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Rubio-Valle J, Valencia C, Sánchez-Carrillo MC, Martín-Alfonso JE, Franco JM. Valorization of Kraft Lignins from Different Poplar Genotypes as Vegetable Oil Structuring Agents via Electrospinning for Biolubricant Applications. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:12260-12269. [PMID: 39148519 PMCID: PMC11323950 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c05013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
This work explores the use of Kraft lignins sourced from different poplar genotypes (Populus alba L. "PO-10-10-20" and Populus × canadensis "Ballotino") isolated by selective acid precipitation (at pHs 5 and 2.5) to produce electrospun nanostructures that can be further employed for structuring vegetable oils. This approach offers a new avenue for converting these waste materials into high-value-added ingredients of eco-friendly structured lubricants. Electrospinning of poplar Kraft lignin (PKL)/cellulose acetate (CA) solutions yielded homogeneous beaded nanofiber mats that were able to generate stable dispersions when they were blended with different vegetable oils (castor, soybean, and high-oleic sunflower oils). Electrospun PKL/CA nanofiber mats with larger average fiber diameters were achieved using the lignins isolated at pH 5. Dispersions of PKL/CA nanofibers in vegetable oils presented gel-like viscoelastic characteristics and shear-thinning flow behavior, which slightly differ depending on the nanofiber morphological properties and can be tuned by selecting the poplar lignin genotype and precipitation pH. The rheological properties and tribological performance of PKL/CA nanofibers suitably dispersed in vegetable oils were found to be comparable to those obtained for conventional lubricating greases. Additionally, lignin nanofibers confer suitable oxidative stability to the ultimate formulations to different extents depending on the vegetable oil used.
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Affiliation(s)
- José
F. Rubio-Valle
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Sánchez-Carrillo
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - José E. Martín-Alfonso
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - José M. Franco
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
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2
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A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193974. [PMID: 36235923 PMCID: PMC9572835 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the description of the main processes and materials used for the formulation of rigid polymer foams. Polyurethanes and their derivatives, as well as phenolic systems, are described, and their main components, foaming routes, end of life, and recycling are considered. Due to environmental concerns and the need to find bio-based alternatives for these products, special attention is given to a recent class of polymeric foams: tannin-based foams. In addition to their formulation and foaming procedures, their main structural, thermal, mechanical, and fire resistance properties are described in detail, with emphasis on their advanced applications and recycling routes. These systems have been shown to possess very interesting properties that allow them to be considered as potential substitutes for non-renewable rigid polymeric cellular foams.
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3
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Borrero-López AM, Valencia C, Franco JM. Lignocellulosic Materials for the Production of Biofuels, Biochemicals and Biomaterials and Applications of Lignocellulose-Based Polyurethanes: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:881. [PMID: 35267704 PMCID: PMC8912558 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review is devoted to the description of the state-of-the-art techniques and procedures concerning treatments and modifications of lignocellulosic materials in order to use them as precursors for biomaterials, biochemicals and biofuels, with particular focus on lignin and lignin-based products. Four different main pretreatment types are outlined, i.e., thermal, mechanical, chemical and biological, with special emphasis on the biological action of fungi and bacteria. Therefore, by selecting a determined type of fungi or bacteria, some of the fractions may remain unaltered, while others may be decomposed. In this sense, the possibilities to obtain different final products are massive, depending on the type of microorganism and the biomass selected. Biofuels, biochemicals and biomaterials derived from lignocellulose are extensively described, covering those obtained from the lignocellulose as a whole, but also from the main biopolymers that comprise its structure, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In addition, special attention has been paid to the formulation of bio-polyurethanes from lignocellulosic materials, focusing more specifically on their applications in the lubricant, adhesive and cushioning material fields. High-performance alternatives to petroleum-derived products have been reported, such as adhesives that substantially exceed the adhesion performance of those commercially available in different surfaces, lubricating greases with tribological behaviour superior to those in lithium and calcium soap and elastomers with excellent static and dynamic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Borrero-López
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (C.V.); (J.M.F.)
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4
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Wang W, Sun S, Hu S, Yang B, He S, Wang R, Zhang L. Unprecedented Strength Polysiloxane-Based Polyurethane for 3D Printing and Shape Memory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3324-3333. [PMID: 34984903 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polysiloxane-based polyurethane (Si-TPU) has been attracting a great deal of attention because of the dual advantages of polysiloxane and polyurethane. However, the strength of Si-TPU with a traditional structure is low, and improvement is urgently needed for diverse applications. Herein, we design a polysiloxane-based soft segment (SS) with two urethane groups at the end of the polysiloxane chain, and then we prepare a series of Si-TPUs through a designed SS, isophorone diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. Such structural design improves the polarity of the SS and endows more regular hydrogen bonds to the polymer molecular chain. As a result, the prepared Si-TPUs exhibit a good microphase separation structure, unprecedentedly high strength, repeatable processing, noncytotoxicity, shape memory properties, and three-dimensional printing capabilities. Moreover, a maximum tensile strength of Si-TPUs can reach 20.3 MPa, exceeding that of other existing Si-based polymer materials. Si-TPUs show great potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Siao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Runguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Lignin-enriched residues from bioethanol production: Chemical characterization, isocyanate functionalization and oil structuring properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:412-423. [PMID: 34871659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignin-enriched waste products from bioethanol production of agriculture residues were tested as structuring agents in castor oil once functionalized with hexamethylene diisocyanate. Cane bagasse, barley and wheat straw were processed through steam explosion, pre-saccharification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). Alternatively, cane bagasse was submitted to steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis (EH). Several Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques were used to characterize both residues and NCO-functionalized counterparts. The β-O-4'/resinol/phenylcoumaran content and hydroxyphenyl/guaiacyl/syringyl distribution depend on biomass source, pretreatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Total hydroxyl content (from 1.23 for cane bagasse to 1.85 for wheat straw residues), aromatic/aliphatic hydroxyl ratio (0.78 for cane bagasse and 0.61 and 0.49 for barley and wheat straw residues, respectively) and S/G ratio (ranging from 0.25 to 0.86) influence the NCO-functionalization and oleogel rheological response. Oleogels obtained with barley straw residues exhibited the highest values of the storage modulus; around 2 × 105 Pa and 104 Pa for 25% and 20% contents, respectively. PSSF process showed weaker modification, leading to softer viscoelastic response compared to EH. These oleogels exhibited rheological properties similar to lubricating greases of different NLGI grades. Therefore, we herein show an integrative protocol for the valorization of lignin-enriched residues from bioethanol production as potential thickeners of lubricating greases.
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6
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Gorbacheva SN, Yadykova AY, Ilyin SO. Rheological and tribological properties of low-temperature greases based on cellulose acetate butyrate gel. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118509. [PMID: 34420754 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new approach to produce biodegradable low-temperature greases, based on cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) that dissolves in the medium of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) at high temperatures and produces a gel during cooling because of phase separation, is proposed. Rheological properties of CAB solutions and gels in a wide temperature range from -80 °C to 160 °C were investigated with characterization of their viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity that arise because of the sol-gel transition of CAB/ATBC systems at 55 °C. CAB gelation reduces the wear coefficient tenfold when using ATBC as a lubricant but leads to a noticeable increase in the friction coefficient. To improve tribological properties of gel greases, additives of various solid particles were used: hexagonal boron nitride, graphite, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The introduction of 10% to 30% additives in a gel grease containing 10% CAB has shown the preference of PTFE at a concentration of 10% for improving grease tribological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Gorbacheva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Y Yadykova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey O Ilyin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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7
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Electrohydrodynamic Processing of PVP-Doped Kraft Lignin Micro- and Nano-Structures and Application of Electrospun Nanofiber Templates to Produce Oleogels. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132206. [PMID: 34279350 PMCID: PMC8271476 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work focuses on the development of lignin micro- and nano-structures obtained by means of electrohydrodynamic techniques aimed to be potentially applicable as thickening or structuring agents in vegetable oils. The micro- and nano-structures used were mainly composed of eucalyptus kraft lignin (EKL), which were doped to some extent with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). EKL/PVP solutions were prepared at different concentrations (10–40 wt.%) and EKL:PVP ratios (95:5–100:0) in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and further physico-chemically and rheologically characterized. Electrosprayed micro-sized particles were obtained from solutions with low EKL/PVP concentrations (10 and 20 wt.%) and/or high EKL:PVP ratios, whereas beaded nanofiber mats were produced by increasing the solution concentration and/or decreasing EKL:PVP ratio, as a consequence of improved extensional viscoelastic properties. EKL/PVP electrospun nanofibers were able to form oleogels by simply dispersing them into castor oil at nanofiber concentrations higher than 15 wt.%. The rheological properties of these oleogels were assessed by means of small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and viscous flow tests. The values of SAOS functions and viscosity depended on both the nanofiber concentration and the morphology of nanofiber templates and resemble those exhibited by commercial lubricating greases made from traditional metallic soaps and mineral oils.
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8
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Control of the aqueous solubility of cellulose by hydroxyl group substitution and its effect on processing. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Borrego M, Martín-Alfonso JE, Sánchez MC, Valencia C, Franco JM. Electrospun lignin-PVP nanofibers and their ability for structuring oil. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:212-221. [PMID: 33737178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This work explores the electrospinnability of low-sulfonate Kraft lignin (LSL)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and the ability of the different micro- and nano-architectures generated to structure castor oil. LSL/PVP solutions were prepared at different concentrations (8-15 wt%) and LSL:PVP ratios (90:10-0:100) and physico-chemically and rheologically characterized. The morphology of electrospun nanostructures mainly depends on the rheological properties of the solution. Electrosprayed nanoparticles or micro-sized particles connected by thin filaments were obtained from solutions with low LSL/PVP concentrations and/or high LSL:PVP ratios, whereas beaded or bead-free nanofibers were produced by increasing concentration and/or decreasing LSL:PVP ratio, due to enhanced extensional viscoelastic properties and non-Newtonian characteristics. Electrospun LSL/PVP nanofibers are able to form oleogels by simply dispersing them into castor oil at concentrations between 10 and 30 wt%. The rheological properties of the oleogels may be tailored by modifying the LSL:PVP ratio and nanofibers content. The potential application of these oleogels as bio-based lubricants was also explored in a tribological cell. Satisfactory friction and wear results are achieved when using oleogels structured by nanofibers mats with enhanced gel-like properties as lubricants. Overall, electrospinning of lignin/PVP solutions can be proposed as a simple and effective method to produce nanofibers for oil structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Borrego
- Pro(2)TecS - Chemical Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad de Huelva, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - José E Martín-Alfonso
- Pro(2)TecS - Chemical Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad de Huelva, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - M Carmen Sánchez
- Pro(2)TecS - Chemical Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad de Huelva, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Pro(2)TecS - Chemical Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad de Huelva, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - José M Franco
- Pro(2)TecS - Chemical Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad de Huelva, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", 21071 Huelva, Spain.
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10
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Borrero-López AM, Valencia C, Blánquez A, Hernández M, Eugenio ME, Franco JM. Cellulose Pulp- and Castor Oil-Based Polyurethanes for Lubricating Applications: Influence of Streptomyces Action on Barley and Wheat Straws. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122822. [PMID: 33261191 PMCID: PMC7761408 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The replacement of mineral oils and non-renewable gelling agents is an imperative requirement for the lubricant industry in the near future. In this framework, cellulose pulp and castor oil are proposed as sustainable substitutes for these components. Biological treatment has been explored and evaluated to enhance the dispersing and thickening properties of cellulose pulp in oil media. Streptomyces sp. MDG147 and MDG301 strains were employed to modify agricultural wheat and barley straw residues from which cellulose pulp was obtained afterwards. In addition, an environmentally friendly process for the production of cellulose-pulp-/castor-oil-based polyurethanes was applied, in which neither catalysts nor harmful solvents were used, resulting in chemical oleogels. These oleogels were rheologically and tribologically characterized to evaluate their performance as lubricating greases. The enzymatic activity pattern developed was dependent on the raw material, the strain type, and the temperature, influencing the cellulose pulp's composition, polymerization degree, and crystallinity. These modified characteristics tuned the rheological behavior of the different oleogels, providing a beneficial range of viscoelastic responses and viscosity values that were generally favored by the Streptomyces action. Furthermore, the friction coefficient and dimensions of wear scars measured in a tribological contact were comparable to, or even lower than, those found with commercial and other bio-based lubricating greases that have previously been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Borrero-López
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (J.M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-959218201
| | - Alba Blánquez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (A.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Manuel Hernández
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (A.B.); (M.H.)
| | - María E. Eugenio
- Forest Research Centre, Forest Products Department, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José M. Franco
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (J.M.F.)
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11
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Evaluation of lignin-enriched side-streams from different biomass conversion processes as thickeners in bio-lubricant formulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1398-1413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Xu CA, Lu M, Wu K, Shi J. Effects of Polyether and Polyester Polyols on the Hydrophobicity and Surface Properties of Polyurethane/Polysiloxane Elastomers. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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13
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Feng X, Wan J, Deng J, Qin W, Zhao N, Luo X, He M, Chen X. Preparation of acrylamide and carboxymethyl cellulose graft copolymers and the effect of molecular weight on the flocculation properties in simulated dyeing wastewater under different pH conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:1142-1156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Shetty P, Mu L, Shi Y. Polyelectrolyte cellulose gel with PEG/water: Toward fully green lubricating grease. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115670. [PMID: 31887933 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing a fully green lubricant is an urgent need due to the growing consciousness of environmental protection and dwindling resources. In this work, fully green gel lubricants were developed out of cellulose derivatives as gelator and mixture of water and poly(ethylene glycol) 200 (PEG 200) as the base fluid. The non-ionic hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and anionic sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) were chosen to understand the effect of ionic and non-ionic gelators on the thermal, rheological and the tribological properties of the gel lubricant. HEC or NaCMC is demonstrated as effective additive to reduce wear, stabilize friction coefficient and enhance the thermal stability of developed lubricants. It is shown that anionic gelator will result in producing lower friction and wear in comparison to non-ionic gelator, which may be attributed to the possible tribo-film formation due to the negative charge in the NaCMC molecules and its larger molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Shetty
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden
| | - Liwen Mu
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
| | - Yijun Shi
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
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15
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Xia T, Huang Y, Lan P, Lan L, Lin N. Physical Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals with a Synthesized Triblock Copolymer and Rheological Thickening in Silicone Oil/Grease. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4457-4465. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, Guangxi, P. R. China
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16
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Abushammala H, Mao J. A Review of the Surface Modification of Cellulose and Nanocellulose Using Aliphatic and Aromatic Mono- and Di-Isocyanates. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152782. [PMID: 31370227 PMCID: PMC6695919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose has been subjected to a wide range of chemical modifications towards increasing its potential in certain fields of interest. These modifications either modulated the chemistry of the nanocellulose itself or introduced certain functional groups onto its surface, which varied from simple molecules to polymers. Among many, aliphatic and aromatic mono- and di-isocyanates are a group of chemicals that have been used for a century to modify cellulose. Despite only being used recently with nanocellulose, they have shown great potential as surface modifiers and chemical linkers to graft certain functional chemicals and polymers onto the nanocellulose surface. This review discusses the modification of cellulose and nanocellulose using isocyanates including phenyl isocyanate (PI), octadecyl isocyanate (OI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), and their derivatives and polymers. It also presents the most commonly used nanocellulose modification strategies including their advantages and disadvantages. It finally discusses the challenges of using isocyanates, in general, for nanocellulose modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Abushammala
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research (WKI), Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jia Mao
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research (WKI), Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
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17
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Chen CH, Chiang CL. Preparation and Characteristics of an Environmentally Friendly Hyperbranched Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Hybrid Containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silicon. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040720. [PMID: 31010246 PMCID: PMC6523784 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NCO functional group of 3-isocyanatoproplytriethoxysilane (IPTS) and the OH functional group of 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10H-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenantbrene-10-oxide (DOPO-BQ) were used to conduct an addition reaction. Following completion of the reaction, triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) was introduced to conduct a ring-opening reaction. Subsequently, a sol–gel method was used to initiate a hydrolysis–condensation reaction on TGIC–IPTS–DOPO-BQ to form a hyperbranched nitrogen–phosphorous–silicon (HBNPSi) flame retardant. This flame retardant was incorporated into a polyurethane (PU) matrix to prepare a hybrid material. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and Raman analysis were conducted to characterize the structure and analyze the transparency, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and residual char to understand the flame retardant mechanism of the prepared hybrid material. After the flame retardant was added, the maximum degradation rate decreased from −36 to −17 wt.%/min, the integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) increased from 348 to 488 °C, and the char yield increased from 0.7 to 8.1 wt.%. The aforementioned results verified that the thermal stability of PU can be improved after adding HBNPSi. The LOI analysis indicated that the pristine PU was flammable because the LOI of pristine PU was only 19. When the content of added HBNPSi was 40%, the LOI value was 26; thus the PU hybrid became nonflammable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei City 11114, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Lung Chiang
- Green Flame Retardant Material Research Laboratory, Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
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18
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Improving Thermal Stability of Polyurethane through the Addition of Hyperbranched Polysiloxane. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040697. [PMID: 30995825 PMCID: PMC6523278 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane with hydroxy groups was functionalized to form functionalized polydimethylsiloxane, which subsequently underwent an addition reaction with isophorone diisocyanate to form the prepolymer. Next, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) reacted with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) to produce bridged polysilsesquioxanes, and sol-gel technology was employed to form hyperbranched polysiloxane nanoparticles with hydroxy groups, APTS-GPTS, which was used as the additive. The hyperbranched polysiloxane and the prepolymer containing NCO functional groups then underwent an addition reaction to produce the hybrid materials. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance were used to characterize the structure of the polyurethane hybrid. Regarding thermal stability, after the hyperbranched polysiloxane nanoparticles was introduced, the integral procedural decomposition temperature increased from 348 °C for polyurethane matrix to 859 °C for the hybrid material. The results reveal that the thermal stability of the hybrid material substantially increased by approximately 247%.
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19
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Cortés-Triviño E, Valencia C, Delgado M, Franco J. Rheology of epoxidized cellulose pulp gel-like dispersions in castor oil: Influence of epoxidation degree and the epoxide chemical structure. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:563-571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Raghunanan LC, Fernandez-Prieto S, Martínez I, Valencia C, Sánchez MC, Franco JM. Molecular insights into the mechanisms of humidity-induced changes on the bulk performance of model castor oil derived polyurethane adhesives. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Pang L, Gao Z, Feng H, Wang S, Ma R, Zhou B, Hu S, Jin K. Synthesis of a fluorescent ethyl cellulose membrane with application in monitoring 1-naphthylacetic acid from controlled release formula. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:160-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Ness C, Xing Z, Eiser E. Oscillatory rheology of dense, athermal suspensions of nearly hard spheres below the jamming point. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3664-3674. [PMID: 28451674 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The viscosity of a dense suspension has contributions from hydrodynamics and particle interactions, both of which depend upon the flow-induced arrangement of particles into fragile structures. Here, we study the response of nearly hard sphere suspensions to oscillatory shear using simulations and experiments in the athermal, non-inertial limit. Three distinct regimes are observed as a function of the strain amplitude γ0. For γ0 < 10-1, initially non-contacting particles remain separated and the suspension behaves similarly to a Newtonian fluid, with the shear stress proportional to the strain rate, and the normal stresses close to zero. For γ0 > 101, the microstructure becomes well-established at the beginning of each shear cycle and the rheology is quasi-Newtonian: the shear stress varies with the rate, but flow-induced structures lead to non-zero normal stresses. At intermediate γ0, particle-particle contacts break and reform across entire oscillatory cycles, and we probe a non-linear regime that reveals the fragility of the material. Guided by these features, we further show that oscillatory shear may serve as a diagnostic tool to isolate specific stress contributions in dense suspensions, and more generally in those materials whose rheology has contributions with both hydrodynamic and non-hydrodynamic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ness
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Zhongyang Xing
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Erika Eiser
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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23
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Tenorio-Alfonso A, Sánchez MC, Franco JM. Preparation, Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Bio-Based Polyurethane Adhesives from Isocyanate-Functionalized Cellulose Acetate and Castor Oil for Bonding Wood. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E132. [PMID: 30970811 PMCID: PMC6431933 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, different types of natural carbohydrates such as sugars, starch, cellulose and their derivatives are widely used as renewable raw materials. Vegetable oils are also considered as promising raw materials to be used in the synthesis of high quality products in different applications, including in the adhesive field. According to this, several bio-based formulations with adhesion properties were synthesized first by inducing the functionalization of cellulose acetate with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate and then mixing the resulting biopolymer with a variable amount of castor oil, from 20% to 70% (wt). These bio-based adhesives were mechanically characterized by means of small-amplitude oscillatory torsion measurements, at different temperatures, and standardized tests to evaluate tension loading (ASTM-D906) and peel strength (ASTM-D903). In addition, thermal properties and stability of the synthesized bio-polyurethane formulations were also analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. As a result, the performance of these bio-polyurethane products as wood adhesives were compared and analyzed. Bio-polyurethane formulations exhibited a simple thermo-rheological behavior below a critical temperature of around 80⁻100 °C depending on the castor oil/cellulose acetate weight ratio. Formulation with medium castor oil/biopolymer weight ratio (50:50 % wt) showed the most suitable mechanical properties and adhesion performance for bonding wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Tenorio-Alfonso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen, Campus ceiA3, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Sánchez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen, Campus ceiA3, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| | - José M Franco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen, Campus ceiA3, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
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24
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Borrero-López A, Valencia C, Franco J. Rheology of lignin-based chemical oleogels prepared using diisocyanate crosslinkers: Effect of the diisocyanate and curing kinetics. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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