1
|
Zhang M, Lui KO, Zhou B. Application of New Lineage Tracing Techniques in Cardiovascular Development and Physiology. Circ Res 2024; 134:445-458. [PMID: 38359092 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide in the past 3 decades. Multiple cell lineages undergo dynamic alternations in gene expression, cell state determination, and cell fate conversion to contribute, adapt, and even modulate the pathophysiological processes during disease progression. There is an urgent need to understand the intricate cellular and molecular underpinnings of cardiovascular cell development in homeostasis and pathogenesis. Recent strides in lineage tracing methodologies have revolutionized our understanding of cardiovascular biology with the identification of new cellular origins, fates, plasticity, and heterogeneity within the cardiomyocyte, endothelial, and mesenchymal cell populations. In this review, we introduce the new technologies for lineage tracing of cardiovascular cells and summarize their applications in studying cardiovascular development, diseases, repair, and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MingJun Zhang
- New Cornerstone Investigator Institute, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (M.J., B.Z.)
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China (K.O.L.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- New Cornerstone Investigator Institute, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (M.J., B.Z.)
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (B.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (B.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang T, Chen X, Wang K, Ju J, Yu X, Wang S, Liu C, Wang K. Cre-loxP-mediated genetic lineage tracing: Unraveling cell fate and origin in the developing heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1085629. [PMID: 36923960 PMCID: PMC10008892 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1085629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cre-loxP-mediated genetic lineage tracing system is essential for constructing the fate mapping of single-cell progeny or cell populations. Understanding the structural hierarchy of cardiac progenitor cells facilitates unraveling cell fate and origin issues in cardiac development. Several prospective Cre-loxP-based lineage-tracing systems have been used to analyze precisely the fate determination and developmental characteristics of endocardial cells (ECs), epicardial cells, and cardiomyocytes. Therefore, emerging lineage-tracing techniques advance the study of cardiovascular-related cellular plasticity. In this review, we illustrate the principles and methods of the emerging Cre-loxP-based genetic lineage tracing technology for trajectory monitoring of distinct cell lineages in the heart. The comprehensive demonstration of the differentiation process of single-cell progeny using genetic lineage tracing technology has made outstanding contributions to cardiac development and homeostasis, providing new therapeutic strategies for tissue regeneration in congenital and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinzhe Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Ju
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaocong Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuiyun Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pu W, Zhang M, Liu X, He L, Li J, Han X, Lui KO, He B, Zhou B. Genetic Proliferation Tracing Reveals a Rapid Cell Cycle Withdrawal in Preadolescent Cardiomyocytes. Circulation 2022; 145:410-412. [PMID: 35100020 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (W.P., M.Z., X.L., L.H., J.L., X.H., B.Z.)
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (W.P., M.Z., X.L., L.H., J.L., X.H., B.Z.)
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (W.P., M.Z., X.L., L.H., J.L., X.H., B.Z.)
| | - Lingjuan He
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China (L.H.)
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (W.P., M.Z., X.L., L.H., J.L., X.H., B.Z.)
| | - Ximeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (W.P., M.Z., X.L., L.H., J.L., X.H., B.Z.)
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology; and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China (K.O.L.)
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (B.H.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (B.Z.).,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (B.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Naqvi N, Iismaa SE, Graham RM, Husain A. Mechanism-Based Cardiac Regeneration Strategies in Mammals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:747842. [PMID: 34708043 PMCID: PMC8542766 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.747842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure in adults is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It can arise from a variety of diseases, with most resulting in a loss of cardiomyocytes that cannot be replaced due to their inability to replicate, as well as to a lack of resident cardiomyocyte progenitor cells in the adult heart. Identifying and exploiting mechanisms underlying loss of developmental cardiomyocyte replicative capacity has proved to be useful in developing therapeutics to effect adult cardiac regeneration. Of course, effective regeneration of myocardium after injury requires not just expansion of cardiomyocytes, but also neovascularization to allow appropriate perfusion and resolution of injury-induced inflammation and interstitial fibrosis, but also reversal of adverse left ventricular remodeling. In addition to overcoming these challenges, a regenerative therapy needs to be safe and easily translatable. Failure to address these critical issues will delay the translation of regenerative approaches. This review critically analyzes current regenerative approaches while also providing a framework for future experimental studies aimed at enhancing success in regenerating the injured heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nawazish Naqvi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Siiri E Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert M Graham
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ahsan Husain
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Broughton KM, Sussman MA. Adult Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle Detour: Off-ramp to Quiescent Destinations. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:557-567. [PMID: 31262545 PMCID: PMC6703820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ability to promote completion of mitotic cycling of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes remains an intractable and vexing challenge, despite being one of the most sought after 'holy grails' of cardiovascular research. While some of the struggle is attributable to adult cardiomyocytes themselves that are notoriously post-mitotic, another contributory factor rests with difficulty in definitive tracking of adult cardiomyocyte cell cycle and lack of rigorous measures to track proliferation in situ. This review summarizes past, present, and future directions to promote adult mammalian cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression, proliferation, and renewal. Establishing relationship(s) between cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression and cellular biological properties is sorely needed to understand the mechanistic basis for cardiomyocyte cell cycle withdrawal to enhance cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression and mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Broughton
- San Diego State University, Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- San Diego State University, Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Psarras S, Beis D, Nikouli S, Tsikitis M, Capetanaki Y. Three in a Box: Understanding Cardiomyocyte, Fibroblast, and Innate Immune Cell Interactions to Orchestrate Cardiac Repair Processes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 31001541 PMCID: PMC6454035 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an insult by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, complex cellular, and molecular interactions determine a successful recovery or inadequate repair of damaged tissue. The efficiency of this process is particularly important in the heart, an organ characterized by very limited regenerative and repair capacity in higher adult vertebrates. Cardiac insult is characteristically associated with fibrosis and heart failure, as a result of cardiomyocyte death, myocardial degeneration, and adverse remodeling. Recent evidence implies that resident non-cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts but also macrophages -pillars of the innate immunity- form part of the inflammatory response and decisively affect the repair process following a cardiac insult. Multiple studies in model organisms (mouse, zebrafish) of various developmental stages (adult and neonatal) combined with genetically engineered cell plasticity and differentiation intervention protocols -mainly targeting cardiac fibroblasts or progenitor cells-reveal particular roles of resident and recruited innate immune cells and their secretome in the coordination of cardiac repair. The interplay of innate immune cells with cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes is emerging as a crucial platform to help our understanding and, importantly, to allow the development of effective interventions sufficient to minimize cardiac damage and dysfunction after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Psarras
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Tsikitis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferguson DP, Monroe TO, Heredia CP, Fleischmann R, Rodney GG, Taffet GE, Fiorotto ML. Postnatal undernutrition alters adult female mouse cardiac structure and function leading to limited exercise capacity. J Physiol 2019; 597:1855-1872. [PMID: 30730556 DOI: 10.1113/jp277637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Impaired growth during fetal life can reprogramme heart development and increase the risk for long-term cardiovascular dysfunction. It is uncertain if the developmental window during which the heart is vulnerable to reprogramming as a result of inadequate nutrition extends into the postnatal period. We found that adult female mice that had been undernourished only from birth to 3 weeks of age had disproportionately smaller hearts compared to males, with thinner ventricle walls and more mononucleated cardiomyocytes. In females, but not males, cardiac diastolic function, and heart rate responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation were limited and maximal exercise capacity was compromised. These data suggest that the developmental window during which the heart is vulnerable to reprogramming by inadequacies in nutrient intake may extend into postnatal life and such individuals could be at increased risk for a cardiac event as a result of strenuous exercise. ABSTRACT Adults who experienced undernutrition during critical windows of development are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The contribution of cardiac function to this increased disease risk is uncertain. We evaluated the effect of a short episode of postnatal undernutrition on cardiovascular function in mice at the whole animal, organ, and cellular levels. Pups born to control mouse dams were suckled from birth to postnatal day (PN) 21 on dams fed either a control (20% protein) or a low protein (8% protein) isocaloric diet. After PN21 offspring were fed the same control diet until adulthood. At PN70 V ̇ O 2 , max was measured by treadmill test. At PN80 cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography and Doppler analysis at rest and following β-adrenergic stimulation. Isolated cardiomyocyte nucleation and Ca2+ transients (with and without β-adrenergic stimulation) were measured at PN90. Female mice that were undernourished and then refed (PUN), unlike male mice, had disproportionately smaller hearts and their exercise capacity, cardiac diastolic function, and heart rate responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation were limited. A reduced left ventricular end diastolic volume, impaired early filling, and decreased stored energy at the beginning of diastole contributed to these impairments. Female PUN mice had more mononucleated cardiomyocytes; under resting conditions binucleated cells had a functional profile suggestive of increased basal adrenergic activation. Thus, a brief episode of early postnatal undernutrition in the mouse can produce persistent changes to cardiac structure and function that limit exercise/functional capacity and thereby increase the risk for the development of a wide variety of cardiovascular morbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Ferguson
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tanner O Monroe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Celia Pena Heredia
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ryan Fleischmann
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - George G Rodney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - George E Taffet
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Death of adult cardiac myocytes and supportive tissues resulting from cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction is the proximal driver of pathological ventricular remodeling that often culminates in heart failure. Unfortunately, no currently available therapeutic barring heart transplantation can directly replenish myocytes lost from the injured heart. For decades, the field has struggled to define the intrinsic capacity and cellular sources for endogenous myocyte turnover in pursuing more innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at regenerating the injured heart. Although controversy persists to this day as to the best therapeutic regenerative strategy to use, a growing consensus has been reached that the very limited capacity for new myocyte formation in the adult mammalian heart is because of proliferation of existing cardiac myocytes but not because of the activity of an endogenous progenitor cell source of some sort. Hence, future therapeutic approaches should take into consideration the fundamental biology of myocyte renewal in designing strategies to potentially replenish these cells in the injured heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Vagnozzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, (R.J.V., and J.D.M.), The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, (J.D.M), and The Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, (S.R.H)
| | - Jeffery D. Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, (R.J.V., and J.D.M.), The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, (J.D.M), and The Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, (S.R.H)
| | - Steven R. Houser
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, (R.J.V., and J.D.M.), The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, (J.D.M), and The Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, (S.R.H)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Graham E, Bergmann O. Dating the Heart: Exploring Cardiomyocyte Renewal in Humans. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:33-41. [PMID: 27927803 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00015.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative mechanisms reported in the hearts of lower vertebrates have been recapitulated in the mammalian milieu, and recent studies have provided strong evidence for cardiomyocyte turnover in humans. These findings speak to an emerging consensus that adult mammalian cardiomyocytes do have the ability to divide, and it stands to reason that enrichment of this innate proliferative capacity should prove essential for complete cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Graham
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Olaf Bergmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and.,DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Foglia MJ, Poss KD. Building and re-building the heart by cardiomyocyte proliferation. Development 2016; 143:729-40. [PMID: 26932668 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult human heart does not regenerate significant amounts of lost tissue after injury. Rather than making new, functional muscle, human hearts are prone to scarring and hypertrophy, which can often lead to fatal arrhythmias and heart failure. The most-cited basis of this ineffective cardiac regeneration in mammals is the low proliferative capacity of adult cardiomyocytes. However, mammalian cardiomyocytes can avidly proliferate during fetal and neonatal development, and both adult zebrafish and neonatal mice can regenerate cardiac muscle after injury, suggesting that latent regenerative potential exists. Dissecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms that promote cardiomyocyte proliferation throughout life, deciphering why proliferative capacity normally dissipates in adult mammals, and deriving means to boost this capacity are primary goals in cardiovascular research. Here, we review our current understanding of how cardiomyocyte proliferation is regulated during heart development and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Foglia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tahara N, Brush M, Kawakami Y. Cell migration during heart regeneration in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:774-87. [PMID: 27085002 PMCID: PMC5839122 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish possess the remarkable ability to regenerate injured hearts as adults, which contrasts the very limited ability in mammals. Although very limited, mammalian hearts do in fact have measurable levels of cardiomyocyte regeneration. Therefore, elucidating mechanisms of zebrafish heart regeneration would provide information of naturally occurring regeneration to potentially apply to mammalian studies, in addition to addressing this biologically interesting phenomenon in itself. Studies over the past 13 years have identified processes and mechanisms of heart regeneration in zebrafish. After heart injury, pre-existing cardiomyocytes dedifferentiate, enter the cell cycle, and repair the injured myocardium. This process requires interaction with epicardial cells, endocardial cells, and vascular endothelial cells. Epicardial cells envelope the heart, while endocardial cells make up the inner lining of the heart. They provide paracrine signals to cardiomyocytes to regenerate the injured myocardium, which is vascularized during heart regeneration. In addition, accumulating results suggest that local migration of these major cardiac cell types have roles in heart regeneration. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of various heart injury methods used in the research community and regeneration of the major cardiac cell types. Then, we discuss local migration of these cardiac cell types and immune cells during heart regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 245:774-787, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Tahara
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Brush
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zebrowski DC, Becker R, Engel FB. Towards regenerating the mammalian heart: challenges in evaluating experimentally induced adult mammalian cardiomyocyte proliferation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1045-54. [PMID: 26921436 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in research aimed at regenerating the mammalian heart by promoting endogenous cardiomyocyte proliferation. Despite many encouraging successes, it remains unclear if we are any closer to achieving levels of mammalian cardiomyocyte proliferation for regeneration as seen during zebrafish regeneration. Furthermore, current cardiac regenerative approaches do not clarify whether the induced cardiomyocyte proliferation is an epiphenomena or responsible for the observed improvement in cardiac function. Moreover, due to the lack of standardized protocols to determine cardiomyocyte proliferation in vivo, it remains unclear if one mammalian regenerative factor is more effective than another. Here, we discuss current methods to identify and evaluate factors for the induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation and challenges therein. Addressing challenges in evaluating adult cardiomyocyte proliferation will assist in determining 1) which regenerative factors should be pursued in large animal studies; 2) if a particular level of cell cycle regulation presents a better therapeutic target than another (e.g., mitogenic receptors vs. cyclins); and 3) which combinatorial approaches offer the greatest likelihood of success. As more and more regenerative studies come to pass, progress will require a system that not only can evaluate efficacy in an objective manner but can also consolidate observations in a meaningful way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Zebrowski
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Becker
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alkass K, Panula J, Westman M, Wu TD, Guerquin-Kern JL, Bergmann O. No Evidence for Cardiomyocyte Number Expansion in Preadolescent Mice. Cell 2016; 163:1026-36. [PMID: 26544945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of cardiomyocyte generation in the adult heart has been heavily debated. A recent report suggests that during mouse preadolescence, cardiomyocyte proliferation leads to a 40% increase in the number of cardiomyocytes. Such an expansion would change our understanding of heart growth and have far-reaching implications for cardiac regeneration. Here, using design-based stereology, we found that cardiomyocyte proliferation accounted for 30% of postnatal DNA synthesis; however, we were unable to detect any changes in cardiomyocyte number after postnatal day 11. (15)N-thymidine and BrdU analyses provided no evidence for a proliferative peak in preadolescent mice. By contrast, cardiomyocyte multinucleation comprises 57% of postnatal DNA synthesis, followed by cardiomyocyte nuclear polyploidisation, contributing with 13% to DNA synthesis within the second and third postnatal weeks. We conclude that the majority of cardiomyocytes is set within the first postnatal week and that this event is followed by two waves of non-replicative DNA synthesis. This Matters Arising paper is in response to Naqvi et al. (2014), published in Cell. See also the associated Correspondence by Soonpaa et al. (2015), and the response by Naqvi et al. (2015), published in this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanar Alkass
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Forensic Medicine, The National Board of Forensic Medicine, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joni Panula
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Westman
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ting-Di Wu
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-91405 Orsay, France; INSERM, U1196; CNRS, UMR9187, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guerquin-Kern
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-91405 Orsay, France; INSERM, U1196; CNRS, UMR9187, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olaf Bergmann
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Putting together the clues of the everlasting neuro-cardiac liaison. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1904-15. [PMID: 26778332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the late embryonic development, the sympathetic nervous system extensively innervates the heart and modulates its activity during the entire lifespan. The distribution of myocardial sympathetic processes is finely regulated by the secretion of limiting amounts of pro-survival neurotrophic factors by cardiac cells. Norepinephrine release by the neurons rapidly modulates myocardial electrophysiology, and increases the rate and force of cardiomyocyte contractions. Sympathetic processes establish direct interaction with cardiomyocytes, characterized by the presence of neurotransmitter vesicles and reduced cell-cell distance. Whether such contacts have a functional role in both neurotrophin- and catecholamine-dependent communication between the two cell types, is poorly understood. In this review we will address the effects of the sympathetic neuron activity on the myocardium and the hypothesis that the direct neuro-cardiac contact might have a key role both in norepinephrine and neurotrophin mediated signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
Collapse
|