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Randazzo S, Geagea A, Proietto F, Galia A, Scialdone O. Oxidation of organics in water by active chlorine performed in microfluidic electrochemical reactors: a new way to improve the performances of the process. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141855. [PMID: 38570051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater polluted by organics can be treated by using electro-generated active chlorine, even if this promising route presents some important drawbacks such as the production of chlorinated by-products. Here, for the first time, this process was studied in a microfluidic electrochemical reactor with a very small inter-electrode distance (145 μm) using a water solution of NaCl and phenol and a BDD anode. The potential production of chloroacetic acids, chlorophenols, carboxylic acids, chlorate and perchlorate was carefully evaluated. It was shown, for the first time, up to our knowledge, that the use of the microfluidic device allows to perform the treatment under a continuous mode and to achieve higher current efficiencies and a lower generation of some important by-products such as chlorate and perchlorate. As an example, the use of the microfluidic apparatus equipped with an Ag cathode allowed to achieve a high removal of total organic carbon (about 76%) coupled with a current efficiency of 17% and the production of a small amount of chlorate (about 30 ppm) and no perchlorate. The effect of many parameters (namely, flow rate, current density and nature of cathode) was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Randazzo
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ange Geagea
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Proietto
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Galia
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy.
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2
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Li Z, Yang D, Li S, Yang L, Yan W, Xu H. Advances on electrochemical disinfection research: Mechanisms, influencing factors and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169043. [PMID: 38070567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection, a vital barrier against pathogenic microorganisms, is crucial in halting the spread of waterborne diseases. Electrochemical methods have been extensively researched and implemented for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms from water and wastewater, primarily owing to their simplicity, efficiency, and eco-friendliness. This review succinctly outlined the core mechanisms of electrochemical disinfection (ED) and systematically examined the factors influencing its efficacy, including anode materials, system conditions, and target species. Additionally, the practical application of ED in water and wastewater treatment was comprehensively reviewed. Case studies involving various scenarios such as drinking water, hospital wastewater, black water, rainwater, and ballast water provided concrete instances of the expansive utility of ED. Finally, coupling ED with other technologies and the resulting synergies were introduced as pivotal foundations for subsequent engineering advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Duowen Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311200, China.
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3
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Li Z, Li X, Li S, Yang Y, Yan W, Xu H. Bibliometric analysis of electrochemical disinfection: current status and development trend from 2002 to 2022. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:111714-111731. [PMID: 37831234 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The removal of waterborne pathogens from water is critical in preventing the spread of waterborne diseases. Electrochemical methods have been extensively researched and implemented for disinfection, primarily owing to their simplicity, efficiency, and eco-friendliness. Thus, it is essential to conduct a review about the research progress and hotspots on this promising technique. In this paper, we provided a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to systematically study and analyze the current status, hotspots, and trends in electrochemical disinfection research from 2002 to 2022. This study analyzed literature related to electrochemical disinfection or electrochemical sterilization published in the Web of Science database from 2002 to 2022 using CiteSpace and Biblioshiny R language software packages. The analysis focused on the visualization and assessment of annual publication volume, discipline and journal distribution, collaborative networks, highly cited papers, and keywords to systematically understand the current status and trends of electrochemical disinfection. The results showed that between 2002 and 2022, 1171 publications related to electrochemical disinfection were published, with an exponential increase in the cumulative number of publications (y=17.518e0.2147x, R2= 0.9788). The publications covered 76 disciplines with many articles published in high-impact journals. However, the research power was characterized by a large number of scattered research efforts and insufficient cooperation, indicating the need for further innovative collaboration. The citation analysis and keyword analysis suggest that future development in this field may focus on optimizing electrode materials, investigating the disinfection performance of ·OH based systems, optimizing conditions for actual wastewater treatment, and reducing energy consumption to promote practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Flexible Coal Power Generation and Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage, Xi'an TPRI Water-Management & Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
- Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311200, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China.
- Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311200, People's Republic of China.
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Gimenes Vernasqui L, de Oliveira Santiago Santos G, Isidro J, Oliveira Silva T, de Vasconcelos Lanza MR, Saez C, Gomes Ferreira N, Rodrigo Rodrigo MA. New diamond coatings for a safer electrolytic disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:117871-117880. [PMID: 37875760 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30407-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new coating of boron-doped diamond ultra-nanocrystalline (U-NBDD), tailored to prevent massive formation of perchlorates during disinfection, is evaluated as electrode for the reclaiming of treated secondary wastewater by the electrochemically assisted disinfection process. Results obtained are compared to those obtained by using a standard electrode (STD) that was evaluated as a standard in previous research showing outstanding performance for this application. First tests were carried out to evaluate the chlorine speciation obtained after the electrolysis of synthetic chloride solutions at two different ranges of current densities. Concentrations of hypochlorite obtained using the U-NBDD anode at 25 mA cm-2 were 1.5-fold higher, outperforming STD anode; however, at 300 mA cm-2, an overturn on the behavior of anodes occurs where the amount of hypochlorite produced on STD anode was 1.5-fold higher. Importantly, at low current density the formation of chlorates and perchlorates is null using U-NBDD. Then, the disinfection of the real effluent of the secondary clarifier of a municipal wastewater treatment facility is assessed, where inactivation of Escherichia coli is achieved at low charge applied per volume electrolyzed (0.08 A h L-1) at 25 mA cm-2 using the U-NBDD. These findings demonstrate the appropriateness of the strategy followed in this work to obtain safer electro-disinfection technologies for the reclaiming of treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Gimenes Vernasqui
- Laboratório Associado de Sensores E Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Av. Dos Astronautas, São José Dos Campos, SP, 1758, 12227 010, Brazil
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gessica de Oliveira Santiago Santos
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Grupo de Processos Eletroquímicos e Ambientais, GPEA Research Group -São Carlos São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Julia Isidro
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Taynara Oliveira Silva
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Grupo de Processos Eletroquímicos e Ambientais, GPEA Research Group -São Carlos São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto de Vasconcelos Lanza
- Grupo de Processos Eletroquímicos e Ambientais, GPEA Research Group -São Carlos São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Cristina Saez
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Neidenei Gomes Ferreira
- Laboratório Associado de Sensores E Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Av. Dos Astronautas, São José Dos Campos, SP, 1758, 12227 010, Brazil
| | - Manuel Andres Rodrigo Rodrigo
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Jiang BC, Tian YC, Li AM, Han YZ, Wu ZT, Lu C, Song HO, Ji R, Li WT, Korshin GV. Changes of dissolved organic matter fractions and formation of oxidation byproducts during electrochemical treatment of landfill leachates: Development of spectroscopic indicators for process optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119702. [PMID: 36758356 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is an attractive option for treatment of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in landfill leachate but concerns remain over the energy efficiency and formation of oxidation byproducts ClO3- and ClO4-. In this study, EO treatment of landfill leachates was carried out using representative active and nonactive anode materials, cell configurations and current densities. Size exclusion chromatograms coupled with 2D synchronous and asynchronous correlation analysis showed that the sensitivity of DOM fractions to EO degradation was dependent on the anode material. The nonactive boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode demonstrated the best performance for DOM oxidation. The humic acid-like fraction (HA, 2.5-20 kDa) predominated the visible absorbance of landfill leachates at λ ≥400 nm, and it generally had the highest reaction rates except the occurrence of the pH-induced denaturation and precipitation of the proteinaceous biopolymer fraction (BP, >20 kDa). During the EO treatment of landfill leachate with BDD anode, the UV absorbance spectra of landfill leachates at wavelengths <400 nm were affected by the formation of free chlorine. Instead, the decrease of Abs420 was found to be a good indicator of the shift of the oxidation from predominantly HA fraction to the proteinaceous BP fraction. The behavior of the Abs420 parameter was also indicative of the transition from the energy-efficient oxidation of DOM to the dominance of side reactions of chlorine evolution and the subsequent formation of ClO3- and ClO4-. These findings suggest that the EO treatment of landfill leachate can be optimized by adjusting the current density with feedback signals from the online monitoring of Abs420, to achieve a trade-off between degradation of DOM and control of ClO3- and ClO4-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Cun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Innovation Center for Environmental Protection Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211102, PR China
| | - Ye-Chao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ai-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu-Ze Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ze-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hai-Ou Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, USA
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Chen X, Chen Z, Lin CY, Chen R, Huang P, Jin Y. Water disinfection by the UVA/electro-Fenton process under near neutral conditions: Performance and mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136488. [PMID: 36152825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and thorough water disinfection is critical for human health. In this study, UVA-LEDs, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and a boron-doped diamond anode were respectively used as the UVA source, the iron chelator and the anode for the UVA/electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) reaction to treat wastewater. The disinfection performance of the UVA/E-Fenton had been investigated. The mechanisms of the E. coli inactivation had been clarified. The results showed that complete disinfection (about 5.6-log removal) could be achieved within 50 min at a certain condition due to the synergistic effort of the UVA, anodic oxidation and the electro-Fenton. The quenching experiments and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detection indicated that •OH, •O2- and 1O2 play important roles for inactivating E. coli. The results of SEM images and genomic DNA electrophoresis suggested that both the cell structure and the DNA had been thoroughly destroyed during the UVA/E-Fenton process. Increasing the UVA irradiation, oxygen bubbling could improve the disinfection rate, while it also would increase the energy consumption. The appropriate Fe and NTA ratio was 1:2 to realize an efficient Fenton reaction under near neutral condition. Complete disinfection was also achieved within 50 min when it used for treating real wastewater. Thus, the UVA/E-Fenton process is a satisfied way for water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjian Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Chun-Yan Lin
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Riyao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Peiwen Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yanchao Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
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