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Gasparrini M, Giovannuzzi S, Nocentini A, Raffaelli N, Supuran CT. Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in cancer: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38861278 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2367006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from nicotinamide. In addition to its role as essential redox cofactor, NAD also functions as a substrate for NAD-consuming enzymes, regulating multiple cellular processes such as DNA repair and gene expression, fundamental to sustain energetic needs for tumor growth. In this sense, NAMPT over-expression represents a common strategy that several tumor types adopt to sustain NAD production. In addition to its enzymatic role, NAMPT behaves as cytokine-like protein with pro-inflammatory function. Increasing evidence demonstrated that NAMPT inhibition represents a promising anti-cancer strategy to deplete NAD and impair cellular metabolism in cancer conditions. AREAS COVERED By using Espacenet, we collected the patents which identified new molecules, compounds, formulations and methods able to inhibit NAMPT from 2007 to date. EXPERT OPINION Most of the collected patents focused the attention on the ability of different compounds to inhibit the enzymatic activity of NAMPT, lacking other important aspects related to the extracellular role of NAMPT and the ability of alternative enzymes to counteract NAMPT-mediated NAD depletion. It is necessary to consider also these aspects to promote novel strategies and create novel inhibitors and molecules useful as anti-cancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gasparrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Velma G, Krider IS, Alves ETM, Courey JM, Laham MS, Thatcher GRJ. Channeling Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) to Address Life and Death. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5999-6026. [PMID: 38580317 PMCID: PMC11056997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in NAD+ biosynthesis via salvage of NAM formed from catabolism of NAD+ by proteins with NADase activity (e.g., PARPs, SIRTs, CD38). Depletion of NAD+ in aging, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders is addressed by NAD+ supplementation. Conversely, NAMPT inhibitors have been developed for cancer therapy: many discovered by phenotypic screening for cancer cell death have low nanomolar potency in cellular models. No NAMPT inhibitor is yet FDA-approved. The ability of inhibitors to act as NAMPT substrates may be associated with efficacy and toxicity. Some 3-pyridyl inhibitors become 4-pyridyl activators or "NAD+ boosters". NAMPT positive allosteric modulators (N-PAMs) and boosters may increase enzyme activity by relieving substrate/product inhibition. Binding to a "rear channel" extending from the NAMPT active site is key for inhibitors, boosters, and N-PAMs. A deeper understanding may fulfill the potential of NAMPT ligands to regulate cellular life and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga
Reddy Velma
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Isabella S. Krider
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Erick T. M. Alves
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jenna M. Courey
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Megan S. Laham
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Shen Z, Ratia K, Krider I, Ackerman-Berrier M, Penton C, Musku SR, Gordon-Blake JM, Laham MS, Christie N, Ma N, Fu J, Xiong R, Courey JM, Velma GR, Thatcher GRJ. Synthesis, Optimization, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) Positive Allosteric Modulators (N-PAMs). J Med Chem 2023; 66:16704-16727. [PMID: 38096366 PMCID: PMC10758216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is associated with aging and disease, spurring the study of dietary supplements to replenish NAD+. The catabolism of NAD+ to nicotinamide (NAM) requires the salvage of NAM to replenish cellular NAD+, which relies on the rate-limiting enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Pharmacological activation of NAMPT provides an alternative to dietary supplements. Screening for activators of NAMPT identified small molecule NAMPT positive allosteric modulators (N-PAMs). N-PAMs bind to the rear channel of NAMPT increasing enzyme activity and alleviating feedback inhibition by NAM and NAD+. Synthesis of over 70 N-PAMs provided an excellent correlation between rear channel binding affinity and potency for enzyme activation, confirming the mechanism of allosteric activation via binding to the rear channel. The mechanism accounts for higher binding affinity leading to loss of efficacy. Enzyme activation translated directly to elevation of NAD+ measured in cells. Optimization led to an orally bioavailable N-PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Shen
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kiira Ratia
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Research
Resources Center, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Isabella Krider
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Colleges of Science and Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Martha Ackerman-Berrier
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Christopher Penton
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Soumya Reddy Musku
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jesse M. Gordon-Blake
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Megan S. Laham
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Colleges of Science and Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nicholas Christie
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Colleges of Science and Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nina Ma
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jiqiang Fu
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jenna M. Courey
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Colleges of Science and Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ganga Reddy Velma
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Colleges of Science and Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Bhasin S, Seals D, Migaud M, Musi N, Baur JA. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Aging Biology: Potential Applications and Many Unknowns. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:1047-1073. [PMID: 37364580 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has unveiled an expansive role of NAD+ in cellular energy generation, redox reactions, and as a substrate or cosubstrate in signaling pathways that regulate health span and aging. This review provides a critical appraisal of the clinical pharmacology and the preclinical and clinical evidence for therapeutic effects of NAD+ precursors for age-related conditions, with a particular focus on cardiometabolic disorders, and discusses gaps in current knowledge. NAD+ levels decrease throughout life; age-related decline in NAD+ bioavailability has been postulated to be a contributor to many age-related diseases. Raising NAD+ levels in model organisms by administration of NAD+ precursors improves glucose and lipid metabolism; attenuates diet-induced weight gain, diabetes, diabetic kidney disease, and hepatic steatosis; reduces endothelial dysfunction; protects heart from ischemic injury; improves left ventricular function in models of heart failure; attenuates cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders; and increases health span. Early human studies show that NAD+ levels can be raised safely in blood and some tissues by oral NAD+ precursors and suggest benefit in preventing nonmelanotic skin cancer, modestly reducing blood pressure and improving lipid profile in older adults with obesity or overweight; preventing kidney injury in at-risk patients; and suppressing inflammation in Parkinson disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical pharmacology, metabolism, and therapeutic mechanisms of NAD+ precursors remain incompletely understood. We suggest that these early findings provide the rationale for adequately powered randomized trials to evaluate the efficacy of NAD+ augmentation as a therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat metabolic disorders and age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalender Bhasin
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marie Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of Southern Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Dhuguru J, Dellinger RW, Migaud ME. Defining NAD(P)(H) Catabolism. Nutrients 2023; 15:3064. [PMID: 37447389 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary vitamin B3 components, such as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, are precursors to the ubiquitous redox cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). NAD+ levels are thought to decline with age and disease. While the drivers of this decline remain under intense investigation, strategies have emerged seeking to functionally maintain NAD+ levels through supplementation with NAD+ biosynthetic intermediates. These include marketed products, such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and its phosphorylated form (NMN). More recent developments have shown that NRH (the reduced form of NR) and its phosphorylated form NMNH also increases NAD+ levels upon administration, although they initially generate NADH (the reduced form of NAD+). Other means to increase the combined levels of NAD+ and NADH, NAD(H), include the inhibition of NAD+-consuming enzymes or activation of biosynthetic pathways. Multiple studies have shown that supplementation with an NAD(H) precursor changes the profile of NAD(H) catabolism. Yet, the pharmacological significance of NAD(H) catabolites is rarely considered although the distribution and abundance of these catabolites differ depending on the NAD(H) precursor used, the species in which the study is conducted, and the tissues used for the quantification. Significantly, some of these metabolites have emerged as biomarkers in physiological disorders and might not be innocuous. Herein, we review the known and emerging catabolites of the NAD(H) metabolome and highlight their biochemical and physiological function as well as key chemical and biochemical reactions leading to their formation. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for analytical methods that inform on the full NAD(H) metabolome since the relative abundance of NAD(H) catabolites informs how NAD(H) precursors are used, recycled, and eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Dhuguru
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | | | - Marie E Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
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