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Shi JT, Cao WY, Zhang XN, Wan HY, Su YS, Qu ZY, Wang R, He W, Jing XH, Wang XY. Local analgesia of electroacupuncture is mediated by the recruitment of neutrophils and released β-endorphins. Pain 2023; 164:1965-1975. [PMID: 37027145 PMCID: PMC10436362 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The efficacy of acupuncture in treating pain diseases has been recognized in clinical practice, and its mechanism of action has been a hot topic in academic acupuncture research. Previous basic research on acupuncture analgesia has focused mostly on the nervous system, with few studies addressing the immune system as a potential pathway of acupuncture analgesia. In this study, we investigated the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the β-endorphins (β-END) content, END-containing leukocyte type and number, sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), and chemokine gene expression in inflamed tissues. To induce inflammatory pain, about 200 µL of complete Frester adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the unilateral medial femoral muscle of adult Wistar rats. Electroacupuncture treatment was performed for 3 days beginning on day 4 after CFA injection, with parameters of 2/100 Hz, 2 mA, and 30 minutes per treatment. The weight-bearing experiment and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that EA treatment significantly relieved spontaneous pain-like behaviors and increased the level of β-END in inflamed tissue. Injection of anti-END antibody in inflamed tissue blocked this analgesic effect. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining revealed that the EA-induced increase in β-END was derived from opioid-containing ICAM-1 + /CD11b + immune cells in inflamed tissue. In addition, EA treatment increased the NE content and expression of β2 adrenergic receptor (ADR-β2) in inflammatory tissues and upregulated Cxcl1 and Cxcl6 gene expression levels. These findings provide new evidence for the peripheral analgesic effect of acupuncture treatment by recruiting β-END-containing ICAM-1 + /CD11b + immune cells and increasing the β-END content at the site of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-tao Shi
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang 332005, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wan-ying Cao
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Ye Wan
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Shuai Su
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Qu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Jing
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Progress in neuroimmunology established that the nervous and the immune systems are two functionally related physiological systems. Unique sensory and immune receptors enable them to control interactions of the organism with the inner and the outer worlds. Both systems undergo an experience-driven selection process during their ontogeny. They share the same mediators/neurotransmitters and use synapses for intercellular communication. They keep a memory of previous experiences. Immune cells can affect nervous cells, nervous cells can affect immune cells, and they regulate each other. I however argue that the two systems differ by three major points: 1) Unlike the nervous system, the immune system has a loose anatomical structure, in which molecular and cellular events mostly occur at random; 2) The immune system can respond to molecules of the living world whereas the nervous system can respond to phenomena of the physical world; 3) Responses of the immune system act both on the organism and on the stimulus that triggered the response, whereas responses of the nervous system act on the organism only. The nervous and the immune systems therefore appear as two complementary systems of relations that closely work together, and whose reactivities are well-suited to deal with physical and biological stimuli, respectively. Its ability both to adapt the organism to the living world and to adapt the living world to the organism endows the immune system with powerful adaptive properties that enable the organism to live in peace with itself and with other living beings, whether pathogens or commensals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Daëron
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université-CNRS-Inserm, Marseille, France
- Institut Pasteur-Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut d’histoire et de philosophie des sciences et des techniques, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne-CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Marc Daëron,
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Xiao S, Lu Z, Steinhoff M, Li Y, Buhl T, Fischer M, Chen W, Cheng W, Zhu R, Yan X, Yang H, Liu Y, Dou Y, Wang W, Wang J, Meng J. Innate immune regulates cutaneous sensory IL-13 receptor alpha 2 to promote atopic dermatitis. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:28-39. [PMID: 34391816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance and regulators of IL-13Rα2 in itch and atopic dermatitis (AD) remain unclear. To identify disease-driven regulatory circuits of IL-13Rα2, transcriptomic/pathological analysis was performed in skin from patients with AD, psoriasis, healthy subjects, and murine AD model. Functionality was investigated in sensory neurons, keratinocytes and animal model, by using knockdown (KD), calcium imaging, RNA-seq, cytokine arrays, pharmacological assays, and behavioural investigations. In our study, an upregulated IL-13Rα2 expression was revealed in skin of AD patients, but not psoriasis, in a disease activity-dependent manner. In cultured human keratinocytes, IL-13 increased IL-13Rα2 transcription levels, and this were downregulated by IL-13Rα1KD. IL-13Rα2KD reduced transcription levels of EDNRA, CCL20, CCL26. In contrast, sensory neuron-derived IL-13Rα2 was upregulated by TLR2 heterodimer agonists, Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1. In a mouse cheek model, pre-administration of Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1 enhanced IL-13-elicited scratching behaviour. Consistently, in cultured sensory neurons Pam3CSK4 enhanced IL-13-elicted calcium transients, increased number of responders, and orchestrated chemerin, CCL17 and CCL22 release. These release was inhibited by IL-13Rα2KD. Collectively, IL-13 regulates keratinocyte-derived IL-13Rα2 and TLR2 to modulate neuronal IL-13Rα2, thereby promoting neurogenic inflammation and exacerbating AD and itch. Thus, the cutaneous IL-13-IL-13Rα2 and neuronal TLR2-IL-13Rα2 pathway represent important targets to treat AD and itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Zhiping Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Qatar University, College of Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Yanqing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Fischer
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Wenke Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Renkai Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Xinrong Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Yu Dou
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Wanzhi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Jiafu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China; School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Jianghui Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China; National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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