Mutual diffusion coefficients from NMR imaging

Determination of self-diffusion coefficients in mixtures with benchtop 13C NMR spectroscopy via polarization transfer

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an established method to determine self-diffusion coefficients in liquids with high precision. The development of benchtop NMR spectrometers makes the method accessible to a wider community. In most cases, 1H NMR spectroscopy is used to determine self-diffusion coefficients due to its high sensitivity. However, especially when using benchtop NMR spectrometers for the investigation of complex mixtures, the signals in 1H NMR spectra can overlap, hindering the precise determination of self-diffusion coefficients. In 13C NMR spectroscopy, the signals of different compounds are generally well resolved. However, the sensitivity of 13C NMR is significantly lower than that of 1H NMR spectroscopy leading to very long measurement times, which makes diffusion coefficient measurements based on 13C NMR practically infeasible with benchtop NMR spectrometers. To circumvent this problem, we have combined two known pulse sequences, one for polarization transfer from 1H to the 13C nuclei (PENDANT) and one for the measurement of diffusion coefficients (PFG). The new method (PENPFG) was used to measure the self-diffusion coefficients of three pure solvents (acetonitrile, ethanol and 1-propanol) as well as in all their binary mixtures and the ternary mixture at various compositions. For comparison, also measurements of the same systems were carried out with a standard PFG-NMR routine on a high-field NMR instrument. The results are in good agreement and show that PENPFG is a useful tool for the measurement of the absolute value of the self-diffusion coefficients in complex liquid mixtures with benchtop NMR spectrometers.

Absorption of pressurized methane in normal and supercooled p-xylene revealed via high-resolution neutron imaging

Supercooling of liquids leads to peculiarities which are scarcely studied under high-pressure conditions. Here, we report the surface tension, solubility, diffusivity, and partial molar volume for normal and supercooled liquid solutions of methane with p-xylene. Liquid bodies of perdeuterated p-xylene (p-C₈D₁₀), and, for comparison, o-xylene (o-C₈D₁₀), were exposed to pressurized methane (CH₄, up to 101 bar) at temperatures ranging 7.0-30.0 °C and observed at high spatial resolution (pixel size 20.3 μm) using a non-tactile neutron imaging method. Supercooling led to the increase of diffusivity and partial molar volume of methane. Solubility and surface tension were insensitive to supercooling, the latter substantially depended on methane pressure. Overall, neutron imaging enabled to reveal and quantify multiple phenomena occurring in supercooled liquid p-xylene solutions of methane under pressures relevant to the freeze-out in the production of liquefied natural gas.