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Um M, Fan L, Jones OAH, Roddick F. A comparative study of programs to predict direct photolysis rates in wastewater systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168921. [PMID: 38040346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are known to photodegrade in the surface layers of natural waters and wastewater systems. Computer programs such as GCSolar, ABIWAS, APEX, EXAMS and WASP model the direct photolysis rates and half-lives of CECs, usually as a function of the solar irradiance, water molar light extinction, chemical molar light absorption and reaction quantum yield. These programs have been used extensively for studies in natural water systems in the northern hemisphere. However, their applicability to wastewater treatment systems such as waste stabilisation ponds and/or southern hemisphere conditions is not well studied. Here we present a comparative review of the major software used and their potential applicability to predicting direct photolysis rates and half-lives in wastewater. The newer equivalent monochromatic wavelength, approach, which enables the approximation of polychromatic photodegradation via a monochromatic wavelength is also discussed. Current software appears to be less suitable for modelling photodegradation in wastewater systems in the southern hemisphere than the northern hemisphere as their internal databases are based on data from natural waters in the northern hemisphere. This may be because there have been few attempts to model CEC photolysis in wastewater systems, particularly in the southern hemisphere. This indicates that either new software needs to be developed, or these programs need to be updated with data on wastewater matrices and/or the southern hemisphere. We anticipate this review will promote the adaptation of these programs as tools to further the understanding CEC photodegradation in wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Um
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Linhua Fan
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Felicity Roddick
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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Katagi T. Direct photolysis mechanism of pesticides in water. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2018; 43:57-72. [PMID: 30363143 PMCID: PMC6140697 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation is one of the most important abiotic transformations for pesticides in the aquatic environment, and the high energy of sunlight causes characteristic reactions such as bond scission, cyclization, and rearrangement, which are scarcely observed in hydrolysis and microbial degradation. This review deals with direct photolysis via excitation of a pesticide by absorbing natural or artificial sunlight in order to know its basic photochemistry, and indirect photolysis meaning either sensitization by dissolved organic matters or oxidation by reactive oxygen species is basically excluded. Several experimental approaches including spectroscopic techniques together with theoretical calculations are first discussed from the viewpoint of the reaction mechanisms in direct photolysis. Then, the typical photoreactions of pesticides are summarized by chemical classes and/or functional groups and discussed as far as possible in relation to their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Katagi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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Celeiro M, Facorro R, Dagnac T, Vilar VJP, Llompart M. Photodegradation of multiclass fungicides in the aquatic environment and determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19181-19193. [PMID: 28664491 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation behaviour for nine widespread fungicides (benalaxyl, cyprodinil, dimethomorph, fenhexamide, iprovalicarb, kresoxim-methyl, metalaxyl, myclobutanil and tebuconazole) was evaluated in different types of water. Two different systems, direct UV photolysis and UVC/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP), were applied for the photodegradation tests. For the monitoring of the target compound degradation, a method based on direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. Several fungicide photodegradation by-products were tentatively identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) as well. For the photolysis studies, the efficiency of different types of radiation, UVC (λ = 254 nm) and UVA (λ = 365 nm), was compared. UVC photolysis provided the highest removal with a complete degradation for fenhexamide and kresoxim-methyl, and percentages between 48 and 78% for the other compounds, excluding iprovalicarb and myclobutanil with removals <35%, after 30 min of irradiation. Besides, the photodegradation tests were performed with different initial concentrations of fungicides, and the efficiency of two photoreactor systems was compared. In all cases, the kinetics followed pseudo-first order, and the half-life times could also be calculated. The addition of H2O2 under UVC light allowed an improvement of the reaction kinetics, especially for the most recalcitrant fungicides, obtaining in all cases removals higher than 82% in less than 6 min. Finally, in order to evaluate the suitability of the proposed systems, both UVC photolysis and UVC/H2O2 system were tested in different real water matrices (wastewater, tap water, swimming pool water and river water), showing that the UVC/H2O2 system had the highest removal efficiency in less than 6 min, for all water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeiro
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rocio Facorro
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Agronomic and Agrarian Research Centre (INGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Agronomic and Agrarian Research Centre (INGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LRSE-LCM), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Llompart
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Lassalle Y, Nicol É, Genty C, Bourcier S, Bouchonnet S. Structural elucidation and estimation of the acute toxicity of the major UV-visible photoproduct of fludioxonil - detection in both skin and flesh samples of grape. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:864-869. [PMID: 26169141 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-visible irradiation of fludioxonil was investigated with two photoreactors using either a mercury or xenon vapor lamp. In both cases, it led to the formation of only one photoproduct in significant amount: 2-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)-2-(nitrosomethylene)-4-oxobutanenitrile, which has been characterized using Liquid Chromatography - High Resolution - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) coupling. A photolysis pathway has been proposed to rationalize its formation in degassed water. In vitro bioassays on Vibrio fischeri bacteria showed that UV-vis irradiation of an aqueous solution of fludioxonil significantly increases its toxicity. Because no other by-product was detected in significant amount, the photoproduct mentioned above may be considered mainly responsible for this increase in toxicity. Grape berries treated with a 50 ppm aqueous solution of fludioxonil were submitted to UV-visible irradiation under laboratory conditions. The fungicide and photoproduct were detected in both skin and flesh of berries, even after they have been rinsed with water. The ability of the photoproduct to pass through the fruit skin is comparable with that of fludioxonil. These results are of concern for consumers because they mean that water tap rinsing does not lead to efficient removing of both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Lassalle
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire - UMR 9168, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Édith Nicol
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire - UMR 9168, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Christophe Genty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire - UMR 9168, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Sophie Bourcier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire - UMR 9168, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire - UMR 9168, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
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Lassalle Y, Kinani A, Rifai A, Souissi Y, Clavaguera C, Bourcier S, Jaber F, Bouchonnet S. UV-visible degradation of boscalid--structural characterization of photoproducts and potential toxicity using in silico tests. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1153-1163. [PMID: 24711278 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Boscalid is a carboximide fungicide mainly used for vineyard protection as well as for tomato, apple, blueberry and various ornamental cultivations. The structural elucidation of by-products arising from the UV-visible photodegradation of boscalid has been investigated by gas chromatography/multi-stage mass spectrometry (GC/MS(n) ) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) couplings. The potential toxicities of transformation products were estimated by in silico calculations. METHODS Aqueous solutions of boscalid were irradiated up to 150 min in a self-made reactor equipped with a mercury lamp. Analyses were carried out using a gas chromatograph coupled with an ion trap mass spectrometer operated in both electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) modes and a liquid chromatograph coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer operated in electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. Multiple-stage collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments were performed to establish dissociation pathways of ions. The QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) T.E.S.T. program allowed the estimation of the toxicities of the by-products. RESULTS Eight photoproducts were investigated. Chemical structures were proposed not only on the interpretation of multi-stage CID experiments, but also on kinetics data. These structures led us to suggest photodegradation pathways. Three photoproducts were finally detected in Lebanon in a real sample of grape leaves for which routine analysis had led to the detection of boscalid at 4 mg kg(-1). CONCLUSIONS With one exception, the structures proposed for the photoproducts on the basis of mass spectra interpretation have not been reported in previous studies. In silico toxicity predictions showed that two photoproducts are potentially more toxic than the parent compound considering oral rat LD50 while five photoproducts may induce mutagenic toxicity. With the exception of one compound, all photoproducts may potentially induce developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Lassalle
- Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels UMR-7651, École Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Lénárt J, Bujna E, Kovács B, Békefi E, Száraz L, Dernovics M. Metabolomic approach assisted high resolution LC-ESI-MS based identification of a xenobiotic derivative of fenhexamid produced by Lactobacillus casei. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8969-8975. [PMID: 23971653 DOI: 10.1021/jf4022493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fenhexamid is a widely used fungicide with one of the highest maximum tolerance limits approved for fruits and vegetables. The goal of this study was to examine if fenhexamid is metabolized by a nontarget organism, a Lactobacillus species (Lactobacillus casei Shirota), a probiotic strain of the human gastrointestinal tract. The assignment of bacterial derivatives of the xenobiotic fenhexamid was substantially facilitated by a metabolomic software based approach optimized for the extraction of molecular features of chlorine-containing compounds from liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry data with an untargeted compound search algorithm. After validating the software with a set of seventeen chlorinated pesticides and manually verifying the result lists, eleven molecular features out of 4363 turned out to be bacterial derivatives of fenhexamid, revealing the O-glycosyl derivative as the most abundant one that arose from the fermentation medium of Lactobacillus casei Shirota in the presence of 100 μg/mL fenhexamid.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Lénárt
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Corvinus University of Budapest , Villányi út 29-43, H-1118, Budapest, Hungary
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Bermúdez-Couso A, Nóvoa-Muñoz JC, Arias-Estévez M, Fernández-Calviño D. Influence of different abiotic and biotic factors on the metalaxyl and carbofuran dissipation. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2526-2533. [PMID: 23218413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metalaxyl and carbofuran dissipation was studied in response to different factors (soil bacterial communities, light irradiation, presence of an inorganic culture medium and presence of soil) and combinations of these factors in short-term experiments (48 h). The soil microbial communities have no effect on metalaxyl or carbofuran dissipation in the time scale employed. Light irradiation and soil promote metalaxyl and carbofuran dissipation by photodegradation and adsorption, respectively. However, photodegradation has a stronger effect on metalaxyl and carbofuran dissipation than the adsorption of the pesticides in the soil. The addition of the culture medium have no direct effect on pesticide dissipation, degradation by microbial communities or adsorption but its presence greatly increased photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alipio Bermúdez-Couso
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo, Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Nóvoa-Muñoz
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo, Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain
| | - Manuel Arias-Estévez
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo, Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Calviño
- Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo, Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain.
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Assessment of silicone as support to investigate the transformation routes of organic chemicals under environmental conditions and UV exposure. Application to selected fungicides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4187-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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