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Yao Y, Ma K, He C, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Fang F, Li S, He H. Urban Surface Ozone Concentration in Mainland China during 2015-2020: Spatial Clustering and Temporal Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3810. [PMID: 36900822 PMCID: PMC10001023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban ozone (O3) pollution in the atmosphere has become increasingly prominent on a national scale in mainland China, although the atmospheric particulate matter pollution has been significantly reduced in recent years. The clustering and dynamic variation characteristics of the O3 concentrations in cities across the country, however, have not been accurately explored at relevant spatiotemporal scales. In this study, a standard deviational ellipse analysis and multiscale geographically weighted regression models were applied to explore the migration process and influencing factors of O3 pollution based on measured data from urban monitoring sites in mainland China. The results suggested that the urban O3 concentration in mainland China reached its peak in 2018, and the annual O3 concentration reached 157 ± 27 μg/m3 from 2015 to 2020. On the scale of the whole Chinese mainland, the distribution of O3 exhibited spatial dependence and aggregation. On the regional scale, the areas of high O3 concentrations were mainly concentrated in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, and other regions. In addition, the standard deviation ellipse of the urban O3 concentration covered the entire eastern part of mainland China. Overall, the geographic center of ozone pollution has a tendency to move to the south with the time variation. The interaction between sunshine hours and other factors (precipitation, NO2, DEM, SO2, PM2.5) significantly affected the variation of urban O3 concentration. In Southwest China, Northwest China, and Central China, the suppression effect of vegetation on local O3 was more obvious than that in other regions. Therefore, this study clarified for the first time the migration path of the gravity center of the urban O3 pollution and identified the key areas for the prevention and control of O3 pollution in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youru Yao
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Cheng He
- Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yuesheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Fengman Fang
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Vuong QT, Park MK, Do TV, Thang PQ, Choi SD. Driving factors to air pollutant reductions during the implementation of intensive controlling policies in 2020 in Ulsan, South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118380. [PMID: 34666098 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation for the controlling policy's effectiveness to mitigate criteria air pollutants (CAPs) in South Korea during December 1, 2019-March 31, 2020 is difficult because of its coincidence with the COVID-19 social distancing. In this study, we differentiated the influence of three major driving factors (intensive controlling policy by the government, meteorological conditions, and social distancing) to the CAP variation in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea. In 2013-2019, the concentrations of PM2.5 (2015-2019), PM10, SO2, and NO2 decreased by 6.7, 1.6, 4.2, and 3.3%/year, respectively, whereas the O3 concentration slightly increased by 0.7%/year. Trend analysis was used to predict the CAP concentrations before (January 1-February 21) and during (February 22-March 31) the social distancing in 2020. The difference between the measured and predicted concentrations was designated as the contribution of the three factors. The controlling policy was the most important driver of the CAP reductions. In particular, its contributions were 94.1% (January 1-February 21) and 87.4% (February 22-March 31) to the PM2.5 decrease. The change in meteorological conditions considerably affected the CAP reductions, with the highest contributions of 35.2% (January 1-February 21) and 39.2% (February 22-March 31) to the O3 decrease. On February 22-March 31, the effects of social distancing were 1.6, 0.6, 1.3, and 1.4% to the reduction of SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5, respectively. Overall, a decrease in the CAP concentrations was apparent during January-March 2020 in Ulsan primarily due to the intensive controlling policies, not by the COVID-19 social distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tran Vuong
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tien Van Do
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Phan Quang Thang
- Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Li B, Ho SSH, Qu L, Gong S, Ho KF, Zhao D, Qi Y, Chan CS. Temporal and spatial discrepancies of VOCs in an industrial-dominant city in China during summertime. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128536. [PMID: 33049507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is currently problematic to cities across the globe. Many non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are efficient O3 precursors. In this study, target volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated VOCs (known as carbonyls), were monitored at eight sampling sites distributed in urban and suburban in the typical and industrial-dominant city of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China. At the suburban sites, C8-C12 alkanes, aromatics with lower reactivity (kOH <13 × 10-12 cm3 mol-1 s-1) and acetonitrile were more abundant than urban ones due to higher emissions from diesel-fueled trucks and biomass burning. In general, higher abundances of total quantified NMHCs (ΣNMHC) were found on high O3 (HO) days. The increments of formaldehyde (C1) and O3 were higher in urban than suburban, while a reverse trend was seen for acetaldehyde (C2). Substantial and local biogenic inputs of C2 were found in suburban in the afternoon when both temperature and light intensity reached maximum of the day. In urban, higher increment was found for O3 than the carbonyls, representing that the secondary formation of O3 was more efficient. Distance decay gradient of most representative NMHCs were positively correlated to the distances from a westernmost industrial origin located at the upwind location. The net loss rates of the NMHCs ranged from -0.009 to -0.11 ppbv km-1, while the higher rates were seen for the most reactive species like C2-C4 alkenes. The results and interpretation of this study are informative to establish efficient local control measures for O3 and the related percussors for the microscale industrial cities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sunling Gong
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China; Center for Atmosphere Watch and Services of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Yijin Qi
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Chi Sing Chan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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Impacts of Regional Transport and Meteorology on Ground-Level Ozone in Windsor, Canada. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated impacts of regional transport and meteorology on ground-level ozone (O3) in the smog season (April–September) during 1996–2015 in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Data from five upwind stations in the US, which are within 310 km (i.e., Allen Park and Lansing in Michigan, Erie, National Trail School, and Delaware in Ohio), were included to assess the regional characteristics of O3. The five US stations showed high degrees of similarity with O3 concentrations in Windsor, with overall strong correlations (r = 0.567–0.876 for hourly O3 and r = 0.587–0.92 for 8 h max O3 concentrations) and a low degree of divergence, indicating that O3 pollution in the study area shares regional characteristics. Meteorological conditions played important roles in O3 levels in Windsor. High O3 concentrations were associated with southerly and southwesterly air mass from which polluted and hot air mass was transported and that enhanced local photochemical O3 production. In contrast, northerly flows brought in clean, cool, and dry air mass, and led to low O3 concentrations. Strong correlations were found between numbers of days with 8 h max O3 concentrations greater than 70 ppb and numbers of days with daily max temperature greater than 30 °C, as well as between daily max temperatures and 8 h max O3 concentrations. Nearly half (45%) of the high O3 days (≥90th percentile) occurred in dry tropical weather during 1996–2015, and the 90th percentile 8 h max O3 was associated with dry tropical weather. Occurrences of both southerly flow hours and dry tropical weather type in the smog season increased during the study period. If there were more hot and dry days in the next few decades due to climate change, the effect of emission control on reducing peak O3 values would be diminished. Therefore, continued regional and international efforts are essential to control precursors’ emissions and to mitigate O3 pollution in Windsor.
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Spatiotemporal Variations and Health Implications of Hazardous Air Pollutants in Ulsan, a Multi-Industrial City in Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We measured a wide range of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) simultaneously at five sites over four seasons in 2009–2010 in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in Korea. Target analytes included volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and heavy metals (HMs). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence and spatiotemporal distributions of HAPs, and to identify important HAPs based on health risk assessment. Industrial emissions affected ambient levels of VOCs and HMs, as demonstrated by spatial distribution analysis. However, concentrations of PAHs and phthalates were relatively uniform at all sites. VOCs and HMs exhibited little seasonal variation, while formaldehyde increased in the summer due to its secondary formation. PAHs exhibited notable seasonal variation; higher in cold seasons and lower in warm seasons. Cumulative cancer risks imposed by 35 HAPs were 4.7 × 10−4 and 1.7 × 10−4 in industrial and residential areas, respectively. The top five major cancer risk drivers appeared to be formaldehyde, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, As, and Co. The sums of hazard quotients (HQ) derived by 47 HAPs were 10.0 (industrial) and 2.4 (residential). As the individual species, only two HAPs exceeded the HQ of 1, which are As (3.1) and Pb (2.1) in the industrial area. This study demonstrated the importance of a comprehensive monitoring and health risk assessment to prioritize potentially toxic pollutants in the ambient air of a large industrial city.
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Kim SJ, Kwon HO, Lee MI, Seo Y, Choi SD. Spatial and temporal variations of volatile organic compounds using passive air samplers in the multi-industrial city of Ulsan, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5831-5841. [PMID: 30613884 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-4032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The source-receptor relationship of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an important environmental concern, particularly in large industrial cities; however, only a few studies have identified VOC sources using high spatial resolution data. In this study, 28 VOCs were monitored in Ulsan, the biggest multi-industrial city in Korea. Passive air samplers were seasonally deployed at eight urban and six industrial sites. The target compounds were detected at all sites. No significant seasonal variations of VOCs were observed probably due to the continuous emissions from major industrial facilities. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and styrene accounted for 66-86% of the concentration of Σ28 VOCs. The spatial distribution of the individual VOCs clearly indicated that petrochemical, automobile, non-ferrous, and shipbuilding industries were major VOC sources. Seasonal wind patterns were found to play a role in the spatial distribution of VOCs. Diagnostic ratios also confirmed that the industrial complexes were the dominant VOC sources. The results of principal component analysis and correlation analyses identified the influence of specific compounds from each industrial complex on individual sites. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report on the seasonal distribution of VOCs with high spatial resolution in a metropolitan industrial city in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Kim
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ok Kwon
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-In Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwon Seo
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Plocoste T, Dorville JF, Monjoly S, Jacoby-Koaly S, André M. Assessment of nitrogen oxides and ground-level ozone behavior in a dense air quality station network: Case study in the Lesser Antilles Arc. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:1278-1300. [PMID: 29708862 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1471428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a study on ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) concentrations, and their variabilities in the ambient air of three sites of a tropical archipelago that is moderately urbanized. Statistical analysis was performed on a quite complete (>80%) set of 5 years of measurements (2008-2012). There are few studies on those pollutants and their seasonal behavior in the Caribbean area, where pollution level and cities configuration are different from megacities. Analyses are focused on pollutant variations at the scale of the day, the week, and the seasons, using hourly data. The observations show that NOx concentrations are more elevated during the wet season, whereas O3 concentrations are higher in the dry season. Amplitudes of ozone cycles are strongly influenced by meteorological conditions (temperature, global radiation, and wind speed) and prevailing levels of NOx. An ozone weekend effect is detected with the highest amplitude in the city, where anthropogenic activity is the lowest during the weekend. Due to the nature and the origin of pollutants, NOx shows higher variability than O3 in the time series. Our results evince the need for continuous measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in order to better quantify their contribution in O3 formation in an insular context where numerous natural sources have been identified. Implications: Statistical analyses of observed NOx and O3 concentrations for 5 years for a typical low industrialized site of the Caribbean area have been done. Air quality for those components is correct based on the standards of the World Health Orgaization, pollutant source spatial distributions, and level of industrialization. Observations show the same patterns as in megacities but also a strong impact of weather conditions and road traffic. Behaviors of O3 cannot be fully explained without VOCs monitoring. Localization and type of AQS should be reconsidered to improve the accuracy of concentrations of the pollutant and better understand their behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Plocoste
- a EA 4539-LARGE (Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Énergies), Département de Physique , Université des Antilles , Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
| | - Jean-François Dorville
- b The Caribbean Geophysical and Numerical Research Group , Baie-Mahault , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
| | - Stéphanie Monjoly
- a EA 4539-LARGE (Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Énergies), Département de Physique , Université des Antilles , Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
| | - Sandra Jacoby-Koaly
- a EA 4539-LARGE (Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Énergies), Département de Physique , Université des Antilles , Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
| | - Maïna André
- a EA 4539-LARGE (Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Énergies), Département de Physique , Université des Antilles , Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
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Spatiotemporal Distribution of PM2.5 and O3 and Their Interaction During the Summer and Winter Seasons in Beijing, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10124519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in PM2.5 and O3, and explored their interaction in the summer and winter seasons in Beijing. To this aim, hourly PM2.5 and O3 data for 35 air quality monitoring sites were analyzed during the summer and winter of 2016. Results suggested that the highest PM2.5 concentration and the lowest O3 concentration were observed at traffic monitoring sites during the two seasons. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) different diurnal variation of PM2.5 was observed between the summer and winter seasons, with higher concentrations during daytime summer and nighttime winter. Diurnal variations of O3 concentrations during the two seasons showed a single peak, occurring at 16:00 and 15:00 in summer and winter, respectively. PM2.5 presented a spatial pattern with higher concentrations in southern Beijing than in northern areas, particularly evident during wintertime. On the contrary, O3 concentrations presented a decreasing spatial trend from the north to the south, particularly evident during summer. In addition, we found that PM2.5 concentrations were positively correlated (p < 0.01, r = 0.57) with O3 concentrations in summer, but negatively correlated (p < 0.01, r = −0.72) with O3 concentrations in winter.
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Jung HC, Moon BK, Wie J. Seasonal changes in surface ozone over South Korea. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00515. [PMID: 29560433 PMCID: PMC5857611 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the surface ozone concentration in the Korean peninsula has been increasing more rapidly than in the past, and seasonal changes are appearing such as increases in the number of ozone alerts in springtime. We examined changes in the timing of annual maximum South Korean O3 levels by fitting a sine function to data from 54 air-quality monitoring sites over a 10-year period (2005–2014). The analytical results show that the date of maximum ozone concentration at 23 points in the last 10 years has been advanced by about 2.1 days per year (E-sites), while the remaining 31 points have been delayed by about 2.5 days per year (L-sites). We attribute these differences to seasonal O3 changes: E-sites show a larger increase in O3 level in March–April (MA) than in June–July (JJ), while L-sites show a larger increase in JJ than in MA. Furthermore, these shifts are significantly larger in magnitude than those reported for Europe and North America. We also examined one possible reason for these seasonal differences: the relationship between O3 and precursors such as NO2 and CO. E-sites showed a rapid decrease in NO2 (NO) concentration in MA over the last decade. As a result, the ozone concentration at E-sites seems to have increased due to the absence of ozone destruction by NOx titration in early spring. In L-Sites, the concentrations of ozone precursors such as NO2 and CO in JJ showed a smaller decrease than those at other sites. Therefore, in L-sites, relatively large amounts of ozone precursors were distributed in JJ, implying that more ozone was generated. We suggest that shifts in the South Korean O3 seasonal cycle are due to changes in early spring and summer NO2 (NO) and CO levels; this should be tested further by modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Chae Jung
- Division of Science Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Moon
- Division of Science Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Jieun Wie
- Division of Science Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
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Huang M, Carmichael GR, Pierce RB, Jo DS, Park RJ, Flemming J, Emmons LK, Bowman KW, Henze DK, Davila Y, Sudo K, Jonson JE, Lund MT, Janssens-Maenhout G, Dentener FJ, Keating TJ, Oetjen H, Payne VH. Impact of intercontinental pollution transport on North American ozone air pollution: an HTAP phase 2 multi-model study. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:5721-5750. [PMID: 29780406 PMCID: PMC5954439 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-5721-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The recent update on the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the ground-level ozone (O3/ can benefit from a better understanding of its source contributions in different US regions during recent years. In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution experiment phase 1 (HTAP1), various global models were used to determine the O3 source-receptor (SR) relationships among three continents in the Northern Hemisphere in 2001. In support of the HTAP phase 2 (HTAP2) experiment that studies more recent years and involves higher-resolution global models and regional models' participation, we conduct a number of regional-scale Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model (STEM) air quality base and sensitivity simulations over North America during May-June 2010. STEM's top and lateral chemical boundary conditions were downscaled from three global chemical transport models' (i.e., GEOS-Chem, RAQMS, and ECMWF C-IFS) base and sensitivity simulations in which the East Asian (EAS) anthropogenic emissions were reduced by 20 %. The mean differences between STEM surface O3 sensitivities to the emission changes and its corresponding boundary condition model's are smaller than those among its boundary condition models, in terms of the regional/period-mean (<10 %) and the spatial distributions. An additional STEM simulation was performed in which the boundary conditions were downscaled from a RAQMS (Realtime Air Quality Modeling System) simulation without EAS anthropogenic emissions. The scalability of O3 sensitivities to the size of the emission perturbation is spatially varying, and the full (i.e., based on a 100% emission reduction) source contribution obtained from linearly scaling the North American mean O3 sensitivities to a 20% reduction in the EAS anthropogenic emissions may be underestimated by at least 10 %. The three boundary condition models' mean O3 sensitivities to the 20% EAS emission perturbations are ~8% (May-June 2010)/~11% (2010 annual) lower than those estimated by eight global models, and the multi-model ensemble estimates are higher than the HTAP1 reported 2001 conditions. GEOS-Chem sensitivities indicate that the EAS anthropogenic NO x emissions matter more than the other EAS O3 precursors to the North American O3, qualitatively consistent with previous adjoint sensitivity calculations. In addition to the analyses on large spatial-temporal scales relative to the HTAP1, we also show results on subcontinental and event scales that are more relevant to the US air quality management. The EAS pollution impacts are weaker during observed O3 exceedances than on all days in most US regions except over some high-terrain western US rural/remote areas. Satellite O3 (TES, JPL-IASI, and AIRS) and carbon monoxide (TES and AIRS) products, along with surface measurements and model calculations, show that during certain episodes stratospheric O3 intrusions and the transported EAS pollution influenced O3 in the western and the eastern US differently. Free-running (i.e., without chemical data assimilation) global models underpredicted the transported background O3 during these episodes, posing difficulties for STEM to accurately simulate the surface O3 and its source contribution. Although we effectively improved the modeled O3 by incorporating satellite O3 (OMI and MLS) and evaluated the quality of the HTAP2 emission inventory with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute-Ozone Monitoring Instrument (KNMI-OMI) nitrogen dioxide, using observations to evaluate and improve O3 source attribution still remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - R. Bradley Pierce
- NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin W. Bowman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Yanko Davila
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kengo Sudo
- Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hilke Oetjen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Vivienne H. Payne
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Falcón-Rodríguez CI, Rosas-Pérez I, Segura-Medina P. Relación de los mecanismos inmunológicos del asma y la contaminación ambiental. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2017. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v65n2.59954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. Se calcula que más de 300 millones de personas alrededor del mundo padecen asma y se estima que para el año 2025 esta cifra se incremente a 400 millones debido a los contaminantes criterio. Sin embargo, dadas sus limitaciones, los estudios epidemiológicos son controversiales sobre la contaminación y el desarrollo de asma.Objetivos. Describir las diferencias y similitudes de la respuesta inmunológica de pacientes asmáticos y los modelos animales de asma alérgica después de la exposición a contaminantes criterio y elementos biológicos, para así identificar los factores inmunológicos relacionados con el desarrollo de asma.Materiales y método. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos sobre asma y los diferentes contaminantes criterio.Resultados. La respuesta Th2 es activada por la inhalación de ozono, dióxido de nitrógeno, azufre y la exposición aguda a material particulado, mientras que el contacto con ciertos tipos de pólenes y glucanos y la exposición crónica de partículas incrementa la respuesta Th1, la cual inhibe a la respuesta Th2 produciendo un “efecto protector”.Conclusiones. La respuesta Th1 podría causar baja o nula asociación entre la exposición a contaminación y el desarrollo de asma en las diferentes ciudades, adicionando de esta manera otra limitación a los estudios epidemiológicos.
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Kim KH, Chun HH, Jo WK. Multi-year evaluation of ambient volatile organic compounds: temporal variation, ozone formation, meteorological parameters, and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:27. [PMID: 25632908 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The multi-year characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their source contribution in a selected metropolitan (Seoul) and rural (Seokmolee) areas in Korea were investigated to provide the framework for development and implementation of ambient VOC control strategies. For Seoul, none of the three VOC groups exhibited any significant trend in their ambient concentrations, whereas for Seokmolee, they all showed a generally decreasing trend between 2005 and 2008 and an increasing trend after 2008. Two paraffinic (ethane and propane) and two olefin (ethylene and propylene) hydrocarbons displayed higher concentrations during the cold season than warm season, while the other target VOCs did not exhibit any significant trends. Ethylene and toluene were the first and second largest contributors to ozone formation, respectively, whereas several other VOCs displayed photochemical ozone formation potential values less than 0.01 ppb. For both areas, there was a significant negative correlation between ambient temperature and the selected VOC group concentrations. In contrast, a significant positive correlation was observed between relative humidity and the three VOC group concentrations, while no significant correlation was observed between wind speed and VOC group concentrations. For Seoul, the combination of vehicle exhaust and gasoline/solvent evaporation was the greatest source of VOCs, followed by liquid natural gas (LNG) and liquid petroleum gas (LPG). However, combination of LNG and LPG was the greatest source of VOCs at Seokmolee, followed by the combination of vehicle exhaust and gasoline evaporation, and then biogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ku H Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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Madronich S, Shao M, Wilson SR, Solomon KR, Longstreth JD, Tang XY. Changes in air quality and tropospheric composition due to depletion of stratospheric ozone and interactions with changing climate: implications for human and environmental health. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:149-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation is an essential driver for the formation of photochemical smog, which includes ground-level ozone and particulate matter (PM).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Boulder
- USA
| | - M. Shao
- Peking University
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - S. R. Wilson
- School of Chemistry
- University of Wollongong
- NSW
- Australia
| | - K. R. Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology and School of Environmental Sciences
- University of Guelph
- ON
- Canada
| | | | - X. Y. Tang
- Peking University
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing 100871
- China
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