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Santos RVC, de Sena WLB, Dos Santos FA, da Silva Filho AF, da Rocha Pitta MG, da Rocha Pitta MG, de Melo Rego MB, Pereira MC. Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Par-4 Target for Cancer Treatment: Where Are We Going? Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:635-654. [PMID: 30474528 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181126122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges of cancer therapeutics nowadays is to find selective targets successfully. Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a selective tumor suppressor protein with an interesting therapeutic potential due to its specificity on inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Par-4 activity and levels can be downregulated in several tumors and cancer cell types, indicating poor prognosis and treatment resistance. Efforts to increase Par-4 expression levels have been studied, including its use as a therapeutic protein by transfection with adenoviral vectors or plasmids. However, gene therapy is very complex and still presents many hurdles to be overcome. We decided to review molecules and drugs with the capacity to upregulate Par-4 and, thereby, be an alternative to reach this druggable target. In addition, Par-4 localization and function are reviewed in some cancers, clarifying how it can be used as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Virgínia Cavalcanti Santos
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Layssa Batista de Sena
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Flaviana Alves Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Felix da Silva Filho
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Moacyr Barreto de Melo Rego
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Michelly Cristiny Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Neoadjuvant administration of hydroxychloroquine in a phase 1 clinical trial induced plasma Par-4 levels and apoptosis in diverse tumors. Genes Cancer 2018; 9:190-197. [PMID: 30603055 PMCID: PMC6305107 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are robust inducers of the tumor suppressor Par-4 secretion from normal cells. Secreted Par-4 causes paracrine apoptosis of tumor cells and inhibits metastasis in mice. We report the clinical results with pharmacodynamic analyses of our Phase I trial using neoadjuvant administration of HCQ in patients with surgically removable early stage solid tumors. This was a single-institution trial of oral HCQ (200 or 400 mg twice daily) given for 14 days prior to planned surgery. Dose escalation was based on isotonic regression to model safety and biological effect based on plasma Par-4 analysis. Eight of the nine patients treated with HCQ showed elevation in plasma Par-4 levels over basal levels. No toxicities were observed with these dose regimens. The resected tumors from the eight HCQ-treated patients with elevated plasma Par-4 levels, but not the resected tumor from the patient who failed to induce plasma Par-4 levels, exhibited TUNEL-positivity indicative of apoptosis. Resected tumors from all nine HCQ-treated patients showed p62/sequestosome-1 induction indicative of autophagy-inhibition by HCQ. Our findings indicate that both dose levels of HCQ were well-tolerated and that Par-4 secretion but not induction of the autophagy-inhibition marker p62 correlated with apoptosis induction in patients' tumors.
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Burikhanov R, Sviripa VM, Hebbar N, Zhang W, Layton WJ, Hamza A, Zhan CG, Watt DS, Liu C, Rangnekar VM. Arylquins target vimentin to trigger Par-4 secretion for tumor cell apoptosis. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:924-926. [PMID: 25218743 PMCID: PMC4201913 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein Par-4, which is secreted by normal cells, selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells. We identified a 3-arylquinoline derivative, designated Arylquin 1, as a potent Par-4 secretagogue in cell cultures and mice. Mechanistically, Arylquin 1 binds to vimentin, displaces Par-4 from vimentin for secretion and triggers the efficient paracrine apoptosis of diverse cancer cells. Thus, targeting vimentin with Par-4 secretagogues efficiently induces paracrine apoptosis of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Vitaliy M Sviripa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Nikhil Hebbar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - W John Layton
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Adel Hamza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - David S Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Chunming Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis plays an important role in age-related disease, and prostate apoptosis response-4 (PAR-4) is a novel apoptosis-inducing factor that regulates apoptosis in most cells. Recent studies suggest that PAR-4 plays an important role in the progression of many age-related diseases. This review highlights the significance of PAR-4 and builds a strong case supporting its role as a possible therapeutic target in age-related disease. AREAS COVERED This review covers the advancements over the last 15 years with respect to PAR-4 and its significance in age-related disease. Additionally, it provides knowledge regarding the significance of PAR-4 in age-related disease as well as its role in apoptotic signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and other mechanisms that may induce age-related disease. EXPERT OPINION PAR-4 may be a potential therapeutic target that can trigger selective apoptosis in cancer cells. It is induced by ER stress and increased ER stress, and it is involved in the activity of the dopamine D2 receptor. Abnormal expression of PAR-4 may be associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. PAR-4 agonists and inhibitors must be identified before gene therapy can commence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Qinan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Endocrine Department , Post number: 400038, Chongqing , China
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