1
|
Qi F, Liu X, Deng Z, Lu Y, Chen Y, Geng H, Zhang Q, Rao Q, Song W. Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables. Foods 2023; 12:2655. [PMID: 37509747 PMCID: PMC10378639 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of the rational and standardized use of pesticides is important for the sustainable development of agriculture while maintaining a high quality. The insecticides thiamethoxam and fenvalerate and the vegetables spinach, cabbage, and lettuce were used here as study objects. Descriptive analysis and primary reaction kinetic equations were used to analyze the changes in metabolic residues of the two insecticides after different numbers of application in three vegetables. The effects of pesticide residue levels on the δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O values of vegetables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to build discrimination models of the vegetables with different pesticide residues based on stable isotopes. The results showed that the first degradation residues of thiamethoxam and fenvalerate in spinach, cabbage, and lettuce conformed to primary reaction kinetic equations, but the degradation half-lives were long, and accumulation occurred in the second application. The differences in the four stable isotope ratios in the control group of the three vegetables were statistically significant, and two-thirds of the stable isotope ratios in the three vegetables with different numbers of pesticide applications were significantly different. The δ13C and δ15N values of spinach, the δ13C, δ15N, and δ2H values of cabbage, and the δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O values of lettuce were significantly correlated with different residues of thiamethoxam and/or fenvalerate applications. The control groups of the three vegetables, spinach-thiamethoxam-first, spinach-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-fenvalerate-first, and lettuce-thiamethoxam-first, were fully identified by PLS-DA models, while the identification models of other vegetables containing pesticide residues still need to be further improved. The results provide technical support for identifying the rational use of pesticides in vegetables and provide a reference method for guaranteeing the authenticity of green and organic vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qi
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- College of Food Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhongsheng Deng
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yijiao Chen
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qicai Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qinxiong Rao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lloyd MK, Trembath-Reichert E, Dawson KS, Feakins SJ, Mastalerz M, Orphan VJ, Sessions AL, Eiler JM. Methoxyl stable isotopic constraints on the origins and limits of coal-bed methane. Science 2021; 374:894-897. [PMID: 34762461 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Lloyd
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - E Trembath-Reichert
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - K S Dawson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - S J Feakins
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - M Mastalerz
- Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - V J Orphan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A L Sessions
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J M Eiler
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang C, Heraty LJ, Wallace AF, Liu C, Li X, McGovern GP, Horita J, Fuller ME, Hatzinger PB, Sturchio NC. Position-specific isotope effects during alkaline hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitroanisole resolved by compound-specific isotope analysis, 13C NMR, and density-functional theory. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130625. [PMID: 33964759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA), and computational modeling (e.g., quantum mechanical models; reactive-transport models) are increasingly being used to monitor and predict biotic and abiotic transformations of organic contaminants in the field. However, identifying the isotope effect(s) associated with a specific transformation remains challenging in many cases. Here, we describe and interpret the position-specific isotope effects of C and N associated with a SN2Ar reaction mechanism by a combination of CSIA and PSIA using quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and density-functional theory, using 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) as a model compound. The position-specific 13C enrichment factor of O-C1 bond at the methoxy group attachment site (εC1) was found to be approximately -41‰, a diagnostic value for transformation of DNAN to its reaction products 2,4-dinitrophenol and methanol. Theoretical kinetic isotope effects calculated for DNAN isotopologues agreed well with the position-specific isotope effects measured by CSIA and PSIA. This combination of measurements and theoretical predictions demonstrates a useful tool for evaluating degradation efficiencies and/or mechanisms of organic contaminants and may promote new and improved applications of isotope analysis in laboratory and field investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Linnea J Heraty
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Adam F Wallace
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Changjie Liu
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Gregory P McGovern
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, West Texas A&M University, TX, 79016, USA
| | - Juske Horita
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, LLC, Lawrenceville, NJ, 08648, USA
| | | | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| |
Collapse
|