76.6%), as opposed to nuclear staining, which is characteristic of most NIL (21.1%). There is a difference in p16 expression between different molecular subtypes of IBC (p = 0.025). In the group of p16 positive tumors, pronounced mononuclear infiltrates (p = 0.047) and increased expression of p16 in stromal fibroblasts (p = 0.044) were noted. In conclusion, p16 protein plays an important role in proliferation, malignant transformation, as well as in progression from NIL to IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor V. Jovanovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Slobodanka L. Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-658080877
| | - Milos Z. Milosavljevic
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.Z.M.); (D.B.M.)
| | - Milena B. Ilic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Vesna D. Stankovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Milena S. Vuletic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Milica N. Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Danijela B. Milosev
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.Z.M.); (D.B.M.)
| | - Goran L. Azanjac
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Vladica M. Nedeljkovic
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Pristina—Kosovska Mitrovica,38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia;
| | - Dragce Radovanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
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Yoon EC, Wilson P, Zuo T, Pinto M, Cole K, Harigopal M. High frequency of p16 and SOX10 coexpression but not androgen receptor expression in triple-negative breast cancers. Hum Pathol 2020; 102:13-22. [PMID: 32565323 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) represent approximately 12-17% of all breast cancers and have distinctively aggressive clinical courses. Because routine biomarkers for breast cancer do not apply for TNBCs, it is essential to find novel prognostic markers and potential targets for therapeutic agents. p16 and SOX10 are emerging biomarkers with relatively unexplored expressions in TNBCs. We present an analysis of the expression of p16 and SOX10 in combination with that of androgen receptor (AR) and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 in TNBCs. In addition, we used tissue microarrays (TMAs) to compare frequencies of p16 and SOX10 between TNBCs and non-TNBCs. Fifty-six TNBC samples with clinical data were stained immunohistochemically with p16, SOX10, AR, and CK5/6. Fifty-four cases (96.4%) were invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified, and 46 cases (82.1%) were Nottingham histologic grade 3. The majority of TNBC cases were positive for p16 (n = 44; 78.6%) and SOX10 (n = 48; 85.7%). AR was positive in 15 cases (26.8%). CK5/6 was positive in 24 cases (42.9%), which were classified as basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) subtype. The frequencies of p16 and SOX10 expression in BLBC and non-BLBC subtypes did not reveal significant statistical difference in a separate analysis. Using archived TNBC and non-TNBC TMAs, we observed that 56% of TNBC cases were positive for p16 compared with 16% of non-TNBC cases (p-value <0.0001). SOX10 was positive in 80% of TNBC cases compared with 35% of non-TNBC cases (p-value <0.0001). A significant correlation was observed between p16 and SOX10 coexpression in TNBC cases (n = 56/80, p = 0.02) but not in non-TNBC cases (n = 23/348; p = 0.626). In conclusion, p16 and SOX10 are frequently expressed in TNBC, regardless of CK5/6 expression. Furthermore, p16 and SOX10 are often coexpressed in TNBCs compared with non-TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther C Yoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Parker Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tao Zuo
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marguerite Pinto
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kimberly Cole
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Malini Harigopal
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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Weinmann S, Leo MC, Francisco M, Jenkins CL, Barry T, Leesman G, Linke SP, Whitworth PW, Patel R, Pellicane J, Wärnberg F, Bremer T. Validation of a Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Biomarker Profile for Risk of Recurrence after Breast-Conserving Surgery with and without Radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4054-4063. [PMID: 32341032 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A major challenge in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treatment is selection of the most appropriate therapeutic approach for individual patients. We conducted an external prospective-retrospective clinical validation of a DCIS biologic risk signature, DCISionRT, in a population-based observational cohort of women diagnosed with DCIS and treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Participants were 455 health plan members of Kaiser Permanente Northwest diagnosed with DCIS and treated with BCS with or without radiotherapy from 1990 to 2007. The biologic signature combined seven protein tumor markers assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue with four clinicopathologic factors to provide a DCISionRT test result, termed decision score (DS). Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to measure the association of the DS, continuous (linear) or categorical (DS ≤ 3 vs. DS > 3), and subsequent total ipsilateral breast events and invasive ipsilateral breast events at least 6 months after initial surgery. RESULTS In Cox regression, the continuous and categorical DS variables were positively associated with total and invasive breast event risk after adjustment for radiotherapy. In a subset analysis by treatment group, categorical Kaplan-Meier analyses showed at least 2-fold differences in 10-year risk of total breast events between the elevated-risk and low-risk DS categories. CONCLUSIONS In this first external validation study of the DCISionRT test, the DS was prognostic for the risk of later breast events for women diagnosed with DCIS, following BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Weinmann
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Michael C Leo
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon
| | - Melanie Francisco
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon
| | - Charisma L Jenkins
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon
| | - Todd Barry
- Spectrum Pathology, Mission Viejo, California
| | | | | | | | - Rakesh Patel
- Good Samaritan Cancer Center, Los Gatos, California
| | | | - Fredrik Wärnberg
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Troy Bremer
- Prelude Corporation, Laguna Hills, California
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11
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Tumor Milieu Controlled by RB Tumor Suppressor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072450. [PMID: 32244804 PMCID: PMC7177274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The RB gene is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers. Canonically, RB exerts its tumor suppressive activity through the regulation of the G1/S transition during cell cycle progression by modulating the activity of E2F transcription factors. However, aberration of the RB gene is most commonly detected in tumors when they gain more aggressive phenotypes, including metastatic activity or drug resistance, rather than accelerated proliferation. This implicates RB controls' malignant progression to a considerable extent in a cell cycle-independent manner. In this review, we highlight the multifaceted functions of the RB protein in controlling tumor lineage plasticity, metabolism, and the tumor microenvironment (TME), with a focus on the mechanism whereby RB controls the TME. In brief, RB inactivation in several types of cancer cells enhances production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including CCL2, through upregulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These factors not only accelerate the growth of cancer cells in a cell-autonomous manner, but also stimulate non-malignant cells in the TME to generate a pro-tumorigenic niche in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Here, we discuss the biological and pathological significance of the non-cell-autonomous functions of RB and attempt to predict their potential clinical relevance to cancer immunotherapy.
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12
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Cho KC, Clark DJ, Schnaubelt M, Teo GC, Leprevost FDV, Bocik W, Boja ES, Hiltke T, Nesvizhskii AI, Zhang H. Deep Proteomics Using Two Dimensional Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4217-4225. [PMID: 32058701 PMCID: PMC7255061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methodologies that facilitate high-throughput proteomic analysis are a key step toward moving proteome investigations into clinical translation. Data independent acquisition (DIA) has potential as a high-throughput analytical method due to the reduced time needed for sample analysis, as well as its highly quantitative accuracy. However, a limiting feature of DIA methods is the sensitivity of detection of low abundant proteins and depth of coverage, which other mass spectrometry approaches address by two-dimensional fractionation (2D) to reduce sample complexity during data acquisition. In this study, we developed a 2D-DIA method intended for rapid- and deeper-proteome analysis compared to conventional 1D-DIA analysis. First, we characterized 96 individual fractions obtained from the protein standard, NCI-7, using a data-dependent approach (DDA), identifying a total of 151,366 unique peptides from 11,273 protein groups. We observed that the majority of the proteins can be identified from just a few selected fractions. By performing an optimization analysis, we identified six fractions with high peptide number and uniqueness that can account for 80% of the proteins identified in the entire experiment. These selected fractions were combined into a single sample which was then subjected to DIA (referred to as 2D-DIA) quantitative analysis. Furthermore, improved DIA quantification was achieved using a hybrid spectral library, obtained by combining peptides identified from DDA data with peptides identified directly from the DIA runs with the help of DIA-Umpire. The optimized 2D-DIA method allowed for improved identification and quantification of low abundant proteins compared to conventional unfractionated DIA analysis (1D-DIA). We then applied the 2D-DIA method to profile the proteomes of two breast cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, quantifying 6,217 and 6,167 unique proteins in basal- and luminal- tumors, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of high-throughput quantitative proteomics using a novel 2D-DIA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Cho Cho
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - David J Clark
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Michael Schnaubelt
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Guo Ci Teo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - William Bocik
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Emily S Boja
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Tara Hiltke
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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13
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Development and characterization of mammary intraductal (MIND) spontaneous metastasis models for triple-negative breast cancer in syngeneic mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4681. [PMID: 32170125 PMCID: PMC7070052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a more aggressive phenotype and higher metastasis and recurrence rates than other breast cancer subtypes. TNBC currently lacks a transplantation model that is suitable for clinical simulations of the tumor microenvironment. Intraductal injection of tumor cells into the mammary duct could mimic the occurrence and development of breast cancer. Herein, we injected 4T1 cells into the mammary ducts of BALB/C mice to build a preclinical model of TNBC and optimized the related construction method to observe the occurrence and spontaneous metastasis of tumors. We compared the effects of different cell numbers on tumorigenesis rates, times to tumorigenesis, and metastases to determine the optimal number of cells for modelling. We demonstrated that 4T1-MIND model mice injected with 20,000 cells revealed a suitable tumor formation rate and time, thus indicating a potential treatment time window after distant metastasis. We also injected 20,000 cells directly into the breast fat pad or breast duct for parallel comparison. The results still showed that the 4T1-MIND model provides sufficient treatment time for lung metastases in mice and that it is a more reliable model for early tumor development. The 4T1-MIND model requires continuous improvement and optimization. A suitable and optimized model for translational research and studies on the microenvironment in TNBC should be developed.
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14
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Zhang L, Zhang S. Learning common and specific patterns from data of multiple interrelated biological scenarios with matrix factorization. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:6606-6617. [PMID: 31175825 PMCID: PMC6649783 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput biological technologies (e.g. ChIP-seq, RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq) rapidly accelerate the accumulation of genome-wide omics data in diverse interrelated biological scenarios (e.g. cells, tissues and conditions). Integration and differential analysis are two common paradigms for exploring and analyzing such data. However, current integrative methods usually ignore the differential part, and typical differential analysis methods either fail to identify combinatorial patterns of difference or require matched dimensions of the data. Here, we propose a flexible framework CSMF to combine them into one paradigm to simultaneously reveal Common and Specific patterns via Matrix Factorization from data generated under interrelated biological scenarios. We demonstrate the effectiveness of CSMF with four representative applications including pairwise ChIP-seq data describing the chromatin modification map between K562 and Huvec cell lines; pairwise RNA-seq data representing the expression profiles of two different cancers; RNA-seq data of three breast cancer subtypes; and single-cell RNA-seq data of human embryonic stem cell differentiation at six time points. Extensive analysis yields novel insights into hidden combinatorial patterns in these multi-modal data. Results demonstrate that CSMF is a powerful tool to uncover common and specific patterns with significant biological implications from data of interrelated biological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- NCMIS, CEMS, RCSDS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shihua Zhang
- NCMIS, CEMS, RCSDS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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15
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Wyatt GL, Crump LS, Young CM, Wessells VM, McQueen CM, Wall SW, Gustafson TL, Fan YY, Chapkin RS, Porter WW, Lyons TR. Cross-talk between SIM2s and NFκB regulates cyclooxygenase 2 expression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:131. [PMID: 31783895 PMCID: PMC6884910 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death for women in the USA. Thus, there is an increasing need to investigate novel prognostic markers and therapeutic methods. Inflammation raises challenges in treating and preventing the spread of breast cancer. Specifically, the nuclear factor kappa b (NFκB) pathway contributes to cancer progression by stimulating proliferation and preventing apoptosis. One target gene of this pathway is PTGS2, which encodes for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and is upregulated in 40% of human breast carcinomas. COX-2 is an enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins, which mediate inflammation. Here, we investigate the effect of Singleminded-2s (SIM2s), a transcriptional tumor suppressor that is implicated in inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis, in regulating NFκB signaling and COX-2. Methods For in vitro experiments, reporter luciferase assays were utilized in MCF7 cells to investigate promoter activity of NFκB and SIM2. Real-time PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed in SUM159 and MCF7 cells. For in vivo experiments, MCF10DCIS.COM cells stably expressing SIM2s-FLAG or shPTGS2 were injected into SCID mice and subsequent tumors harvested for immunostaining and analysis. Results Our results reveal that SIM2 attenuates the activation of NFκB as measured using NFκB-luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, immunostaining of lysates from breast cancer cells overexpressing SIM2s showed reduction in various NFκB signaling proteins, as well as pAkt, whereas knockdown of SIM2 revealed increases in NFκB signaling proteins and pAkt. Additionally, we show that NFκB signaling can act in a reciprocal manner to decrease expression of SIM2s. Likewise, suppressing NFκB translocation in DCIS.COM cells increased SIM2s expression. We also found that NFκB/p65 represses SIM2 in a dose-dependent manner, and when NFκB is suppressed, the effect on the SIM2 is negated. Additionally, our ChIP analysis confirms that NFκB/p65 binds directly to SIM2 promoter site and that the NFκB sites in the SIM2 promoter are required for NFκB-mediated suppression of SIM2s. Finally, overexpression of SIM2s decreases PTGS2 in vitro, and COX-2 staining in vivo while decreasing PTGS2 and/or COX-2 activity results in re-expression of SIM2. Conclusion Our findings identify a novel role for SIM2s in NFκB signaling and COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garhett L Wyatt
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lyndsey S Crump
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.,The University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chloe M Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.,The University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Veronica M Wessells
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.,The University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cole M McQueen
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven W Wall
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tanya L Gustafson
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weston W Porter
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA. .,The University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO, USA.
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16
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Botti G, Cantile M, Collina F, Cerrone M, Sarno S, Anniciello A, Di Bonito M. Morphological and pathological features of basal-like breast cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:S503-S509. [PMID: 35117128 PMCID: PMC8797286 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.06.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is characterized by high grade, high mitotic indices, presence of central necrotic or fibrotic zones, and lymphocytic infiltrate. Patients presenting with BLBC have a poor prognosis and a short-term disease-free and overall survival. BLBCs may include different histological types of breast cancers but the most common histological type is represented by invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDC-NST). Typical immunohistochemical markers for these tumors are basal-type cytokeratin markers such as CK5/6, CK14, CK17, but several BLBCs also express luminal-type CKs, such as CK8/18, CK19. Different molecular alterations, including BRCA1 dysfunction, p53 mutations, up-regulation of EGFR, inactivation of PTEN and the aberrant expression of many non-coding RNAs molecules are detected in BLBC cells suggesting the possibility of defining new targeted therapeutic strategies for this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Collina
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Cerrone
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sarno
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Anniciello
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Bonito
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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17
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Karimi Roshan M, Soltani A, Soleimani A, Rezaie Kahkhaie K, Afshari AR, Soukhtanloo M. Role of AKT and mTOR signaling pathways in the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Biochimie 2019; 165:229-234. [PMID: 31401189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process in the development of many tissues and organs in multicellular organisms that its important role in the pathogenesis of metastasis and tumor cell migration has been firmly established. Decreased adhesive capacity, cytoskeletal reorganization, and increased mobility are hallmarks of the EMT. Several molecular mechanisms promote EMT, Including regulation of the levels of specific cell-surface proteins, ECM-degrading enzymes, and altering the expression of certain transcription factors and microRNAs. EMT process is modulated through multiple signaling pathways including the AKT/mTOR pathway. AKT is a key component in numerous processes which was recently shown to regulate the EMT through suppression of the expression of E-cadherin via EMT transcription factors. On the other hand, mTOR complexes can also regulate the EMT through the regulation of cell's actin cytoskeleton by altering the PKC phosphorylation state and direct phosphorylation and activation of Akt. Here we review the effect of AKT and mTOR on EMT and consequently metastasis and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Karimi Roshan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Soltani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anvar Soleimani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kolsoum Rezaie Kahkhaie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; Medical Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Compton CC, Robb JA, Anderson MW, Berry AB, Birdsong GG, Bloom KJ, Branton PA, Crothers JW, Cushman-Vokoun AM, Hicks DG, Khoury JD, Laser J, Marshall CB, Misialek MJ, Natale KE, Nowak JA, Olson D, Pfeifer JD, Schade A, Vance GH, Walk EE, Yohe SL. Preanalytics and Precision Pathology: Pathology Practices to Ensure Molecular Integrity of Cancer Patient Biospecimens for Precision Medicine. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 143:1346-1363. [PMID: 31329478 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0009-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biospecimens acquired during routine medical practice are the primary sources of molecular information about patients and their diseases that underlies precision medicine and translational research. In cancer care, molecular analysis of biospecimens is especially common because it often determines treatment choices and may be used to monitor therapy in real time. However, patient specimens are collected, handled, and processed according to routine clinical procedures during which they are subjected to factors that may alter their molecular quality and composition. Such artefactual alteration may skew data from molecular analyses, render analysis data uninterpretable, or even preclude analysis altogether if the integrity of a specimen is severely compromised. As a result, patient care and safety may be affected, and medical research dependent on patient samples may be compromised. Despite these issues, there is currently no requirement to control or record preanalytical variables in clinical practice with the single exception of breast cancer tissue handled according to the guideline jointly developed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists (CAP) and enforced through the CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program. Recognizing the importance of molecular data derived from patient specimens, the CAP Personalized Healthcare Committee established the Preanalytics for Precision Medicine Project Team to develop a basic set of evidence-based recommendations for key preanalytics for tissue and blood specimens. If used for biospecimens from patients, these preanalytical recommendations would ensure the fitness of those specimens for molecular analysis and help to assure the quality and reliability of the analysis data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn C Compton
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - James A Robb
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Matthew W Anderson
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Anna B Berry
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - George G Birdsong
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Kenneth J Bloom
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Philip A Branton
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Jessica W Crothers
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Allison M Cushman-Vokoun
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - David G Hicks
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Joseph D Khoury
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Jordan Laser
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Carrie B Marshall
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Michael J Misialek
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Kristen E Natale
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Jan Anthony Nowak
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Damon Olson
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - John D Pfeifer
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Andrew Schade
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Gail H Vance
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Eric E Walk
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
| | - Sophia Louise Yohe
- From School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Scottsdale (Dr Compton); Consulting Pathologist, Boca Raton, Florida (Dr Robb); Versiti Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); Anatomic Pathology, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Birdsong); Advanced Genomic Services, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California (Dr Bloom); Gynecologic & Breast Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland (Dr Branton); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crothers); the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Cushman-Vokoun); IHC-ISH Laboratory and Breast Subspecialty Service, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Dr Hicks); the Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Khoury); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York (Dr Laser); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Marshall); the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); the Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Natale); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York (Dr Nowak); he Department of Pathology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Olson); the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer); Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); he Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Vance); Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); and Special Hematology MMC, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Yohe)
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19
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Seachrist DD, Keri RA. The Activin Social Network: Activin, Inhibin, and Follistatin in Breast Development and Cancer. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1097-1110. [PMID: 30874767 PMCID: PMC6475112 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activins and inhibins are closely related protein heterodimers with a similar tissue distribution; however, these two complexes have opposing functions in development and disease. Both are secreted cytokine hormones, with activin the primary inducer of downstream signaling cascades and inhibin acting as a rheostat that exquisitely governs activin function. Adding to the complexity of activin signaling, follistatin, a highly glycosylated monomeric protein, binds activin with high affinity and restrains downstream pathway activation but through a mechanism distinct from that of inhibin. These three proteins were first identified as key ovarian hormones in the pituitary-gonadal axis that direct the synthesis and secretion of FSH from the pituitary, hence controlling folliculogenesis. Research during the past 30 years has expanded the roles of these proteins, first by discovering the ubiquitous expression of the trio and then by implicating them in a wide array of biological functions. In concert, these three hormones govern tissue development, homeostasis, and disease in multiple organ systems through diverse autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. In the present study, we have reviewed the actions of activin and its biological inhibitors, inhibin, and follistatin, in mammary gland morphogenesis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie D Seachrist
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ruth A Keri
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Division of General Medical Sciences–Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Correspondence: Ruth A. Keri, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106. E-mail:
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20
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Visser LL, Groen EJ, van Leeuwen FE, Lips EH, Schmidt MK, Wesseling J. Predictors of an Invasive Breast Cancer Recurrence after DCIS: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:835-845. [PMID: 31023696 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic review with meta-analyses to summarize current knowledge on prognostic factors for invasive disease after a diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Eligible studies assessed risk of invasive recurrence in women primarily diagnosed and treated for DCIS and included at least 10 ipsilateral-invasive breast cancer events and 1 year of follow-up. Quality in Prognosis Studies tool was used for risk of bias assessment. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the average effect size of the prognostic factors. Of 1,781 articles reviewed, 40 articles met the inclusion criteria. Highest risk of bias was attributable to insufficient handling of confounders and poorly described study groups. Six prognostic factors were statistically significant in the meta-analyses: African-American race [pooled estimate (ES), 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-1.79], premenopausal status (ES, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.20-2.11), detection by palpation (ES, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.47-2.29), involved margins (ES, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.14-2.32), high histologic grade (ES, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.04-1.77), and high p16 expression (ES, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.04-2.19). Six prognostic factors associated with invasive recurrence were identified, whereas many other factors need confirmation in well-designed studies on large patient numbers. Furthermore, we identified frequently occurring biases in studies on invasive recurrence after DCIS. Avoiding these common methodological pitfalls can improve future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy L Visser
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emma J Groen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Flora E van Leeuwen
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther H Lips
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Alexandrou S, George SM, Ormandy CJ, Lim E, Oakes SR, Caldon CE. The Proliferative and Apoptotic Landscape of Basal-like Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030667. [PMID: 30720718 PMCID: PMC6387372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is an aggressive molecular subtype that represents up to 15% of breast cancers. It occurs in younger patients, and typically shows rapid development of locoregional and distant metastasis, resulting in a relatively high mortality rate. Its defining features are that it is positive for basal cytokeratins and, epidermal growth factor receptor and/or c-Kit. Problematically, it is typically negative for the estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which means that it is unsuitable for either hormone therapy or targeted HER2 therapy. As a result, there are few therapeutic options for BLBC, and a major priority is to define molecular subgroups of BLBC that could be targeted therapeutically. In this review, we focus on the highly proliferative and anti-apoptotic phenotype of BLBC with the goal of defining potential therapeutic avenues, which could take advantage of these aspects of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alexandrou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Sandra Marie George
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Christopher John Ormandy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, 2052 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Elgene Lim
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, 2052 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Samantha Richelle Oakes
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, 2052 Sydney, Australia.
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, 2052 Sydney, Australia.
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22
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Miligy IM, Gorringe KL, Toss MS, Al-Kawaz AA, Simpson P, Diez-Rodriguez M, Nolan CC, Ellis IO, Green AR, Rakha EA. Thioredoxin-interacting protein is an independent risk stratifier for breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:1807-1815. [PMID: 29955142 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current clinicopathological parameters are useful predictors of breast ductal carcinoma in situ behavior, but they are insufficient to define high-risk patients for disease progression precisely. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a key player of oxidative stress. This study aims to evaluate the role of TXNIP as a predictor of ductal carcinoma in situ progression. Tissue microarrays from 776 pure ductal carcinoma in situ and 239 mixed ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive tumors were constructed. All patients were treated at a single institution with a long-term follow-up and TXNIP expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. TXNIP expression was investigated in terms of associations with clinicopathological and molecular features and patient outcome. Loss/reduced cytoplasmic expression of TXNIP was associated with features of aggressiveness including high nuclear grade (p = 1.6 × 10-5), presence of comedo necrosis (p = 0.001), and estrogen receptor negative (ER-)/HER2- ductal carcinoma in situ (p = 4.6 × 10-5). Univariate analysis showed an inverse association between TXNIP expression and outcome in terms of shorter local recurrence-free survival (p = 0.009). Multivariable analyses showed that independent predictors of ductal carcinoma in situ recurrence were low TXNIP expression (p = 0.005, HR = 0.51, and 95% CI: 0.32-0.81), larger ductal carcinoma in situ size, and high nuclear grade. TXNIP functions as a tumor suppressor gene with loss of its expression associated with ductal carcinoma in situ recurrence. TXNIP can be used as a potentially useful marker in prognostic stratification of ductal carcinoma in situ for management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Miligy
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.,Histopathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Cancer Genomics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael S Toss
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.,Histopathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdulbaqi A Al-Kawaz
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Simpson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria Diez-Rodriguez
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher C Nolan
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK. .,Histopathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt.
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23
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Villanueva H, Grimm S, Dhamne S, Rajapakshe K, Visbal A, Davis CM, Ehli EA, Hartig SM, Coarfa C, Edwards DP. The Emerging Roles of Steroid Hormone Receptors in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) of the Breast. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:237-248. [PMID: 30338425 PMCID: PMC6244884 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor to most types of invasive breast cancer (IBC). Although it is estimated only one third of untreated patients with DCIS will progress to IBC, standard of care for treatment is surgery and radiation. This therapeutic approach combined with a lack of reliable biomarker panels to predict DCIS progression is a major clinical problem. DCIS shares the same molecular subtypes as IBC including estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positive luminal subtypes, which encompass the majority (60-70%) of DCIS. Compared to the established roles of ER and PR in luminal IBC, much less is known about the roles and mechanism of action of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) and their cognate receptors in the development and progression of DCIS. This is an underexplored area of research due in part to a paucity of suitable experimental models of ER+/PR + DCIS. This review summarizes information from clinical and observational studies on steroid hormones as breast cancer risk factors and ER and PR as biomarkers in DCIS. Lastly, we discuss emerging experimental models of ER+/PR+ DCIS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/therapy
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Observational Studies as Topic
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Villanueva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandra Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sagar Dhamne
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Adriana Visbal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christel M Davis
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, 3720 W 69th St, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, 3720 W 69th St, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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24
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Schultz S, Bartsch H, Sotlar K, Petat-Dutter K, Bonin M, Kahlert S, Harbeck N, Vogel U, Seeger H, Fehm T, Neubauer HJ. Progression-specific genes identified in microdissected formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue containing matched ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal breast cancers. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:80. [PMID: 30236106 PMCID: PMC6147035 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma (IBC) is an important step during breast carcinogenesis. Understanding its molecular changes may help to identify high-risk DCIS that progress to IBC. Here, we describe a transcriptomic profiling analysis of matched formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) DCIS and IBC components of individual breast tumours, containing both tumour compartments. The study was performed to validate progression-associated transcripts detected in an earlier gene profiling project using fresh frozen breast cancer tissue. In addition, FFPE tissues from patients with pure DCIS (pDCIS) were analysed to identify candidate transcripts characterizing DCIS with a high or low risk of progressing to IBC. METHODS Fifteen laser microdissected pairs of DCIS and IBC were profiled by Illumina DASL technology and used for expression validation by qPCR. Differential expression was independently validated using further 25 laser microdissected DCIS/IBC sample pairs. Additionally, laser microdissected epithelial cells from 31 pDCIS were investigated for expression of candidate transcripts using qPCR. RESULTS Multiple statistical calculation methods revealed 1784 mRNAs which are differentially expressed between DCIS and IBC (P < 0.05), of which 124 have also been identified in the gene profiling project using fresh frozen breast cancer tissue. Nine mRNAs that had been selected from the gene list obtained using fresh frozen tissues by applying pathway and network analysis (MMP11, GREM1, PLEKHC1, SULF1, THBS2, CSPG2, COL10A1, COL11A1, KRT14) were investigated in tissues from the same 15 microdissected specimens and the 25 independent tissue samples by qPCR. All selected transcripts were also detected in tumour cells from pDCIS. Expression of MMP11 and COL10A1 increased significantly from pDCIS to DCIS of DCIS/IBC mixed tumours. CONCLUSION We confirm differential expression of progression-associated transcripts in FFPE breast cancer samples which might mediate the transition from DCIS to IBC. MMP11 and COL10A1 may characterize pure DCIS with a high risk developing IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schultz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Life-Science-Center, Heinrich-Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Bartsch
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Thalkirchner Straße 36, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Thalkirchner Straße 36, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Karina Petat-Dutter
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Thalkirchner Straße 36, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Bonin
- Microarray Facility, Department of Medical Genetics, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.,IMGM Laboratories GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Steffen Kahlert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Harald Seeger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstr. 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Life-Science-Center, Heinrich-Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans J Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Life-Science-Center, Heinrich-Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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25
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Alvarado-Kristensson M. γ-tubulin as a signal-transducing molecule and meshwork with therapeutic potential. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:24. [PMID: 30221013 PMCID: PMC6137058 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of γ-tubulin is increasing with regard to the cellular functions of this protein beyond its participation in microtubule nucleation. γ-Tubulin expression is altered in various malignancies, and changes in the TUBG1 gene have been found in patients suffering from brain malformations. This review recapitulates the known functions of γ-tubulin in cellular homeostasis and discusses the possible influence of the protein on disease development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, 20502 Sweden
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26
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Zheng T, Lu M, Wang T, Zhang C, Du X. NRBE3 promotes metastasis of breast cancer by down-regulating E-cadherin expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1869-1877. [PMID: 30262434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NRBE3 acts as an E3 ligase of RB to promote RB's polyubiquitination and degradation. In addition, NRBE3 is up-regulated in human breast cancer (BC) tissues. However, how NRBE3 functions in BC is unknown. Here, we show that up-regulation of NRBE3 is correlated with lymphatic metastasis in human BC tissues. Ectopic expression of NRBE3 promotes migration and invasion in BC cells. Accordingly, knockdown of NRBE3 inhibits migration and invasion in BC cells. Depletion of NRBE3 inhibits lung metastasis of BC cells in vivo. Knock-down of NRBE3 causes increase of E-cadherin protein levels. Interestingly, Flag-NRBE3 decreases E-cadherin level in RB-expressing and RB-null BC cells, demonstrating that there exist RB-independent mechanisms for NRBE3-mediated E-cadherin expression regulation. However, the E3 ligase deficient deletion mutant Flag-NRBE3 (ΔU-box) modestly decreases E-cadherin level in RB-expressing cells, indicating that NRBE3 controls E-cadherin expression mainly through RB-dependent pathways in RB-expressing cells. We further demonstrate that NRBE3 inhibits the transcription of E-cadherin in BC cells. Significantly, NRBE3 expression is negatively correlated with E-cadherin expression in human BC tissues and cell lines. Collectively, we demonstrate that NRBE3 promotes metastasis of BC and possesses the potential as a therapeutic target in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanxi Medical University Second Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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27
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Adjiri A. Tracing the path of cancer initiation: the AA protein-based model for cancer genesis. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:831. [PMID: 30119662 PMCID: PMC6098654 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is a defiant disease which cure is still far from being attained besides the colossal efforts and financial means deployed towards that end. The continuing setbacks encountered with today’s arsenal of anti-cancer drugs and cancer therapy modalities; show the need for a radical approach in order to get to the root of the problem. And getting to the root of cancer initiation and development leads us to challenge the present dogmas surrounding the pathogenesis of this disease. Results This comprehensive analysis brings to light the following points: (i) Cancer with its plethora of genetic and cellular symptoms could originate from one major event switching a cell from normalcy-to-malignancy; (ii) The switching event is postulated to involve a pathological breakup of a non-mutated protein, called here AA protein, resulting in the acquisition of new cellular functions present only in cancer cells; (iii) Following this event, DNA mutations begin to accumulate as secondary events to ensure perpetuity of cancer. Supporting arguments for this protein-based model come mainly from these observations: (i) The AA protein-based model reconciles together the clonal-and-stem cell theories into one inclusive model; (ii) The breakup of a normal protein could be behind the cancer-linked inflammation symptom; (iii) Cancer hallmarks are but adaptive traits, earned as a result of the switch from normalcy-to-malignancy. Conclusions Adaptation of cancer cells to their microenvironment and to different anti-cancer drugs is deemed here as the ultimate cancer hallmark, that needs to be understood and controlled. This adaptive power of cancer cells parallels that of bacteria also known with their resistance to a large range of substances in nature and in the laboratory. Consequently, cancer development could be viewed as a backward walk on the line of Evolution. Finally this unprecedented analysis demystifies cancer and puts the finger on the core problem of malignancy while offering ideas for its control with the ultimate goal of leading to its cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adouda Adjiri
- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Sétif-1 University, 19000, Sétif, Algeria.
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28
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Bremer T, Whitworth PW, Patel R, Savala J, Barry T, Lyle S, Leesman G, Linke SP, Jirström K, Zhou W, Amini RM, Wärnberg F. A Biological Signature for Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ to Predict Radiotherapy Benefit and Assess Recurrence Risk. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5895-5901. [PMID: 30054280 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients and their physicians currently face challenging treatment decisions with limited information about the individual's subsequent breast cancer risk or treatment benefit. The DCISionRT biological signature developed in this study provides recurrence risk and predicts radiotherapy (RT) benefit for DCIS patients following breast-conserving surgery (BCS). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A biological signature that calculates an individualized Decision Score (DS) was developed and cross-validated in 526 DCIS patients treated with BCS ± RT. The relationship was assessed between DS and 10-year risk of invasive breast cancer (IBC) or any ipsilateral breast event (IBE), including IBC or DCIS. RT benefit was evaluated by risk group and as a function of DS. RESULTS The DS was significantly associated with IBC and IBE risk, HR (per 5 units) of 4.2 and 3.1, respectively. For patients treated without RT, DS identified a Low Group with 10-year IBC risk of 4% (7% IBE) and an Elevated Risk Group with IBC risk of 15% (23% IBE). In analysis of DS and RT by group, the Elevated Risk Group received significant RT benefit, HR of 0.3 for IBC and IBE. In a clinicopathologically low-risk subset, DS reclassified 42% of patients into the Elevated Risk Group. In an interaction analysis of DS and RT, patients with elevated DS had significant RT benefit over baseline. CONCLUSIONS The DS was prognostic for risk and predicted RT benefit for DCIS patients. DS identified a clinically meaningful low-risk group and a group with elevated 10-year risks that received substantial RT benefit over baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rakesh Patel
- Good Samaritan Cancer Center, Los Gatos, California
| | | | - Todd Barry
- Spectrum Pathology, Inc., Mission Viejo, California
| | - Stephen Lyle
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rose-Marie Amini
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wärnberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Department of Surgery, Uppsala Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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29
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Visser LL, Elshof LE, Schaapveld M, van de Vijver K, Groen EJ, Almekinders MM, Bierman C, van Leeuwen FE, Rutgers EJ, Schmidt MK, Lips EH, Wesseling J. Clinicopathological Risk Factors for an Invasive Breast Cancer Recurrence after Ductal Carcinoma In Situ-A Nested Case-Control Study. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3593-3601. [PMID: 29685879 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is treated to prevent progression to invasive breast cancer. Yet, most lesions will never progress, implying that overtreatment exists. Therefore, we aimed to identify factors distinguishing harmless from potentially hazardous DCIS using a nested case-control study.Experimental Design: We conducted a case-control study nested in a population-based cohort of patients with DCIS treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) alone (N = 2,658) between 1989 and 2005. We compared clinical, pathologic, and IHC DCIS characteristics of 200 women who subsequently developed ipsilateral invasive breast cancer (iIBC; cases) and 474 women who did not (controls), in a matched setting. Median follow-up time was 12.0 years (interquartile range, 9.0-15.3). Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess associations of various factors with subsequent iIBC risk after primary DCIS.Results: High COX-2 protein expression showed the strongest association with subsequent iIBC [OR = 2.97; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.72-5.10]. In addition, HER2 overexpression (OR = 1.56; 95% CI, 1.05-2.31) and presence of periductal fibrosis (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.01-2.06) were associated with subsequent iIBC risk. Patients with HER2+/COX-2high DCIS had a 4-fold higher risk of subsequent iIBC (vs. HER2-/COX-2low DCIS), and an estimated 22.8% cumulative risk of developing subsequent iIBC at 15 years.Conclusions: With this unbiased study design and representative group of patients with DCIS treated by BCS alone, COX-2, HER2, and periductal fibrosis were revealed as promising markers predicting progression of DCIS into iIBC. Validation will be done in independent datasets. Ultimately, this will aid individual risk stratification of women with primary DCIS. Clin Cancer Res; 24(15); 3593-601. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy L Visser
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte E Elshof
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Schaapveld
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen van de Vijver
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emma J Groen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde M Almekinders
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien Bierman
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Flora E van Leeuwen
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel J Rutgers
- Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther H Lips
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Ki-67 Expression as a Factor Predicting Recurrence of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Breast Cancer 2018; 18:157-167.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Cheng SJ, Chang CF, Ko HH, Liu YC, Peng HH, Wang HJ, Lin HS, Chiang CP. Hypermethylated ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in oral scrapings collected from cancer-adjacent normal oral mucosal sites are associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2017; 75:169-177. [PMID: 29224816 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed whether hypermethylated ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in oral scrapings are correlated with the progression and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Methylation levels of ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in oral scrapings, collected from the cancer and adjacent normal oral mucosal sites of 80 OSCC patients before surgical cancer excision, were quantified using real-time methylation-specific PCR after bisulfite conversion. RESULTS Both the mean methylation (M)-indices of ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in oral scrapings were significantly higher at the cancer sites than at the adjacent normal oral mucosal sites (both P < .001). In the oral scrapings collected from the adjacent normal oral mucosal sites, the higher M-index of methylated ZNF582 (ZNF582m) was significantly correlated with a more advanced clinical stage (P = .04). Moreover, the higher M-index of methylated PAX1 (PAX1m) was significantly related to larger tumor size (P = .046). When the 80 OSCC patients were classified based on gene methylation tests, using the oral scrapings collected from the adjacent normal oral mucosal sites, we found a significantly shorter 3-year overall survival in ZNF582m-positive, PAX1m-positive, and ZNF582m/PAX1m-positive OSCC patients than in ZNF582m-negative (P = .02), PAX1m-negative (P = .04), and ZNF582m/PAX1m-negative OSCC patients (P = .02), respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analyses identified ZNF582m and ZNF582m/PAX1m as independent unfavorable prognostic factors. CONCLUSION Hypermethylated ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in the oral scrapings collected from adjacent normal oral mucosal sites rather than cancer sites are associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Chang
- iStat Biomedical Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Academia-Industry Bridging Program (AIBP), National Research Program for Bio-pharmaceuticals, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsin Ko
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chun-Pin Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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32
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Yao D, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Ouyang L, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Sun D, Yang S, Yu Y, Wang J. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of a focused library of pyrimidine moiety with anti-proliferative and anti-metastasis activities in triple negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:155-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Gorringe KL, Fox SB. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Biology, Biomarkers, and Diagnosis. Front Oncol 2017; 7:248. [PMID: 29109942 PMCID: PMC5660056 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an often-diagnosed breast disease and a known, non-obligate, precursor to invasive breast carcinoma. In this review, we explore the clinical and pathological features of DCIS, fundamental elements of DCIS biology including gene expression and genetic events, the relationship of DCIS with recurrence and invasive breast cancer, and the interaction of DCIS with the microenvironment. We also survey how these various elements are being used to solve the clinical conundrum of how to optimally treat a disease that has potential to progress, and yet is also likely over-treated in a significant proportion of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie L. Gorringe
- Cancer Genomics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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34
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Yoshida A, Kitajima S, Li F, Cheng C, Takegami Y, Kohno S, Wan YS, Hayashi N, Muranaka H, Nishimoto Y, Nagatani N, Nishiuchi T, Thai TC, Suzuki S, Nakao S, Tanaka T, Hirose O, Barbie DA, Takahashi C. MicroRNA-140 mediates RB tumor suppressor function to control stem cell-like activity through interleukin-6. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13872-13885. [PMID: 28099924 PMCID: PMC5355146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We established an in vitro cell culture system to determine novel activities of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein during tumor progression. Rb depletion in p53-null mouse-derived soft tissue sarcoma cells induced a spherogenic phenotype. Cells retrieved from Rb-depleted spheres exhibited slower proliferation and less efficient BrdU incorporation, however, much higher spherogenic activity and aggressive behavior. We discovered six miRNAs, including mmu-miR-18a, -25, -29b, -140, -337, and -1839, whose expression levels correlated tightly with the Rb status and spherogenic activity. Among these, mmu-miR-140 appeared to be positively controlled by Rb and to antagonize the effect of Rb depletion on spherogenesis and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, among genes potentially targeted by mmu-miR-140, Il-6 was upregulated by Rb depletion and downregulated by mmu-mir-140 overexpression. Altogether, we demonstrate the possibility that mmu-mir-140 mediates the Rb function to downregulate Il-6 by targeting its 3′-untranslated region. Finally, we detected the same relationship among RB, hsa-miR-140 and IL-6 in a human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Because IL-6 is a critical modulator of malignant features of cancer cells and the RB pathway is impaired in the majority of cancers, hsa-miR-140 might be a promising therapeutic tool that disrupts linkage between tumor suppressor inactivation and pro-inflammatory cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Yoshida
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.,Deperment of Cellular Transplantation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kitajima
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215, USA
| | - Fengkai Li
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chaoyang Cheng
- DNAFORM Precision Gene Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0046, Japan
| | - Yujiro Takegami
- DNAFORM Precision Gene Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0046, Japan
| | - Susumu Kohno
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuan Song Wan
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hayashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health Science, Kanazawa Gakuin University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1302, Japan
| | - Hayato Muranaka
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuuki Nishimoto
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Naoko Nagatani
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Tran C Thai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215, USA
| | - Sawako Suzuki
- Deperment of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Shinji Nakao
- Deperment of Cellular Transplantation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Deperment of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Osamu Hirose
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - David A Barbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215, USA
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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35
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Kitajima S, Takahashi C. Intersection of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor function, stem cells, metabolism, and inflammation. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1726-1731. [PMID: 28865172 PMCID: PMC5581511 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor regulates G1/S transition during cell cycle progression by modulating the activity of E2F transcription factors. The RB pathway plays a central role in the suppression of most cancers, and RB mutation was initially discovered by virtue of its role in tumor initiation. However, as cancer genome sequencing has evolved to profile more advanced and treatment‐resistant cancers, it has become increasingly clear that, in the majority of cancers, somatic RB inactivation occurs during tumor progression. Furthermore, despite the presence of deregulation of cell cycle control due to an INK4A deletion, additional CCND amplification and/or other mutations in the RB pathway, mutation or deletion of the RB gene is often observed during cancer progression. Of note, RB inactivation during cancer progression not only facilitates G1/S transition but also enhances some characteristics of malignancy, including altered drug sensitivity and a return to the undifferentiated state. Recently, we reported that RB inactivation enhances pro‐inflammatory signaling through stimulation of the interleukin‐6/STAT3 pathway, which directly promotes various malignant features of cancer cells. In this review, we highlight the consequences of RB inactivation during cancer progression, and discuss the biological and pathological significance of the interaction between RB and pro‐inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kitajima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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36
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The RB–IL-6 axis controls self-renewal and endocrine therapy resistance by fine-tuning mitochondrial activity. Oncogene 2017; 36:5145-5157. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Pang JMB, Gorringe KL, Fox SB. Ductal carcinoma in situ - update on risk assessment and management. Histopathology 2016; 68:96-109. [PMID: 26768032 DOI: 10.1111/his.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) accounts for ~20-25% of breast cancers. While DCIS is not life-threatening, it may progress to invasive carcinoma over time, and treatment intended to prevent invasive progression may itself cause significant morbidity. Accurate risk assessment is therefore necessary to avoid over- or undertreatment of an individual patient. In this review we will outline the evidence for current management of DCIS, discuss approaches to DCIS risk assessment and challenges facing identification of novel DCIS biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min B Pang
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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38
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Bechert C, Kim JY, Tramm T, Tavassoli FA. Co-expression of p16 and p53 characterizes aggressive subtypes of ductal intraepithelial neoplasia. Virchows Arch 2016; 469:659-667. [PMID: 27664050 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-2024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the USA alone, approximately 61,000 new diagnoses of ductal intraepithelial neoplasia 1c-3 (DIN) are made each year. Around 10-20 % of the patients develop a recurrence, about 50 % of which are invasive. Prior studies have shown that invasive breast carcinomas positive for p16 or p53 have a higher frequency of recurrence and a more aggressive course; however, the co-expression of these markers across the entire spectrum of DIN and its potential correlation with grade of the lesions has not been studied previously. Immunohistochemical staining for p16 and p53 was evaluated on 262 DIN lesions from 211 cases diagnosed between 1991 and 2008. The lesions ranged from DIN1b (atypical intraductal hyperplasia) to DIN3 (DCIS, grade 3) and included 45 cases with associated invasive carcinoma. Frequency of staining for both p16 and p53 increased with increasing grade of DIN. Strong co-expression was found exclusively in higher grade DIN lesions (DIN2 and DIN3) particularly those associated with periductal stromal fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltrate. Strong co-expression was seen in 8 of 12 DIN3 lesions (67 %) associated with invasive carcinoma. In conclusion, co-expression of p16 and p53 increases with advancing grade of DIN and is maximal in high grade DIN lesions associated with invasive carcinoma, indicating a more aggressive phenotype. A distinctive variant of DIN with periductal fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltrate invariably falls into the high-grade category, based on either morphology or marker expression. Co-expression of p16/p53 may be of help in distinguishing between high-grade and low-grade DIN lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bechert
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jee-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Trine Tramm
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 18, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Fattaneh A Tavassoli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Lalani N, Nofech-Mozes S, Rakovitch E. New Developments in Assessing Risk of Local Recurrence in Patients with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ after Lumpectomy and Breast Radiation. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-016-0211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Lo PK, Wolfson B, Zhou Q. Cancer stem cells and early stage basal-like breast cancer. World J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 5:150-161. [PMID: 28239564 PMCID: PMC5321620 DOI: 10.5317/wjog.v5.i2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a category of early stage, non-invasive breast tumor defined by the intraductal proliferation of malignant breast epithelial cells. DCIS is a heterogeneous disease composed of multiple molecular subtypes including luminal, HER2 and basal-like types, which are characterized by immunohistochemical analyses and gene expression profiling. Following surgical and radiation therapies, patients with luminal-type, estrogen receptor-positive DCIS breast tumors can benefit from adjuvant endocrine-based treatment. However, there are no available targeted therapies for patients with basal-like DCIS (BL-DCIS) tumors due to their frequent lack of endocrine receptors and HER2 amplification, rendering them potentially susceptible to recurrence. Moreover, multiple lines of evidence suggest that DCIS is a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast carcinoma. This raises the possibility that targeting precursor BL-DCIS is a promising strategy to prevent BL-DCIS patients from the development of invasive basal-like breast cancer. An accumulating body of evidence demonstrates the existence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in BL-DCIS, which potentially determine the features of BL-DCIS and their ability to progress into invasive cancer. This review encompasses the current knowledge in regard to the characteristics of BL-DCIS, identification of CSCs, and their biological properties in BL-DCIS. We summarize recently discovered relevant molecular signaling alterations that promote the generation of CSCs in BL-DCIS and the progression of BL-DCIS to invasive breast cancer, as well as the influence of the tissue microenvironment on CSCs and the invasive transition. Finally, we discuss the translational implications of these findings for the prognosis and prevention of BL-DCIS relapse and progression.
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Risk prediction for local versus regional/metastatic tumors after initial ductal carcinoma in situ diagnosis treated by lumpectomy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 157:351-361. [PMID: 27146587 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), we identified factors associated with local invasive cancer (LIC) and regional/metastatic invasive cancer (RMIC) and provide 10-year risks based on clinically relevant factors. We created a retrospective, population-based cohort of 1492 women with an initial diagnosis of DCIS (1983-1996) treated by lumpectomy alone. Histological and molecular markers (Ki67, ER, PR, COX-2, p16, ERBB2) were collected on DCIS cases with a subsequent tumor (DCIS, LIC, or RMIC) and a subsample of frequency-matched controls without subsequent tumors. Competing risks methods were used to identify factors associated with LIC and RMIC and cumulative incidence methods to estimate 10-year risks for combinations of factors. Median follow-up time was 12.6 years (range 0.5-29.5 years). The overall 10-year risk of LIC (11.9 %) was higher than for RMIC (3.8 %). About half of women with initial DCIS lesions are detected by mammography and p16 negative and have a 10-year risk of LIC of 6.2 % (95 % CI 5.8-6.8 %) and RMIC of 1.2 % (95 % CI 1.1-1.3 %). Premenopausal women whose DCIS lesion was p16 positive or p16 negative and detected by palpation had high 10-year risk of LIC of 23.0 % (95 % CI 19.3-27.4 %). Ten-year risk of RMIC was highest at 22.5 % (95 % CI 13.8-48.1 %) for those positive for p16, COX-2, and ERRB2, and negative for ER, but prevalence of this group is low at 3 %. Ten-year risk of LIC and RMIC is low for the majority diagnosed with DCIS. Combinations of molecular markers and method of detection of initial DCIS lesion can differentiate women at low and high risk of LIC and RMIC.
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42
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Kohno S, Kitajima S, Sasaki N, Takahashi C. Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor functions shared by stem cell and cancer cell strategies. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:170-84. [PMID: 27114748 PMCID: PMC4835675 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenic transformation of somatic cells resembles nuclear reprogramming toward the generation of pluripotent stem cells. These events share eternal escape from cellular senescence, continuous self-renewal in limited but certain population of cells, and refractoriness to terminal differentiation while maintaining the potential to differentiate into cells of one or multiple lineages. As represented by several oncogenes those appeared to be first keys to pluripotency, carcinogenesis and nuclear reprogramming seem to share a number of core mechanisms. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor product retinoblastoma (RB) seems to be critically involved in both events in highly complicated manners. However, disentangling such complicated interactions has enabled us to better understand how stem cell strategies are shared by cancer cells. This review covers recent findings on RB functions related to stem cells and stem cell-like behaviors of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kohno
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kitajima
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Nobunari Sasaki
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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43
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Kazanets A, Shorstova T, Hilmi K, Marques M, Witcher M. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes: Paradigms, puzzles, and potential. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1865:275-88. [PMID: 27085853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer constitutes a set of diseases with heterogeneous molecular pathologies. However, there are a number of universal aberrations common to all cancers, one of these being the epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). The silencing of TSGs is thought to be an early, driving event in the oncogenic process. With this in consideration, great efforts have been made to develop small molecules aimed at the restoration of TSGs in order to limit tumor cell proliferation and survival. However, the molecular forces that drive the broad epigenetic reprogramming and transcriptional repression of these genes remain ill-defined. Undoubtedly, understanding the molecular underpinnings of transcriptionally silenced TSGs will aid us in our ability to reactivate these key anti-cancer targets. Here, we describe what we consider to be the five most logical molecular mechanisms that may account for this widely observed phenomenon: 1) ablation of transcription factor binding, 2) overexpression of DNA methyltransferases, 3) disruption of CTCF binding, 4) elevation of EZH2 activity, 5) aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs. The strengths and weaknesses of each proposed mechanism is highlighted, followed by an overview of clinical efforts to target these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kazanets
- The Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Shorstova
- The Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Khalid Hilmi
- The Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Maud Marques
- The Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Michael Witcher
- The Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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44
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Kitajima S, Kohno S, Kondoh A, Sasaki N, Nishimoto Y, Li F, Abdallah Mohammed MS, Muranaka H, Nagatani N, Suzuki M, Kido Y, Takahashi C. Undifferentiated State Induced by Rb-p53 Double Inactivation in Mouse Thyroid Neuroendocrine Cells and Embryonic Fibroblasts. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1657-69. [PMID: 25694388 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) is inactivated more frequently during tumor progression than during tumor initiation. However, its exact role in controlling the malignant features associated with tumor progression is poorly understood. We established in vivo and in vitro models to investigate the undifferentiated state induced by Rb inactivation. Rb heterozygous mice develop well-differentiated thyroid medullary carcinoma. We found that additional deletion of Trp53, without change in lineage, converted these Rb-deficient tumors to a poorly differentiated type associated with higher self-renewal activity. Freshly prepared mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) of Rb(-/-) ; Trp53(-/-) background formed stem cell-like spheres that expressed significant levels of embryonic genes despite of lacking the ability to form colonies on soft agar or tumors in immune-deficient mice. This suggested that Rb-p53 double inactivation resulted in an undifferentiated status but without carcinogenic conversion. We next established Rb(-/-) ; N-ras(-/-) MEFs that harbored a spontaneous carcinogenic mutation in Trp53. These cells (RN6), in an Rb-dependent manner, efficiently generated spheres that expressed very high levels of embryonic genes, and appeared to be carcinogenic. We then screened an FDA-approved drug library to search for agents that suppressed the spherogenic activity of RN6 cells. Data revealed that RN6 cells were sensitive to specific agents including ones those are effective against cancer stem cells. Taken together, all these findings suggest that the genetic interaction between Rb and p53 is a critical determinant of the undifferentiated state in normal and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kitajima
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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45
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Kanematsu M, Morimoto M, Takahashi M, Honda J, Bando Y, Moriya T, Tadokoro Y, Nakagawa M, Takechi H, Yoshida T, Toba H, Yoshida M, Kajikawa A, Tangoku A, Imoto I, Sasa M. Thirty percent of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in Japan is extremely low-grade ER(+)/HER2(-) type without comedo necrosis. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2016; 63:192-8. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.63.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kanematsu
- Department of Surgery, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults
| | - Masami Morimoto
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Bioscience, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | | | - Junko Honda
- Department of Surgery, Higashi Tokushima Medical Center
| | - Yoshimi Bando
- Division of Pathology, Tokushima University Hospital
| | | | - Yukiko Tadokoro
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Bioscience, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Misako Nakagawa
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Bioscience, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Hirokazu Takechi
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Bioscience, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Takahiro Yoshida
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Bioscience, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Hiroaki Toba
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Bioscience, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Mitsuteru Yoshida
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Bioscience, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Aiichiro Kajikawa
- Department of Surgery, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults
| | - Akira Tangoku
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Bioscience, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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46
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Trikha P, Sharma N, Pena C, Reyes A, Pécot T, Khurshid S, Rawahneh M, Moffitt J, Stephens JA, Fernandez SA, Ostrowski MC, Leone G. E2f3 in tumor macrophages promotes lung metastasis. Oncogene 2015; 35:3636-46. [PMID: 26549026 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Rb-E2F axis is an important pathway involved in cell-cycle control that is deregulated in a number of cancers. E2f transcription factors have distinct roles in the control of cell proliferation, cell survival and differentiation in a variety of tissues. We have previously shown that E2fs are important downstream targets of a CSF-1 signaling cascade involved in myeloid development. In cancer, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are recruited to the tumor stroma in response to cytokines secreted by tumor cells, and are believed to facilitate tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Using the MMTV-Polyoma Middle T antigen (PyMT) mouse model of human ductal carcinoma, we show that the specific ablation of E2f3 in TAMs, but not in tumor epithelial cells, attenuates lung metastasis without affecting primary tumor growth. Histological analysis and gene expression profiling suggest that E2f3 does not impact the proliferation or survival of TAMs, but rather controls a novel gene expression signature associated with cytoskeleton rearrangements, cell migration and adhesion. This E2f3 TAM gene expression signature was sufficient to predict cancer recurrence and overall survival of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients. Interestingly, we find that E2f3b but not E2f3a levels are elevated in TAMs from PyMT mammary glands relative to controls, suggesting a differential role for these isoforms in metastasis. In summary, these findings identify E2f3 as a key transcription factor in TAMs, which influences the tumor microenvironment and tumor cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Trikha
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N Sharma
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Pena
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A Reyes
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T Pécot
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Khurshid
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M Rawahneh
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Moffitt
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J A Stephens
- Center for Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S A Fernandez
- Center for Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M C Ostrowski
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - G Leone
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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47
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Ferguson DC, Long DJ, Smith MC, Craig-Owens LD, Means J, Fadare O, Desouki MM. Comparative analysis of Rb1, P16 and ER as diagnostic, prognostic and potential targets for therapeutic agents in ovarian epithelial tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 130 ovarian carcinomas. J Ovarian Res 2015; 8:34. [PMID: 26043844 PMCID: PMC4459058 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-015-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulation of CDK4/6, cyclin D/P16 and retinoblastoma (Rb) are known aberrations in certain malignancies. There has been a recent interest in exploring the combination of letrozole and CDK4/6 inhibitors in recurrent ER+ ovarian cancers. METHODS This study aimed to determine the frequency of expression of Rb1, P16 and ER in ovarian epithelial tumors by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Co-expression of all 3 markers studied was seen in 10% of high grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) and low grade serous carcinoma (LGSC). Coordinate expression of Rb1+ and ER+ in HGSC and LGSC was seen in 67% of grade 1/2 vs. 44 % of grade three tumors (p < 0.05). The reverse was true with positive P16 staining in 73% of grade three vs. 32% of grade 1/2 tumors (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Coordinate pattern of Rb1+ and ER+ in HGSC and LGSC is 19 and 50%, respectively. Rb1 and P16 show inverse expression pattern according to tumor grade with more frequent Rb1 in low grade vs. more frequent P16 in grade 3 tumors. These data provide a rational basis for clinical trials that aim to target these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Catherine Ferguson
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN, C-2310A, Nashville, TN, 37232-2561, USA.
| | - Daniel Jerad Long
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN, C-2310A, Nashville, TN, 37232-2561, USA.
| | - Megan Christine Smith
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN, C-2310A, Nashville, TN, 37232-2561, USA.
| | - Laura Deeanne Craig-Owens
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN, C-2310A, Nashville, TN, 37232-2561, USA.
| | - Julie Means
- Department of Tennessee Oncology, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Franklin, TN, USA.
| | - Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Mohamed Mokhtar Desouki
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN, C-2310A, Nashville, TN, 37232-2561, USA.
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48
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Arendt LM, Kuperwasser C. Form and function: how estrogen and progesterone regulate the mammary epithelial hierarchy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:9-25. [PMID: 26188694 PMCID: PMC4596764 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes dramatic post-natal growth beginning at puberty, followed by full development occurring during pregnancy and lactation. Following lactation, the alveoli undergo apoptosis, and the mammary gland reverses back to resemble the nonparous gland. This process of growth and regression occurs for multiple pregnancies, suggesting the presence of a hierarchy of stem and progenitor cells that are able to regenerate specialized populations of mammary epithelial cells. Expansion of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland is regulated by ovarian steroids, in particular estrogen acting through its receptor estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone signaling through progesterone receptor (PR). A diverse number of stem and progenitor cells have been identified based on expression of cell surface markers and functional assays. Here we review the current understanding of how estrogen and progesterone act together and separately to regulate stem and progenitor cells within the human and mouse mammary tissues. Better understanding of the hierarchal organization of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland and how the hormonal milieu affects its regulation may provide important insights into the origins of different subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Arendt
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Box 5609, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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49
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Schaal C, Pillai S, Chellappan SP. The Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:147-182. [PMID: 24889531 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein Rb plays a major role in regulating G1/S transition and is a critical regulator of cell proliferation. Rb protein exerts its growth regulatory properties mainly by physically interacting with the transcriptionally active members of the E2F transcription factor family, especially E2Fs 1, 2, and 3. Given its critical role in regulating cell proliferation, it is not surprising that Rb is inactivated in almost all tumors, either through the mutation of Rb gene itself or through the mutations of its upstream regulators including K-Ras and INK4. Recent studies have revealed a significant role for Rb and its downstream effectors, especially E2Fs, in regulating various aspects of tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, components of the Rb-E2F pathway have been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, including VEGF and VEGFR, genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition including E-cadherin and ZEB proteins, and genes involved in invasion and migration like matrix metalloproteinases. Rb has also been shown to play a major role in the functioning of normal and cancer stem cells; further, Rb and E2F appear to play a regulatory role in the energy metabolism of cancer cells. These findings raise the possibility that mutational events that initiate tumorigenesis by inducing uncontrolled cell proliferation might also contribute to the progression and metastasis of cancers through the mediation of the Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway. This review highlights these recent studies on tumor promoting functions of the Rb-E2F pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Schaal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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Xu J, Chen Y, Huo D, Khramtsov A, Khramtsova G, Zhang C, Goss KH, Olopade OI. β-catenin regulates c-Myc and CDKN1A expression in breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:431-9. [PMID: 25663530 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the Wnt pathway is preferentially activated in basal-like breast cancer. However, the mechanisms by which the Wnt pathway regulates down-stream targets in basal-like breast cancer, and the biological significance of this regulation, are poorly understood. In this study, we found that c-Myc is highly expressed in the basal-like subtype by microarray analyses and immunohistochemical staining. After silencing β-catenin using siRNA, c-Myc expression was decreased in non-basal-like breast cancer cells. In contrast, c-Myc mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated in the basal-like breast cancer cell lines. Decreased c-Myc promoter activity was observed after inhibiting β-catenin by siRNA in non-basal-like breast cancer cells; however, inhibition of β-catenin or over-expression of dominant-negative LEF1 had no effect on c-Myc promoter activity in basal-like breast cancer cell lines. In addition, CDKN1A mRNA and p21 protein expression were significantly increased in all breast cancer cell lines upon β-catenin silencing. Interestingly, inhibiting β-catenin expression alone did not induce apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines despite c-Myc regulation, but we observed a modest increase of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and decrease of cells in S phase upon β-catenin silencing. Our findings suggest that the regulation of c-Myc in breast cancer cells is dependent on the molecular subtype, and that β-catenin-mediated regulation of c-Myc and p21 may control the balance of cell death and proliferation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Xu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago,, Illinois.,School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago,, Illinois
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrey Khramtsov
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago,, Illinois
| | - Galina Khramtsova
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago,, Illinois
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago,, Illinois
| | - Kathleen H Goss
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olufunmilayo I Olopade
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago,, Illinois.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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