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Abdulhameed AS, Abdullah S, Al-Masud AA, Al Omari RH, Abualhaija M, Algburi S. Novel biocomposite of ionic cross-linked chitosan and acid-treated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) peel agro-waste for highly efficient removal of methylene blue dye from water. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 289:138742. [PMID: 39689797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a biocomposite material (CS-OXA/PP-SA) composed of ionic crosslinked chitosan-oxalate (CS-OXA) and chemically modified lignocellulosic biomass (potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) peel-H2SO4 acid, PP-SA) was synthesized to serve as a bioadsorbent for removing methylene blue (MB) dye from aquatic systems. The research utilized response surface methodology (RSM) to evaluate the effects of three variables: CS-OXA/PP-SA dosage (0.02 to 0.08 g), pH (4 to 10), and duration (10 to 40 min) on MB dye adsorption. The investigation of the BET surface area of the CS-OXA/PP-SA composite revealed that it had a total pore volume of 0.0261 cm3/g, a surface area of 8.26 m2/g, and an average pore diameter of 12.67 nm. The XRD pattern shows a peak at 20.5°, confirming the crystalline CS within the composite, and another at 35°, attributed to the (004) crystal plane of cellulose in PP-SA. These peaks verify the successful integration of CS and PP-SA into the biocomposite. The optimal conditions identified include an adsorbent dose of 0.055 g, a solution pH of approximately 10, and a contact duration of 29.8 min. The optimal MB dye removal efficiency achieved under these parameters was 90.9 %. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of MB onto CS-OXA/PP-SA aligns closely with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, suggesting a physisorption-dominated process. Additionally, the adsorption isotherm fitting to the Freundlich model highlights the heterogeneous nature of the adsorbent surface and the multilayer adsorption mode. The CS-OXA/PP-SA composite demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity of 314.92 mg/g for MB dye. The adsorption mechanism is attributed to electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and n-π stacking interactions. The findings suggest that CS-OXA/PP-SA is a highly effective bioadsorbent for treating dye-contaminated wastewater. This study introduces a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to developing efficient adsorbents for the removal of cationic dyes from contaminated water. The biocomposite demonstrates high adsorption capacity, cost-effective production, and renewable sources, offering an innovative and practical solution for wastewater treatment while adhering to green chemistry principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq.
| | - Samaa Abdullah
- College of Pharmacy, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan
| | - Alaa A Al-Masud
- Tissue Biobank Section, Research Department, Natural and Health Science Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rima Heider Al Omari
- Medical Lab Sciences Department, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Abualhaija
- Water, Energy and Environment Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Sameer Algburi
- College of Engineering Technology, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk 36015, Iraq
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Li C, You E, Ci JX, Huang Q, Zhao YS, Li WZ, Yan YC, Zuo Z. Removal of V(V) from a Mixed Solution Containing Vanadium and Chromium Using a Micropocrous Resin in a Column: Migration Regularity of the Mass Transfer Zone and Analysis of Dynamic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23688-23702. [PMID: 38854565 PMCID: PMC11154732 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In China, both vanadium(V) and chromium(VI) are present in wastewater resulting from vanadate precipitation (AVP wastewater) and from leaching vanadium-chromium reduction slag. Addressing environmental preservation and the comprehensive utilization of metal resources necessitates the extraction and separation of V(V) and Cr(VI) from these mixed solutions. However, their separation is complicated by very similar physicochemical properties. This study establishes a method for the dynamic selective adsorption of V(V) from such mixtures. It evaluates the impact of various operating conditions in columns on dynamic adsorption behavior. This study examines the migration patterns of the mass transfer zone (MTZ) and forecasts its effective adsorption capacity through multivariate polynomial regression and a neural network (NN) model. The NN model's outcomes are notably more precise. Its analysis reveals that C 0 is the most critical factor, with Q and H following in importance. Furthermore, the dynamic properties were analyzed using two established models, Thomas and Klinkenberg, revealing that both intraparticle and liquid film diffusion influence the rates of exchange adsorption, with intraparticle diffusion being the more significant factor. Using 3 wt % sodium hydroxide as the eluent to elute V(V)-loaded resin at a flow rate of 4 mL/min resulted in a chromium concentration of less than 3 mg/L in the V(V) eluate, indicating high vanadium-chromium separation efficiency in this method. These findings offer theoretical insights and economic analysis data that are crucial for optimizing column operation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
- Southwestern
Institute of Physics, Chengdu610225, China
| | - EnDe You
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Jia Xiang Ci
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Qin Huang
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Wen Zhong Li
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Yu Cheng Yan
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Zhuo Zuo
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
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de Azevedo JCV, de Urzedo APFM, da Luz Mesquita P, da Cunha Filho RG, Baston EP, Samanamud GL, Naves LLR, Naves FL. Recent advances in boron removal in aqueous media. An approach to the adsorption process and process optimization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:12207-12228. [PMID: 38225497 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The numerous oxidation states of the element boron bring great challenges in containing its contamination in receptor bodies. This scenario increases significantly due to the widespread use of boron compounds in various industries in recent years. For this reason, the removal of this contaminant is receiving worldwide attention. Although adsorption is a promising method in boron removal, finding suitable adsorbents, that is, those with high efficiency, and feasible remains a constant challenge. Hence, this review presents the boron removal methods in comparison to costs of adsorbents, reaction mechanisms, economic viability, continuous bed application, and regeneration capacity. In addition, the approach of multivariate algorithms in the solution of multiobjective problems can enable the optimized conditions of dosage of adsorbents and coagulants, pH, and initial concentration of boron. Therefore, this review sought to comprehensively and critically demonstrate strategic issues that may guide the choice of method and adsorbent or coagulant material in future research for bench and industrial scale boron removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Carolaine Vieira de Azevedo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Group On Waste Treatment and Management Processes, Federal University of Sao João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fonseca Maia de Urzedo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Group On Waste Treatment and Management Processes, Federal University of Sao João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia da Luz Mesquita
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Group On Waste Treatment and Management Processes, Federal University of Sao João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Guimarães da Cunha Filho
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Group On Waste Treatment and Management Processes, Federal University of Sao João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Prado Baston
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Group On Waste Treatment and Management Processes, Federal University of Sao João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisella Lamas Samanamud
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky - Paducah extended campus, Paducah, KY, 42001, USA
| | - Luzia Lima Rezende Naves
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Group On Waste Treatment and Management Processes, Federal University of Sao João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Luiz Naves
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Group On Waste Treatment and Management Processes, Federal University of Sao João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil.
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Wang X, Tarahomi M, Sheibani R, Xia C, Wang W. Progresses in lignin, cellulose, starch, chitosan, chitin, alginate, and gum/carbon nanotube (nano)composites for environmental applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124472. [PMID: 37076069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Water sources are becoming increasingly scarce, and they are contaminated by industrial, residential, and agricultural waste-derived organic and inorganic contaminants. These contaminants may pollute the air, water, and soil in addition to invading the ecosystem. Because carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can undergo surface modification, they can combine with other substances to create nanocomposites (NCs), including biopolymers, metal nanoparticles, proteins, and metal oxides. Furthermore, biopolymers are significant classes of organic materials that are widely used for various applications. They have drawn attention due to their benefits such as environmental friendliness, availability, biocompatibility, safety, etc. As a result, the synthesis of a composite made of CNT and biopolymers can be very effective for a variety of applications, especially those involving the environment. In this review, we reported environmental applications (including removal of dyes, nitro compounds, hazardous materialsو toxic ions, etc.) of composites made of CNT and biopolymers such as lignin, cellulose, starch, chitosan, chitin, alginate, and gum. Also, the effect of different factors such as the medium pH, the pollutant concentration, temperature, and contact time on the adsorption capacity (AC) and the catalytic activity of the composite in the reduction or degradation of various pollutants has been systematically explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Mehrasa Tarahomi
- Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, University St., Nahiyeh San'ati, Mahshahr, Khouzestan, Iran
| | - Reza Sheibani
- Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, University St., Nahiyeh San'ati, Mahshahr, Khouzestan, Iran.
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
| | - Weidong Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Pan T, Li G, Li R, Cui X, Zhang W. Selective Removal of Boron from Aqueous Solutions Using ECH@NGM Aerogels with Excellent Hydrophilic and Mechanical Properties: Performance and Response Surface Methodology Analysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14879-14890. [PMID: 36399773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of environmental boron contamination has received extensive research attention. The adsorbent ECH@NGM aerogel with high hydrophilic and mechanical properties was synthesized to remove boron. The ECH@NGM aerogel had a high adsorption capacity of 81.11 mg/g, which was 14.50% higher than that of commercial boron-selective resin Amberlite IRA743. The Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order model described the adsorption behavior well. In addition, the response surface methodology (RSM) could predict the experimental outcomes and optimize the reaction conditions, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and control tests were utilized to investigate probable adsorption mechanisms. These data showed that the B ← N coordination bond was the primary adsorption force. The adsorbent had good resistance to interference from coexisting salts, high reusability, good adsorption performance even after five reuse cycles, and a high desorption rate in a relatively short time. The adsorption performance in real brines could be maintained at 80%. Therefore, this work not only provided ECH@NGM aerogels for the removal of boron from brine but also elucidated the main adsorption processes between N-containing adsorbents and boron, facilitating the design of future adsorbents for boron removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining810016, China
| | - Gan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Rujie Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining810016, China
| | - Xiangmei Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining810016, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining810016, China
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Zhu J, Zhang L, Liu J, Zhong S, Gao P, Shen J. Trichloroethylene remediation using zero-valent iron with kaolin clay, activated carbon and bacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119186. [PMID: 36244142 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale particles of zero-valent iron were used to form a permeable reactive barrier whose performance in dechlorinating a solution of trichloroethylene was compared with that of a barrier formed from limestone. The iron was combined with kaolin by calcination. The test liquid contained sewage sludge, and also added NH4Cl and KH2PO4. The average removal rates of trichloroethylene and phosphorus over 365 days both exceeded 94%. Chemical oxygen demand was reduced by 92% and ammonium nitrogen by 43.6%. All were significantly greater than the removals with the limestone barrier. The ceramsite barrier retained 85% of its effectiveness even after 365 days of use. Dechloromonas sp. was the main dechlorinating bacterium, but its removal ability is limited. The removal of trichloroethylene in such a barrier mainly depends on reduction by the zero-valent iron and biodegradation. The results show that the prepared ceramsite is stable and effective in removing trichloroethylene from water. It is a promising in-situ remediation material for groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Zhu
- School of Life and Environment Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lishan Zhang
- School of Life and Environment Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Junyong Liu
- School of Life and Environment Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- School of Life and Environment Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Pin Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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Iqbal HMN, Bilal M, Rodriguez-Couto S. Smart nanohybrid constructs: Concept and designing for environmental remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134616. [PMID: 35447210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
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Bai S, Li J, Ding W, Chen S, Ya R. Removal of boron by a modified resin in fixed bed column: Breakthrough curve analysis using dynamic adsorption models and artificial neural network model. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134021. [PMID: 35189189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Continuous removal of toxic element boron from aqueous solution was investigated with new phenolic hydroxyl modified resin (T-resin) using a fixed bed column reactor operated under various flow rates, bed height and influent concentrations. The breakthrough time, exhaustion time and uptake capacity of the column bed increased with increasing column bed height, whereas decreased with increasing influent flow rate. The breakthrough time and exhaustion time decreased, but uptake capacity increased with increasing influent concentration, and actual uptake capacity was obtained as 6.52 mg/g at a concentration of 7.64 mg/L. The three conventional models of bed depth service time (BDST), Thomas and Yoon-Nelson were used to appropriately predict the whole breakthrough behavior of the column and to estimate the characteristic model parameters for boron removal. However, artificial neural network (ANN) model was more accurate than the conventional models with the least relative error and the highest correlation coefficients. By the relative importance of the operational parameters obtained from ANN model, the sequence is as follows: total effluent time > initial concentration > flow rate > column height. The adsorption capacity of boron was changed between 5.24 and 1.74 mg/g during the five time regeneration. From the life factor calculation, it is suggested that the column bed could avoid the breakthrough time of t = 0 for 6.8 cycles, whereas, the uptake capacity would be zero after 7.8 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Bai
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University, No. 16 Juxian Road, Fuling, Chongqing, 408100, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West University Road, Saihan, Hohhot, 010021, China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West University Road, Saihan, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Wei Ding
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuxuan Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West University Road, Saihan, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Ru Ya
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West University Road, Saihan, Hohhot, 010021, China
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Zeng G, Ran Y, Huang X, Li Y, Zhang M, Ding H, Ma Y, Ma H, Jin L, Sun D. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Chlorogenic Acid from Tobacco Waste. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1555. [PMID: 35162594 PMCID: PMC8835221 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using tobacco waste as raw material, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). After repeated freezing and thawing of tobacco waste twice, the effect of pH value, ethanol volume fraction, temperature and extraction time on the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid was investigated by a single factor experiment. On the basis of this, the factors affecting the yield of chlorogenic acid were further optimized by using RSM. The optimum extraction conditions for chlorogenic acid were set at pH = 4.1, ethanol volume fraction was 49.57% and extraction time was 2.06 h. Under the above conditions, the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid could reach 0.502%, which was higher than traditional extraction and unpretreated ultrasonic extraction. All these results can be used as a reference for the extraction of effective ingredients in tobacco waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Zeng
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biological Medicine Detection Technology, School of Architecture and Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (G.Z.); (Y.R.); (X.H.); (H.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Yujie Ran
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biological Medicine Detection Technology, School of Architecture and Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (G.Z.); (Y.R.); (X.H.); (H.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Xin Huang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biological Medicine Detection Technology, School of Architecture and Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (G.Z.); (Y.R.); (X.H.); (H.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Maolan Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biological Medicine Detection Technology, School of Architecture and Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (G.Z.); (Y.R.); (X.H.); (H.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Hui Ding
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biological Medicine Detection Technology, School of Architecture and Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (G.Z.); (Y.R.); (X.H.); (H.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Yonggang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Hongshuo Ma
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biological Medicine Detection Technology, School of Architecture and Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (G.Z.); (Y.R.); (X.H.); (H.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Libo Jin
- Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
| | - Da Sun
- Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
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