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Mallah A, Stojkova K, Cohen RN, Abu-Lail N, Brey EM, Gonzalez Porras MA. Atomic force microscopy characterization of white and beige adipocyte differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024:10.1007/s11626-024-00925-z. [PMID: 38831186 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an essential role in systemic metabolism with white adipose tissue (WAT) making up most of the tissue and being involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and brown and beige adipose tissue (BAT) exhibiting thermogenic activity. There is promise in the conversion of white adipocytes into beige ones as a therapeutic potential to control and enhance systemic metabolism, but it is difficult to maintain this transformation in vivo because we do not fully understand the mechanism of conversion. In this study, we applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to characterize beige or white adipocytes during the process of differentiation for morphology, roughness, adhesion, and elasticity at different time points. As cells differentiated to white and beige adipocytes, they exhibited morphological changes as they lipid loaded, transitioning from flattened elongated cells to a rounded shape indicating adipogenesis. While there was an initial decrease in elasticity for both beige and white adipocytes, white adipocytes exhibited a higher elasticity than beige adipocytes at all time points. Beige and white adipogenesis exhibited a decrease in adhesion energy compared to preadipocytes, yet at day 12, white adipocytes had a significant increase in adhesion energy compared to beige adipocytes. This work shows significant differences in the mechanical properties of white vs. beige adipocytes during differentiation. Results from this study contribute to a better understanding of the differentiation of adipocytes which are vital to the therapeutic induction, engineered models, and maintenance of beige adipocytes as a potential approach for enhancing systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Mallah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Katerina Stojkova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ronald N Cohen
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nehal Abu-Lail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maria A Gonzalez Porras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Wang D, Kuang Y, Zhang G, Xiao K, Liu Y. Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 in Energy Metabolism: A Novel Target for Obesity. J Nutr 2022; 152:1611-1620. [PMID: 35380692 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity develops from an imbalance of energy homeostasis and is associated with the development of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms and effective therapeutic approaches is highly needed. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), an flavin adenine dinucletide-dependent amine oxidase, is implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis, stem cell fate decisions, and embryonic development. Recent studies have suggested a vital role of LSD1 in regulating adaptive thermogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose, and lipid metabolism. More recently, LSD1 activity was found to be regulated by nutrients, energy status, and hormonal signals, suggesting that it may act as a novel sensor for nutritional regulation of metabolic health. Here, we first discuss the effects of LSD1 on physiological phenotypes, including body weight, fat mass, body temperature, and glucose homeostasis. We also summarize recent understanding of the physiological roles and underlying mechanisms of LSD1 in controlling metabolic functions of adipose and other tissues. Hopefully, a better understanding of the roles of LSD1 in metabolic regulation may provide new perspectives for the nutritional prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Kuang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Kan Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Liu W, Li D, Cao H, Li H, Wang Y. Expansion and inflammation of white adipose tissue - focusing on adipocyte progenitors. Biol Chem 2020; 402:123-132. [PMID: 33544474 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an important organ in our body, participating not only in energy metabolism but also immune regulation. It is broadly classified as white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues. WAT is highly heterogeneous, composed of adipocytes, various immune, progenitor and stem cells, as well as the stromal vascular populations. The expansion and inflammation of WAT are hallmarks of obesity and play a causal role in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The primary event triggering the inflammatory expansion of WAT remains unclear. The present review focuses on the role of adipocyte progenitors (APS), which give rise to specialized adipocytes, in obesity-associated WAT expansion, inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dahui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Handi Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haoyun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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