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Hayakawa K, Kim-Oanh P, Takami A, Odajima H, Nagato EG, Hara A, Nakamura H. Contributions of long-range transport from the Asian continent and local emissions on atmospheric PM 2.5, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and their nitro-derivatives in Kanazawa and Noto Peninsula, Japan. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27320. [PMID: 38463873 PMCID: PMC10920709 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study collected samples of particulate matter that are 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5) in Kanazawa, Japan, and Noto Peninsula located 100 km north on the windward side of the westerlies from the Asian continent and characterized the extent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) pollution in Kanazawa. Emission areas and specific sources of PM2.5 and of PAHs and NPAHs were clarified via back-trajectory analysis and the NP-method, respectively. The results indicate that during 2020 and 2021, most PAHs (93%) in Kanazawa were transported from the Asian continent by westerlies and that the main source was coal and biomass combustion. The presence of NPAHs in Kanazawa was caused by a mixture of transport from the Asian continent (53%) and local emissions (47%), with the main source of the latter being from vehicles. Although the content of combustion-derived particulates (Pc) was <2.4% of PM2.5 in Kanazawa, this showed a similar seasonal variation (winter > summer) to that of PAHs. The contribution of Pc transported from the Asian continent exceeded that of locally emitted Pc. The current situation of Kanazawa is considerably different from that of 1997, when local vehicles were the main source of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Nomi City, 923-1224, Japan
| | - Pham Kim-Oanh
- Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Niigata City, 950-2144, Japan
| | - Akinori Takami
- Regional Environment Conservation Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba City, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Odajima
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka City, 811-1394, Japan
| | - Edward G. Nagato
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060, Nishikawatsu-machi, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Akinori Hara
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, 920-8640, Japan
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Zhang J, Liu D, Kong S, Wu Y, Li S, Hu D, Hu K, Ding S, Qiu H, Li W, Liu Q. Contrasting resistance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to atmospheric oxidation influenced by burning conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113107. [PMID: 35305979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determines their lifetime, toxicity and consequent environmental and climate impacts. The residential solid fuel burning composes of a substantial fraction of PAH emissions; however, their oxidation rate is yet to be explicitly understood, which is complicated by the contrasting emission factors under different combustion conditions and their subsequent evolution in the atmosphere. Here we used a plume evolution chamber using ambient oxidants to simulate the evolution of residential solid fuel burning emissions under real-world solar radiation, and then to investigate the oxidation process of the emitted PAHs. Contrasting oxidation rate of PAHs was found to be influenced by particles with or without presence of substantial amount of black carbon (BC). In the flaming burning phase, which contained 46% of BC mass fraction and 8% of organic aerosol (OA) internally mixed with BC, the larger PAHs (with 4-7 rings) was rapidly oxidized 12% for every hour of evolution under solar radiation; however, the larger PAHs from smoldering phase tended to maintain unmodified during the evolution, when 95% of OA was externally mixed with only minor fraction of BC (<5%). This may be ascribed to the complex morphology of BC, allowing more exposure for the internally-mixed OA to the oxidants; in contrast with those externally-mixed OA which was prone to be coated by condensed secondary substances. This raises an important consideration about the particle mixing state in influencing the oxidation of PAHs, particularly the coating on PAHs which may extend their lifetime and environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Hu
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Different Transport Behaviors between Asian Dust and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Areas: Monitoring in Fukuoka and Kanazawa, Japan. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To clarify different effects of Asian dust (AD), long-range transported from Asian continent, on total suspended particles (TSP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Japan, TSP were simultaneously collected during AD periods (from 1 March to 31 May 2020 and 2021) in Fukuoka and Kanazawa. During AD days, decided by Light Detection and Ranging and Japan Meteorological Agency, TSP concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.001) at two sampling sites. PAH concentrations increased in Kanazawa (p < 0.001) but not in Fukuoka on AD days. Correlation coefficients (r) between daily TSP and total PAHs concentrations were weak in Kanazawa: 0.521 (non-AD) and 0.526 (AD) (p < 0.01), and in Fukuoka: 0.321 (non-AD) and 0.059 (AD). However, correlation between seasonal (average monthly) TSP and total PAH concentrations were stronger: 0.680 (Kanazawa) and 0.751 (Fukuoka). The reasons might be that seasonal variations of TSP and total PAHs in two cities depend equally on planetary scale westerly, while daily TSP and total PAHs variations in each city varied by different transportation distances from AD and PAHs sources in the Asian continent to Japan. Different local sources and meteorological conditions were considered. These results are important for elucidating the causes of chronic and acute respiratory diseases.
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Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Sources of Urban Atmospheric Particulates in the Western Pacific. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To reduce atmospheric pollutants, the sources need to be identified. To this end, combustion-derived particulates (Pc) in atmospheric suspended particulate matter (TSP) in ten Western Pacific cities from 1997 to 2018 were analyzed using the NP method, which we have recently developed. The method separates Pc into particulates originating from high-temperature (Ph) and low-temperature (Pl) combustion sources. Using this method, ten cities in the Asia-Pacific region were separated into three classes. Class 1: commercial cities whose major contributor to Pc was from vehicles, and which showed lower [Pc] values with larger [Ph]/[Pc] ratios. Sapporo, Kanazawa, Tokyo, Sagamihara (Japan), Shanghai (China), and Busan (Korea) were contained in this class. Class 2: cities whose main source of Pc was from coal heating, and which showed much higher winter [Pc] with larger [Pl]/[Pc] ratios. Beijing, Shenyang (China), and Vladivostok (Russia) were contained in this class. Class 3: steel manufacturing city which showed lower [Pc] with larger [Pl]/[Pc] ratio. The low [Pc] appeared to be due to elimination of Pl from coke oven plants. Only Kitakyushu was contained in this class. This study has elucidated the contribution of sources to urban atmospheric TSP in the Western Pacific that was previously unknown. Overall [Pc] was decreasing in this region, mainly due to the decreasing contribution of vehicles to Pc, but not due to a decrease in coal combustion.
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