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Georgin J, Franco DSP, Meili L, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Kurniawan TA, Imanova G, Demir E, Ali I. Environmental remediation of the norfloxacin in water by adsorption: Advances, current status and prospects. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103096. [PMID: 38309035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are considered as the new generation water pollutants as these disturb endocrine systems if water contaminated with antibiotics is consumed. Among many antibiotics norfloxacin is present in various natural water bodies globally. This antibiotic is considered an emerging pollutant due to its low degradation in aquatic animals. Besides, it has many side effects on human vital organs. Therefore, the present article discusses the recent advances in the removal of norfloxacin by adsorption. This article describes the presence of norfloxacin in natural water, consumption, toxicity, various adsorbents for norfloxacin removal, optimization factors for norfloxacin removal, kinetics, thermodynamics, modeling, adsorption mechanism and regeneration of the adsorbents. Adsorption takes place in a monolayer following the Langmuir model. The Pseudo-second order model represents the kinetic data. The adsorption capacity ranged from 0.924 to 1282 mg g-1. In this sense, the parameters such as the NFX concentration added to the adsorbent textural properties exerted a great influence. Besides, the fixed bed-based removal at a large scale is also included. In addition to this, the simulation studies were also discussed to describe the adsorption mechanism. Finally, the research challenges and future perspectives have also been highlighted. This article will be highly useful for academicians, researchers, industry persons, and government authorities for designing future advanced experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Georgin
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20256, Mexico
| | - Dison Stracke Pfingsten Franco
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Lucas Meili
- Laboratory of Processes, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, AL, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gunel Imanova
- Institute of Radiation Problems, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, 9 B. Vahabzade str., Baku AZ1143, Azerbaijan; UNEC Research Center for Sustainable Development and Green Economy named after Nizami Ganjavi, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), 6 Istiglaliyyat Str., Baku 1001, Azerbaijan; Department of Physics and Electronics, Khazar University, 41 Mahsati Str., Baku AZ1096, Azerbaijan
| | - Ersin Demir
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Afyonkarahisar 03030, Turkey
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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2
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Zhou Y, Yao B, Yuan Y, Hu W, Liu J, Zou H, Zhou Y. Enhancement of Fenton processes at initial circumneutral pH for the degradation of norfloxacin with Fe@FeS core-shell nanowires. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:2451-2461. [PMID: 35084294 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2033329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The disadvantages of narrow working pH range (2.5-4.0), accumulation of iron sludge and incomplete degradation have hindered the practical application of the traditional homogeneous Fenton technique. In this research, Fe@FeS core-shell nanowires were synthesised and the innovative Fe@FeS/Fe2+/H2O2 system was adopted for norfloxacin (NOR) degradation at an initial circumneutral pH. More than 95% NOR has been removed in the Fe@FeS/Fe2+/H2O2 system within 30 min at pH 7. After investigating the concentration change of total iron, Fe2+ and H2O2 during the degradation process, NOR degradation in the Fe@FeS/Fe2+/H2O2 system might be attributed to the combined effect of homogeneous Fenton reaction and heterogeneous Fenton process. Besides that, the added Fe@FeS has accelerated Fe3+/Fe2+ redox cycle with extremely high degree. The generated reactive ●OH has been identified by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer results, possible degradation intermediates have also been proposed according to Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis results. Moreover, Fe@FeS core-shell nanowires showed excellent reusability, it is a promising heterogeneous Fenton catalyst that is applicable for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Yuan
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyong Hu
- College of Biological Resources and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- College of Biological Resources and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanwei Zou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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3
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Novel solid inks based on beeswax, graphite and graphene applied to the fabrication of paper-based sensor for galactose determination. Talanta 2023; 257:124372. [PMID: 36801559 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present for the first time a simple and novel method for the fabrication of paper-based electrochemical sensors. The device development was carried out in a single stage with a standard wax printer. Hydrophobic zones were delimited with commercial solid ink, while electrodes were generated using new composite solid inks of graphene oxide/graphite/beeswax (GO/GRA/beeswax) and graphite/beeswax (GRA/beeswax). Subsequently, the electrodes were electrochemically activated by applying an overpotential. Various experimental variables for the GO/GRA/beeswax composite synthesis and electrochemical system obtention were evaluated. The activation process was examined by SEM, FTIR, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and contact angle measurement. These studies showed morphological and chemical changes in the electrode active surface. As a result, the activation stage considerably improved the electron transfer on the electrode. The manufactured device was successfully applied for galactose (Gal) determination. This method presented a linear relation in the Gal concentration range from 84 to 1736 μmol L-1, with a LOD of 0.1 μmol L-1. The variation within and between-assay coefficients were 5.3% and 6.8%, respectively. The strategy here exposed for paper-based electrochemical sensors design is an unprecedented alternative system and represents a promising tool for mass production of economic analytical devices.
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Domingo-Torner C, García-Gabaldón M, Martí-Calatayud MC, Mestre S, Pérez-Herranz V. Norfloxacin mineralization under light exposure using Sb-SnO 2 ceramic anodes coated with BiFeO 3 photocatalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137518. [PMID: 36495980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advanced Oxidation Processes have been proven to be an efficient way to remove organic pollutants from wastewaters. In this work, a ceramic electrode of Sb-SnO2 (BCE) with a layer of the photocatalytic material BiFeO3 (BFO-BCE), has been characterized electrochemically and further tested for norfloxacin photo-electrooxidation in the presence and absence of light. The electrode photoactivity was highly enhanced thanks to the presence of BiFeO3, as confirmed by Linear Sweep Voltammetry, chronoamperometry and potentiometry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Additionally, working in galvanostatic mode, a high mineralization of norfloxacin was achieved after 240 min, reaching 62% at 25 mA cm-2 under light conditions. This value is comparatively higher than the 40% achieved with the BCE. The oxidation byproducts were followed by ionic chromatography and HPLC analysis, which also allowed us to propose an oxidation pathway of the norfloxacin molecule. Finally, some indicators of the reactor performance such as the Mineralization Current Efficiency and the specific energy consumption were analyzed, revealing that lower current densities (8.3 mA cm-2) led to higher current efficiencies, and that light improved both the current efficiency and energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Domingo-Torner
- IEC Group, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
| | - M García-Gabaldón
- IEC Group, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
| | - M C Martí-Calatayud
- IEC Group, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Mestre
- ITC, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, Spain
| | - V Pérez-Herranz
- IEC Group, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain.
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Ohale PE, Igwegbe CA, Iwuozor KO, Emenike EC, Obi CC, Białowiec A. A review of the adsorption method for norfloxacin reduction from aqueous media. MethodsX 2023; 10:102180. [PMID: 37122364 PMCID: PMC10133760 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Norfloxacin (NRFX) is one of a class of antibiotics known as broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is frequently used to treat infectious disorders in both animals and humans. NRFX is considered an emergent pharmaceutical contaminate. This review's objective is to evaluate empirical data on NRFX's removal from aqueous medium. The environmental danger of NRFX in the aquatic environment was validated by an initial ecotoxicological study. Graphene oxide/Metal Organic Framework (MOF) based composite, followed by Magnesium oxide/Chitosan/Graphene oxide composite gave the highest NRFX adsorption capacities (Qmax) of 1114.8 and 1000 mg/g, respectively. The main adsorption mechanisms for NRFX uptake include electrostatic interactions, H-bonds, π-π interactions, electron donor-acceptor interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and pore diffusion. The adsorptive uptake of NRFX were most suitably described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order implying adsorbate-to-adsorbent electron transfer on a monolayer surface. The thermodynamics of NRFX uptake is heavily dependent on the makeup of the adsorbent, and the selection of the eluent for desorption from the solid phase is equally important. There were detected knowledge gaps in column studies and adsorbent disposal method. There's great interest in scale-up and industrial applications of research results that will aid in management of water resources for sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
- Corresponding authors. @chinenyeigwegbe
| | - Kingsley O. Iwuozor
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
- Nigeria Sugar Institute, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Corresponding authors. @chinenyeigwegbe
| | - Ebuka Chizitere Emenike
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Christopher Chiedozie Obi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka 420218, Nigeria
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
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Duan P, Qian C, Wang X, Jia X, Jiao L, Chen Y. Fabrication and characterization of Ti/polyaniline-Co/PbO 2-Co for efficient electrochemical degradation of cephalexin in secondary effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113842. [PMID: 35843278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The traditional interlayer of PbO2 electrode possessed many problems, such as short service lifetime and limited specific surface area. Herein, a novel and efficient Ti/polyaniline-Co/PbO2-Co electrode was conctructed employing cyclic voltammetry to introduce a Co-doped polyaniline interlayer and anodic electrodeposition to synthetize a β-PbO2-Co active layer. Compared with pristine PbO2 electrode, Ti/polyaniline-Co/PbO2-Co exhibited more compact crystalline shape and higher active sites amounts. Pratically, the electrochemical degradation of 5 mg L-1 cephalexin in real secondary effluents was effectively achieved by the novel anode with 87.42% cephalexin removal and 71.8% COD mineralization after 120 min of 15 mA cm-2 electrolysis. The hydroxyl radical production and electrochemical stability were increased by 3.16 and 3.27 times respectively. The cephalexin degradation pathway was investigated by combining a density functional theory-based theoretical approach and LC-QTrap-MS/MS. The most likely cleavage point of the β-lactam ring was the O=C-N bond, whose attack would produce small molecular compounds containing the thiazole and 4, 6-thiazine rings. Further oxidation produced inorganic ions; quantitative investigations indicated the amino groups to undergo decomposition to form aqueous NH4+, which was further oxidized to NO3-. The accumulation of NO3- and SO42-, combined with a decrease in toxicity toward Escherichia coli, demonstrated the efficient mineralization of cephalexin on the Ti/polyaniline-Co/PbO2-Co electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingzhou Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Institute of Water Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Institute of Water Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Institute of Water Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaobo Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Institute of Water Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lixin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Institute of Water Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Baoding Institute of Environmental Science, Baoding, 071000, China
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7
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Arias AN, Granados-Fernández R, Fernández-Marchante C, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Influence of current density and inlet gas flow in the treatment of gaseous streams polluted with benzene by electro-absorption. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Mora-Gómez J, Escribá-Jiménez S, Carrillo-Abad J, García-Gabaldón M, Montañés MT, Mestre S, Pérez-Herranz V. Study of the chlorfenvinphos pesticide removal under different anodic materials and different reactor configuration. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133294. [PMID: 34919908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present manuscript focuses on the study of the electrochemical oxidation of the insecticide Chlorfenvinphos (CVP). The assays were carried out under galvanostatic conditions using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and low-cost tin dioxide doped with antimony (Sb-doped SnO2) as anodes. The influence of the operating variables, such as applied current density, presence or absence of a cation-exchange membrane and concentration of supporting electrolyte, was discussed. The results revealed that the higher applied current density the higher degradation and mineralization of the insecticide for both anodes. The presence of the membrane and the highest concentration of Na2SO4 studied (0.1 M) as a supporting electrolyte benefited the oxidation process of CVP using the BDD electrode, while with the ceramic anode the elimination of CVP was lower under these experimental conditions. Although the BDD electrode showed the best performance, ceramic anodes appear as an interesting alternative as they were able to degrade CVP completely for the highest applied current density values. Toxicity tests revealed that the initial solution of CVP was more toxic than the samples treated with the ceramic electrode, while using the BDD electrode the toxicity of the sample increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mora-Gómez
- IEC Group, ISIRYM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera S/n, 46022, València, P.O. Box 22012, E-46071, Spain
| | - S Escribá-Jiménez
- IEC Group, ISIRYM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera S/n, 46022, València, P.O. Box 22012, E-46071, Spain
| | - J Carrillo-Abad
- IEC Group, ISIRYM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera S/n, 46022, València, P.O. Box 22012, E-46071, Spain
| | - M García-Gabaldón
- IEC Group, ISIRYM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera S/n, 46022, València, P.O. Box 22012, E-46071, Spain.
| | - M T Montañés
- IEC Group, ISIRYM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera S/n, 46022, València, P.O. Box 22012, E-46071, Spain
| | - S Mestre
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Cerámica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - V Pérez-Herranz
- IEC Group, ISIRYM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera S/n, 46022, València, P.O. Box 22012, E-46071, Spain
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9
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Fabrication of a Ti/PbO2 electrode with Sb doped SnO2 nanoflowers as the middle layer for the degradation of methylene blue, norfloxacin and p-dihydroxybenzene. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Gao J, Chen Y, Li J, Yu Y, Wang J, Pang T, Qi Y, Shang J, Liao Q. Electrolysis-sulfate-reducing up-flow sludge bed-biological contact oxidation reactor for Norfloxacin removal from wastewater with high sulfate content. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110455. [PMID: 33212131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the treatment of 100-mg/L Norfloxacin (NOR) wastewater containing high concentrations of sulfate through a combination of electrolysis, sulfate-reducing up-flow sludge bed (SRUSB), and biological contact oxidation reactor (BCOR) treatments. Results revealed that after 62 h, the reaction system had processed over 97% of the NOR. Additionally, electrolysis with sodium sulfate as the electrolyte transformed 87.8% of the NOR but only 33.5% of the total organic carbon (TOC). In the SRUSB, the TOC and SO42- contents were simultaneously reduced by 87.4% and 95.6%, respectively, providing a stable environment to the BCOR. In the BCOR, 36.3% and 85.9% of the NOR and TOC were degraded. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified three possible degradation pathways under the attack of -OH during electrolysis, including defluorination, piperazinyl ring transformation, and quinolone ring transformation. Furthermore, the Illumina HiSeq sequencing results demonstrated that the sulfate-reducing bacteria (represented by Desulfobacter and Desulfobulbus) in the SRUSB and the sulfate-oxidizing bacteria (mainly consisting of Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria) in the BCOR played important roles in carbon chain oxidation and benzene ring opening and thoroughly degraded the electrolysis products. Thus, this method effectively overcomes the incomplete degradation and low removal efficiency issues associated with single electrolysis or biological methods in traditional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Gao
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yalin Yu
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tiantian Pang
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuting Qi
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jingge Shang
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Qianjiahua Liao
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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12
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Karahan F, Başı Z, Keskin E, Pınar PT, Yardım Y, Şentürk Z. Electrochemical Determination of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic Norfloxacin in the Presence of Anionic Surfactant Using the Anodically Pretreated Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrode. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Karahan
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Van Yuzuncu Yil University 65080 Van Turkey
| | - Zehra Başı
- Van School of Health Van Yuzuncu Yil University 65080 Van Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Keskin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Adiyaman University 02040 Adiyaman Turkey
| | - Pınar Talay Pınar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University 65080 Van Turkey
| | - Yavuz Yardım
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University 65080 Van Turkey
| | - Zühre Şentürk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yil University 65080 Van Turkey
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